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PubMed1996

Comparative study of informal labor markets in the urbanization process: the Philippines and Thailand.

"Culturally, socially, and politically, the Philippines and Thailand are completely different, but in the economic sphere until the end of the 1970s, the two exhibited such similarity that they could have been called twins. During the 1980s, however, the difference in the economic progress of the two countries widened greatly.... Relying on field surveys, this study will try to further clarify the differences in the social structures of the two countries through an analysis of the effects that urbanization has had on the urban informal labor market. Essentially it seeks to comprehend the urban labor market by approaching from another angle Hara's argument that the labor market in the Philippines is extremely segmented while that in Thailand is one of free movement between sectors with educational attainment effectively acting as a signal of labor quality."

Asia↗
PubMed1984

Women, labour and fertility: population growth in nineteenth century Java.

The sharp increase in Java's population after 1830 is usually explained in terms of higher living standards and consequent lower mortality resulting from Dutch colonization, but there is little historical evidence supporting such an interpretation and much to refute it. An alternative view is that Java's population growth after 1830 was due to increasing fertility. The major constraint to Javanese fertility prior to this period has been extended periods of postpartum abstinence, the length of which was determined by the duration of breastfeeding, because people believed semen had deleterious effects on breast milk. In 1830 a system of forced cultivation of export crops was imposed by the Dutch rulers and greatly increased the amount of labor which Javanese households required to reproduce themselves. The arduous work women began to undertake made it increasingly difficult to breastfeed their children. As the average period of breastfeeding fell, the average period of postpartum abstinence declined and fertility increased.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia.

The pattern of dispersal of biologically and behaviorally modern human populations from their African origins to the rest of the occupied world between approximately 60,000 and 40,000 years ago is at present a topic of lively debate, centering principally on the issue of single versus multiple dispersals. Here I argue that the archaeological and genetic evidence points to a single successful dispersal event, which took genetically and culturally modern populations fairly rapidly across southern and southeastern Asia into Australasia, and with only a secondary and later dispersal into Europe.

Africa↗
PubMed2000

Genetic diversity of clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting.

Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of major epidemics of diarrheal disease in Bangladesh, South America, Southeastern Asia, and Africa, was isolated from clinical samples and from aquatic environments during and between epidemics over the past 20 years. To determine the evolutionary relationships and molecular diversity of these strains, in order to understand sources, origin, and epidemiology, a novel DNA fingerprinting technique, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), was employed. Two sets of restriction enzyme-primer combinations were tested for fingerprinting of V. cholerae serogroup O1, O139, and non-O1, O139 isolates. Amplification of HindIII- and TaqI-digested genomic DNA produced 30 to 50 bands for each strain. However, this combination, although capable of separating environmental isolates of O1 and non-O1 strains, was unable to distinguish between O1 and O139 clinical strains. This result confirmed that clinical O1 and O139 strains are genetically closely related. On the other hand, AFLP analyses of restriction enzyme ApaI- and TaqI-digested genomic DNA yielded 20 to 30 bands for each strain, but were able to separate O1 from O139 strains. Of the 74 strains examined with the latter combination, 26 serogroup O1 strains showed identical banding patterns and were represented by the O1 El Tor strain of the seventh pandemic. A second group, represented by O139 Bengal, included 12 strains of O139 clinical isolates, with 7 from Thailand, 3 from Bangladesh, and 2 from India. Interestingly, an O1 clinical isolate from Africa also grouped with the O139 clinical isolates. Eight clinical O1 isolates from Mexico grouped separately from the O1 El Tor of the seventh pandemic, suggesting an independent origin of these isolates. Identical fingerprints were observed between an O1 environmental isolate from a river in Chile and an O1 clinical strain from Kenya, both isolated more than 10 years apart. Both strains were distinct from the O1 seventh pandemic strain. Two O139 clinical isolates from Africa clustered with environmental non-O1 isolates, independent of other O139 strains included in the study. These results suggest that although a single clone of pathogenic V. cholerae appears responsible for many cases of cholera in Asia, Africa, and Latin America during the seventh pandemic, other cases of clinical cholera were caused by toxigenic V. cholerae strains that appear to have been derived locally from environmental O1 or non-O1 strains.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1998

Intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins in eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which is endemic to Cuba, occurs in children and is due to accidental contact with soil snails. The course is less often fatal than in adult patients in southeastern Asia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 24 pediatric patients were analyzed and evaluated in CSF/serum quotient diagrams (Reiber graphs) to characterize the neuroimmunological response and the blood-CSF barrier dysfunction that occur in the course of the disease. At the time of the first diagnostic lumbar puncture, together with eosinophilic pleocytosis (1,920 +/- 400 cells/microl), intermediate blood-CSF barrier dysfunction (i.e., an increased CSF/serum albumin quotient) with no intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM class response was observed in all cases. Seven days later, at the time of early clinical recovery, the blood-CSF barrier dysfunction was normalized in 75% of the patients, but meanwhile, intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis emerged in all cases, as either a two-class response (IgG and IgA in 85% of the patients) or a three-class response (IgG, IgA, and IgM; 30%). The fraction of eosinophilic cells (40%) remained large despite a decreasing total cell count. The neuroimmunological pattern of this inflammatory response to the parasite and its toxins is discussed with regard to the CSF patterns of other infectious diseases caused by bacteria or viruses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Aeromonas trota sp. nov., an ampicillin-susceptible species isolated from clinical specimens.

Previous DNA hybridization studies established 12 Aeromonas genospecies, from which nine phenotypic species have been proposed: Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, A. caviae, A. media, A. veronii, A. schubertii, A. salmonicida, A. eucrenophila, and A. jandaei. We have delineated a new Aeromonas genospecies, A. trota, on the basis of 13 strains isolated primarily from fecal specimens from southern and southeastern Asia. All strains were highly related to the proposed type strain, AH2 (ATCC 49657T): 51 to 100% (60 degrees C) and 49 to 99% (75 degrees C), with 0.2 to 2.2 divergence. AH2 was only 16 to 41% (60 degrees C) related to all other Aeromonas type strains and DNA group definition strains. The unique profile of A. trota includes negative reactions for esculin hydrolysis, arabinose fermentation, and the Voges-Proskauer test, positive reactions for cellobiose fermentation, lysine decarboxylation, and citrate utilization, and susceptibility to ampicillin, as determined by the broth microdilution MIC method and the Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method (10 micrograms). Nine of the A. trota strains were from a single study of 165 geographically diverse aeromonads. This finding questions the efficacy of screening fecal specimens for Aeromonas spp. with ampicillin-containing media and suggests a previously unrecognized prevalence of this new species.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1999

Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Malaysia.

Molecular typing with IS6110 was applied to Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from all parts of Malaysia. The degree of clustering increased with patient age, suggesting that reactivation may contribute to clustering. Identical banding patterns were also obtained for isolates from widely separate regions. Therefore, the use of clustering as a measure of recent transmission must be treated with caution. Strains related to the Beijing family were common in Peninsular Malaysia but were less common in Sabah and Sarawak, while a distinct group of strains comprised nearly 40% of isolates from East Malaysia but such strains were rare in Peninsular Malaysia. Single-copy strains, common in South and Southeastern Asia, constituted nearly 20% of isolates from the peninsula but were virtually absent in East Malaysia. The marked geographical difference in the prevailing strains indicates not only a restricted dissemination of M. tuberculosis but also a considerable degree of stability in the banding patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Predictors of non-attendance for second round mammography in an Australian mammographic screening programme.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the socioeconomic, cultural, and clinical predictors of non-attendance for second round mammography. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study of 121 889 women aged 50-69 years who attended for first mammography screening in the BreastScreen Victoria programme in 1995/1996 and who were recommended to be invited for routine biennial mammography. Women were considered to be non-attenders if they had not attended for rescreening within 27 months of their initial screening. Relative risk (RR) was used to compare categories for non-attendance for second screening, and a multivariate model was fitted to adjust for possible confounding. SETTING: BreastScreen Victoria, a population based mammographic screening programme, which offers free biennial mammography to all women 40 years and older. The programme specifically targets women aged 50-69 years. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, women from non-English speaking backgrounds were more likely not to attend for second round screening (RR ranged from 1.18 to 1.77). Indigenous women (RR 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61 to 2.54) and women who reported either significant symptoms (RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.76 to 2.05) or other breast symptoms (RR 2.25, 95% CI 2.15 to 2.36) at the time of first round screening were also more likely not to attend for second round screening. CONCLUSIONS: Women from non-English speaking backgrounds, indigenous women, and women who report symptoms at the time of first screening are more likely to not attend for second round screening. It is important to investigate why these women do not attend for second round screening so that services can be more appropriately tailored to their needs.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed1994

Epidemiological studies on hepatitis C virus infection: detection, prevalence, exposure and prevention.

Highly sensitive and specific tests for HCV infection are now available for epidemiological studies. These include: (1) the second-generation ELISA or agglutination technique with supplemental testing; (2) serotyping of antibody; (3) detection of HCV-RNA by RT-nested double PCR with the 5' noncoding region for the highest sensitivity; (4) quantitation of HCV-RNA; (5) genotyping using specific primers in the core region, and (6) sequence analysis of E2/NS1 hypervariable region 1 to identify homology among HCV isolates. Transmission of HCV is commonly done by percutaneous routes, although the route in a significant proportion of sporadic infections is unknown. Sexual transmission and perinatal transmission appear to be relatively infrequent.

Africa↗
PubMed1983

Further studies on the genetics of the Chamorros of Guam: dermatoglyphics.

The present study represents a continuation of our efforts to further define the genetic structure of the Chamorro population of Guam. The dermatoglyphic features of Guamanian Chamorros differ significantly from those of Western Carolinians from the Outer Islands of Yap in fingerprint patterns, model types of C line, frequency of patterns in the thenar/I area and in the presence of Sydney creases. The results of this analysis confirm earlier data from serological and other genetic markers that Guamanian Chamorros are genetically more closely related to the people of southeastern Asia than to their Micronesian neighbors to the south.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[A pongid (primates: pongidae) from the Pannonian (late Miocene) of lower austria].

Description of an (?) M-1 of a small pongid (Dryopithecus brancoi Schlosser) from the Late Miocene (Pannonian = Vallesian) of Mariathal in Lower Austria. The accompanying fauna is a typical Hipparion fauna with Hipparion primigenium, Gomphotherium (Tetralophodon) longirostre, Dinotherium giganteum, Aceratherium bavaricum, Anchitherium aurelianense, Chalicotherium goldfussi, Microstonyx (Korynochoerus) palaeochoerus, Dorcatherium naui, Amphiprox anocerus and Miotragocerus pannoniae. It is the first documentation of Dryopithecus brancoi in Austria and one of the youngest occurrences of a pongid in Middle Europe. The existence of this species in a biotop which is comparable with the recent mixed mesophytic forests in southeastern Asia is discussed. It is a vegetation of the warm-temperate zone, but between 48 degrees and 50 degrees of northern latitude.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Aedes albopictus in Europe: a new challenge for dermatologists.

A patient is reported who was bitten by Aedes albopictus, commonly known as tiger mosquito. The biology of the insect, originally living in the forests of southeastern Asia, and its role in transmitting exotic infectious agents is discussed. Up to this day, only Albania and northern Italy have been colonized, but the biologic characteristics of the insect make its spreading all over Europe highly probable, unless serious attempts to eradicate it are quickly undertaken. Dermatologists should think of the tiger mosquito in the presence of painful, purpuric, large wheals and when patients report a history of multiple attack during daylight.

Aedes↗
PubMed1993

Population growth and natural resource use: do we need to despair of Africa?.

The authors make the case that population growth can lead to increases in agricultural output per head on a sustainable basis. This argument, originally developed by E. Boserup, is "illustrated by a study of Machakos District, Kenya during 1930-1960, which shows that, if policies are supportive, agricultural and non-farm incomes grow faster than even the rapid population growth rate experienced in Africa. Land use capability is not fixed, but can be transformed by investment, new technologies and good management. Lack of investment and consequent degradation are most likely at low population densities. While the study cannot foretell the future, Java illustrates a similar theme at even higher densities."

Africa↗