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PubMed1997

An overview of adolescent eating behavior barriers to implementing dietary guidelines.

Adolescents continue to report food and nutrient intake and physical activity levels that conflict with the U.S. Dietary Guidelines and the Year 2000 objectives. Some of the barriers to healthier eating and exercise are related to factors within the adolescent's environment, such as access to healthy food choices or availability of preventive nutritional guidance as part of routine health care. Many barriers, though, fit into the theoretical framework that attempts to describe determinants of other risky behaviors of adolescents. These include (1) adolescent and peer subgroup norms that devalue healthy eating behavior; (2) participation in other risky behaviors; (3) low competency (actual and perceived) in sports, food selection, and food preparation; and (4) familial and cultural expectations. Implications were discussed for intervention approaches and policy recommendations that help confront these barriers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Using videotape instruction and feedback to improve adolescents' mothering behaviors.

The effects of videotape instruction and feedback (videotherapy) on mothering behaviors were evaluated in this longitudinal study. In this study, 31 adolescents and their healthy infants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. All subjects were videotaped during structured mother-infant teaching episodes in their homes at 1 and 2 months postpartum. Experimental group subjects reviewed the videotaped 1-month teaching episode and received feedback from a specially trained professional nurse who emphasized positive aspects of maternal behavior. Instruction was individualized according to the mother's needs. Results of a repeated measures MONOVA revealed significant differences in the pattern of change over time between subjects in the experimental and control groups on a measure of actual maternal behaviors. Adolescents receiving videotape instruction and feedback obtained significantly higher maternal behavior scores at 1 and 2 months postpartum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The association of early adolescent problem behavior and adult psychopathology: a multivariate behavioral genetic perspective.

Research has documented a strong association between early adolescent problem behavior and adult disinhibitory psychopathology, leading some to suggest that the latter can be reduced by preventing or delaying the former. But the prevention implications of this association necessarily depend upon the causal mechanisms that produce it. The current study was designed to test implications of a model that posits that early problem behavior and disinhibitory psychopathology are associated because they are both manifestations of a common inherited liability. At their age-17 assessment, 1080 twins from the older cohort of the Minnesota Twin Family Study reported whether and the age at which they first: drank alcohol, used tobacco, used illicit drugs, had sexual intercourse, and had police contact. An Early Problem Behavior index was computed by summing the number of these experiences each participant reported having before age 15. Outcome measures of disinhibitory psychopathology were assessed by clinical interview at the age-20 follow-up and included number of symptoms of nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse and dependence, drug abuse and dependence, and adult antisocial behavior. Biometric analysis of the multivariate twin data showed that: (1) early adolescent problem behavior is weakly heritable (approximately 20%), (2) the common factor underlying disinhibitory psychopathology is strongly heritable (approximately 75%), and (3) the phenotypic correlation between early adolescent problem behavior and disinhibitory psychopathology was strong (approximately 0.60) and accounted for primarily by genetic factors common to the two domains. Findings are discussed in the context of research on the prevention and developmental nature of substance use disorders and related psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Triadic model of the neurobiology of motivated behavior in adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Risk-taking behavior is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adolescence. In the context of decision theory and motivated (goal-directed) behavior, risk-taking reflects a pattern of decision-making that favors the selection of courses of action with uncertain and possibly harmful consequences. We present a triadic, neuroscience systems-based model of adolescent decision-making. METHOD: We review the functional role and neurodevelopmental findings of three key structures in the control of motivated behavior, i.e. amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and medial/ventral prefrontal cortex. We adopt a cognitive neuroscience approach to motivated behavior that uses a temporal fragmentation of a generic motivated action. Predictions about the relative contributions of the triadic nodes to the three stages of a motivated action during adolescence are proposed. RESULTS: The propensity during adolescence for reward/novelty seeking in the face of uncertainty or potential harm might be explained by a strong reward system (nucleus accumbens), a weak harm-avoidant system (amygdala), and/or an inefficient supervisory system (medial/ventral prefrontal cortex). Perturbations in these systems may contribute to the expression of psychopathology, illustrated here with depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: A triadic model, integrated in a temporally organized map of motivated behavior, can provide a helpful framework that suggests specific hypotheses of neural bases of typical and atypical adolescent behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Response decision processes and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents.

Externalizing behavior problems of 124 adolescents were assessed across Grades 7-11. In Grade 9, participants were also assessed across social-cognitive domains after imagining themselves as the object of provocations portrayed in six videotaped vignettes. Participants responded to vignette-based questions representing multiple processes of the response decision step of social information processing. Phase 1 of our investigation supported a two-factor model of the response evaluation process of response decision (response valuation and outcome expectancy). Phase 2 showed significant relations between the set of these response decision processes, as well as response selection, measured in Grade 9 and (a) externalizing behavior in Grade 9 and (b) externalizing behavior in Grades 10-11, even after controlling externalizing behavior in Grades 7-8. These findings suggest that on-line behavioral judgments about aggression play a crucial role in the maintenance and growth of aggressive response tendencies in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Appointment-keeping behavior in adolescents.

Adolescent appointment-keeping behavior was investigated prospectively in 245 first-scheduled appointments in a general youth clinic within a pediatric ambulatory setting, to determine if older adolescents were more compliant when they made their appointments and less compliant when their appointments were made by their parents. Among single variables (age, sex, and who made the appointment), rates of kept appointments varied considerably. The highest rates of compliance were found in males, under the age of 15, whose parents made the appointment. The lowest rates were found in females, over the age of 15, who made their own appointment. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine which of the variables was most important in predicting compliance. The most important factor was appointment source. Whether parents make the appointment for their sons and daughters (irrespective of age) was the most important predictor of compliance, emphasizing the importance of parental involvement in scheduling appointments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Japanese national survey of adolescent drinking behavior: comparison between 1996 and 2000 surveys].

This report shows Japanese adolescent drinking behavior from the national surveys conducted in 1996 and 2000. We randomly selected 120 junior high schools and 100 senior high schools nationwide. We requested the cooperation of the principals of these schools and sent questionnaires to each school. Students answered anonymously the questionnaires during school time, and sealed in envelopes by themselves; then teachers collected the envelopes. The questionnaire focused on adolescent drinking behavior. Valid responses numbered 42,798 (1996) and 47,246 (2000) from the junior high schools and 73,016 (1996) and 59,051 (2000) from the senior high schools. The number of students surveyed represented about 1% of all Japanese junior high school students, and about 2% of all senior high school students. This report covers only students who gave answers on both drinking frequency and drinking quantity. It compares adolescent drinking behavior between the 1996 and 2000 surveys, such as drinking frequency, drinking quantities, drinking occasions, methods of obtaining alcohol, kinds of alcohol drunk, alcohol-related problems, opinions on the law that prohibits minors under 20 years of age from drinking alcohol, and distribution of drinking status of the subjects by the Quantity-Frequency Scale (QF scale). In a comparison of adolescent drinking behavior between the 1996 survey and 2000 survey, non-drinkers among junior high school students increased from 45% to 55%, and those among senior high school students increased from 27% to 33%. On the other hand, ratios of female students in both junior and senior high schools who drank 1 or more times per week were higher in the 2000 survey than in the 1996 survey. Comparison of the 1996 survey and 2000 survey did not indicate that Japanese adolescent drinking has increased or decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Age and gender differences in oppositional behavior and conduct problems: a cross-sectional household study of middle childhood and adolescence.

Behavior problems among youths cannot be understood without explaining their age and gender differences, but age and gender differences cannot be explained until they have been accurately described. In a household survey of 1,285 youths aged 9 to 17 years, there were no gender differences in oppositional behavior, but aggression, property offenses, and status offenses were more common among boys. Levels of oppositional behavior were greater at younger ages, aggression peaked near the middle of this age range, and property and status offenses were more prevalent at older ages. These findings are generally consistent with developmental models of conduct problems but are inconsistent with a recent model of gender differences and raise questions about the external validity of current taxonomies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in adolescents.

Depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in 64 adolescent psychiatric patients were assessed by a structured interview and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. The medical seriousness of suicidal behavior was associated with conscious intent to die and with the number of previous nonlethal suicide attempts. Suicidal behavior was associated with depressed mood, negative self-evaluation, anhedonia, insomnia, poor concentration, indecisiveness, lack of reactivity of mood, psychomotor disturbance, and alcohol and drug abuse. The results suggest that adolescents can be reliable reporters of their suicide potential and that clinicians need to be sensitive to symptoms of major depressive disorder in assessing potentially suicidal adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Adolescent problem behavior: the effect of peers and the moderating role of father absence and the mother-child relationship.

Examined the effect of peer problem behavior, the absence of a father or equivalent in the home, and the mother-adolescent relationship as predictors of adolescent problem behavior in a sample of 112 African American adolescents. Statistical analyses compared a moderator model to a mediational model and a cumulative risk model. As predicted, the moderator model was superior to the alternative models. Specifically, whereas the mediational model predicted that the effect of father absence and the mother-child relationship upon adolescent problem behavior would be mediated by peer problem behavior, neither effected peer problem behavior or adolescent problem behavior. Similarly, a cumulative risk index did not predict either child or parent reports of problem behavior and was not sensitive to specific contingencies that existed between the predictor variables. In contrast, an interactive, moderator model described the data quite well. This model suggested that father or equivalent absence magnifies the negative impact of peer problem behavior, while a positive mother-adolescent relationship attenuates this risk. A strong mother-adolescent relationship also served to protect adolescents in father-absent homes from the risk of peer problem behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Protective and risk factors in health-enhancing behavior among adolescents in China and the United States: does social context matter?

An explanatory model of adolescent health-enhancing behavior based on protective and risk factors at the individual level and in 4 social contexts was used in a study of school-based samples from the People's Republic of China (n = 1,739) and the United States (n = 1,596). A substantial account of variation in health-enhancing behavior--and of its developmental change over time--was provided by the model for boys and girls, and for the 3 grade cohorts, in both samples. In both samples, social context protective and risk factors accounted for more unique variance than did individual-level protective and risk factors, and context protection moderated both contextual and individual-level risk. Models protection and controls protection were of particular importance in the explanatory account.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Informed-consent issues with adolescent health behavior research.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the informed-consent issues when conducting adolescent health behavior research. METHODS: A literature review was conducted across diverse academic fields about the informed-consent issues that were relevant to adolescent health behavior research. RESULTS: Issues included defining consent, assent and permission, minimal risk, risk assessment; legal issues; adolescent capacity to participate in research, and parental permission. CONCLUSIONS: Integrity in research means doing the right thing. Obtaining adolescent informed consent must be obtained every time data are collected. There seem to be occasions in which waiver of parental permission in some adolescent health behavior research is warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent risk behavior and the influence of parents and education.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent involvement with alcohol, drugs, tobacco, sexual relationships, and gang violence begins at increasingly younger ages. Awareness of the dangers and consequences of risk-taking behavior has not had a profound or lasting impact on adolescent behavior, and there appears to be no relation between risk behavior and general knowledge concerning these topics. METHODS: Using paired anonymous questionnaires, we surveyed 215 seventh-grade students and their parents about their experience with and attitudes toward adolescent risk-taking behaviors. The results of each student questionnaire were compared with results of his or her own parents. The survey instrument contained questions concerning tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, sexual activity, gang membership, general knowledge concerning these topics, and parental guidance given. Data were analyzed using the chi2 test of significance. RESULTS: Parent and student recollection of issues discussed and guidance given differed widely, as did the students' understanding of their parents' guidance. Factors found to have a meaningful impact on the reduction of risk behavior in the adolescent population were (1) students perceiving a satisfactory relationship with their parents, and (2) parents successfully communicating their expectations regarding these behaviors to their children. CONCLUSIONS: Parental direction has a powerful effect on the reduction of risk behavior in young adolescents. A limited ability for abstract reasoning during early adolescence requires clear anticipatory guidance by parents and an active effort to maintain communication in the child-parent relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Perceived family functioning and adolescent suicidal behavior.

OBJECTIVE: Family problems increase the risk of adolescent suicidal behavior, but the specific dimensions of family functioning related to adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts have not been identified clearly. This study examined the relationship between family functioning and adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Participating adolescents included psychiatric inpatients who had attempted suicide (n = 35), high school students reporting suicidal ideation (n = 33), nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients (n = 29), and nonsuicidal high school students (n = 37). METHOD: The Family Assessment Measure was used to assess adolescents' perceptions of family functioning on two levels: (1) the family system and (2) parent-adolescent dyadic relationships. RESULTS: The suicidal psychiatric inpatients and the suicidal high school students did not differ in their perceptions of family functioning and mother-adolescent relationships. However, both suicide groups reported more distress and family dysfunction than did the nonsuicidal high school students. Perceived family functioning and mother-adolescent relationships were significantly correlated with levels of depression, hopelessness, and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: Family functioning is important to consider when assessing and treating adolescents for suicidal behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Substance abuse and adolescent suicidal behavior.

Evidence suggests a significant association between use of psychoactive substances among adolescents and suicidal behavior among adolescents during the past two decades. Accumulating evidence, although not unanimous, supports the hypothesis of psychoactive substance abuse among adolescents as a risk factor for a range of suicidal behavior--ideation, attempted suicide, and completed suicide. With increasing rates of psychoactive substance abuse for the adolescent population during the past 20 years, this appears to be an increasingly important factor. It is not known if the association is causal. Psychoactive substance abuse appears to be associated with a greater frequency and repetitiveness of suicide attempts, more medically lethal attempts, a measured seriousness of intention, and greater suicidal ideation. Additional data support a specific association between alcohol intoxication and suicide by firearms among adolescents. Adolescents who abuse psychoactive substances, particularly those with any type of depressive disorder, appear to be at higher risk for suicidal behavior and may need appropriate psychiatric treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Self-esteem and value of health as determinants of adolescent health behavior.

PURPOSE: To study the relationship between personality attributes and health behaviors and practices during adolescence. DESIGN: We have studied a total of 100 subjects aged 12-13 and 16-17 years of both sexes. To examine self-esteem and the value of health in a series of habitual practices of health, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was undertaken. The instruments used were the Gordon Personal Profile (GPP) (1978) to evaluate self-esteem, the Costa et al.'s (1989) Value of Health Scale to estimate the value of health and, the Rivas Torres (1991) Health Behavior Questionnaire to measure health behavior. RESULTS: Self-esteem explains 39% of the mental health behavior and 5% of the social health behaviors. Meanwhile, the value of health, in the case of security behaviors, explains 13%, and in relation to personal health behaviors, 9%. CONCLUSIONS: The importance assigned to certain personality attributes in relation to adolescent health behavior shows the need for additional investigations that incorporate other variables and subject groups with different ages.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical and social studies of sex behavior of adolescents].

Due to economic and social causes, risky reproductive behavior of adolescents in modern Russia is characterized by a clear-cut tendency to an increasing discrepancy between physical, social, and psychological maturing of young people. The necessity of alteration of the sexual behavioral style of adolescents is dictated by necessity of retaining their reproductive health. Preventive educational programs can become one of the methods for attaining this purpose. However, a truly effective program determining the forms and methods of permissible effects on the adolescents can be developed only after profound studies of their knowledge in the sphere of sexual behavior. Such studies were carried out in 1994-1998 in Novosibirsk and its region by the Juventus Municipal Consultation and Diagnosis Center for Children and Adolescents. The detected tendencies are presented in the paper.

Adolescent↗