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Mitochondrial function in aflatoxin toxicity.
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[Mycotoxicoses in animal production--importance and diagnosis (a review)].
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Liver cell cancer--a global problem.
Global variations in the natural history of Primary Liver Cancer and relationship to aetiology is discussed. The global incidence of this cancer is still incomplete but in Africa and the Far East where the disease is common, the establishment of Cancer Registries have provided suitable data for comparison with developed cancer registries in North America and Europe. Research into aetiology has been active in recent years and has given good clues to aetiology. Some of these studies may later lead to studies on primary prevention.
Carcinoma of the liver in Thailand, trends in two decades.
During the past 20 years, trends have been observed in primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Thailand. There is a definite increase in the association between HCC and cirrhosis of liver from 16.6% in 1958 to 50.78% in 1968 and 73.93% in 1978 series. The increase in percentage is associated with increase in mean age group from 44.61 +/- 9.77 in 1958, to 48.84 +/- 12.35 (p < 0.01) in 1978. This reflects the important role which hepatitis B plays in the etiology of HCC-associated with cirrhosis in Thailand. Also, the aggregation of people in the city of Bangkok may cause an increase in the hepatitis B carrier.
Relationship between histology and aetiological factors in primary liver cancer.
A review of 205 primary hepatic cancers from different geographic areas reveals that HCC which forms the vast majority (86%) of these, commonly presents as the trabecular variety (76%). The compact and pseudoglandular forms are rare (18% and 6%). Relatively fewer cases of undifferentiated cancer, hepatoblastoma and cholangiocarcinoma are encountered. HCC is often associated with the presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in the liver. This is particularly true of the trabecular variety (81%). A proportion of the compact variety as well as undifferentiated cancers do not appear to be related to HBV infection. Cholangio carcinomas are considered to be related to infection by liver flukes. Hepatoblastomas occur in infancy and childhood and show no known aetiologic association. Aflatoxin may be aetiologically related to same cases of HCC. Continued use of oral contraceptives can occasionally induce HCC.
Effect of antibacterials, anabolic steroid, and diethyldithiocarbamate on induced acute aflatoxicosis in goats.
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Toxic effects of aflatoxins on eyes--an experimental clinico-histopathological evaluation.
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Yellow rain: chemical warfare in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan.
Circumstantial and laboratory evidence has accumulated supporting the use in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan of Russian-made lethal chemical agents. In this paper we will attempt to answer the question, "What is Yellow Rain?", summarize some of the massive data on microtoxins and mycotoxicoses, discuss the toxicology of the trichothecenes, give a brief historical perspective on chemical warfare, and touch on some of the political implications of these developments. The ubiquitous and insidious mycotoxins have been more or less causally linked to several human diseases, from ergotism to Reye's syndrome, as well as enormous livestock morbidity and mortality. We raise the concern that the Yellow Rain "experiments" pose the threat of massive use of chemical/biological warfare. The importance of an informed, vocal medical constituency cannot be overestimated.
Aflatoxicosis in feeder cattle.
Aflatoxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of deaths in a group of crossbred feeder steers. Corn used in the ration being fed the steers was found to be contaminated with 1,500 ng of aflatoxin/g. Residues of the mycotoxin were detected in kidney tissue, and microscopic examination of liver sections revealed lesions typical of aflatoxicosis.
[Food toxicology].
The complex problems of food toxicology and especially of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis require continuing efforts for a better understanding of the mechanisms, risk evaluation and prevention. Essential progress was the recognition of mutation. In vitro tests now provide reproducible results within a short time. Risk evaluation remains a difficult problem, since is has not been possible yet to establish thresholds values for genotoxic substances. However, threshold levels for carcinogen promoters gain increasing importance as demonstrated for 3 representative classes of substances: mycotoxines , nitrosamines and pesticides.
[Mycotoxins--pollutants of food products and forage (review)].
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Primary liver cancer and food-based toxins. A Swaziland review.
This review brings together evidence on the scientific unfolding of the relationship between primary liver cancer and food based toxins with particular reference to Swaziland. Growth of knowledge of the geographic patterns of the disease has been paralleled by development in other disciplines, notably agriculture and toxicology, of understanding of the occurrence and mode of action of natural hepatotoxins in the dietary environment of people in southern Africa. Areas for further enquiry are highlighted but the agriculturally advantageous side-effects of policies aimed to reduce mycotoxin ingestion in Swaziland are already unequivocal.
[Method for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in the liver of slaughter animals].
The method used by Egmond et al. (1979) was chosen from a number of methods recommended for the determination of aflatoxins in raw materials of animal origin. This method is described in detail to facilitate its use in practice in cases of forced slaughters of animals suspected of aflatoxicosis. The sensitivity of the method for aflatoxin B1 and M1 is about 0.05 micrograms . kg-1. On the whole, 88 liver samples were examined for the presence of the aflatoxins B1 and M1. The samples had been obtained from the slaughtered pigs (52), bulls (23), cows (6), calves (5), and from deceased pigs (2). Positive findings were obtained in five of sixteen pork liver samples and in two of the tested five samples of calf liver. All of these animals were suspected of aflatoxicosis. At current slaughter, only one case of 36 examined pigs was found to be positive. Aflatoxin M1 was found more frequently than aflatoxin B1. However, the findings never exceeded the concentration of 100 ng . kg-1; this is less by 1.5 orders than the proposed tolerated concentration for adult animals (5 micrograms . kg-1).
Cytophotometric and cytogenetic characteristics of primary hepatomas induced in Wistar rats by aflatoxin B1.
Karyograms of the primary hepatomas induced in Wistar rats by aflatoxin b1 exhibited hypodiploid chromosome sets, and destruction of the chromosomes. Cytophotometric investigations showed a decrease of DNA content in the neoplastic cells, even to about 40% of DNA content in the normal hepatocytes in rats. In the neoplastic destruction of the chromatin material in these hepatomas breaks and deletion of the chromatids predominate.
Induced acute aflatoxicosis in goats: treatment with activated charcoal or dual combinations of oxytetracycline, stanozolol, and activated charcoal.
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Effects of various treatments on induced chronic aflatoxicosis in rabbits.
Male New Zealand White rabbits were orally given 0.05 mg of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg of body weight daily for 10 days and were treated with glutathione-precursors and depletor, antibacterial agents, or sodium thiosulfate. The drug administered, the mortality, and the mean survival time were as follows: corn-oil controls (0), euthanatized at 25 days; AFB1-controls (2), 21 days; AFB1 and saline controls (2), 22 days; cysteine and AFB1 (5), 13 days; methionine and AFB1 (5), 12 days; sodium thiosulfate and AFB1 (2), 21 days; sulfadimethoxine and AFB1 (1), 24 days; oxytetracycline and AFB1 (0), euthanatized at 25 days; and ethyl maleate and AFB1 (3), 21 days. Clinical signs of toxicosis included decreased feed consumption during AFB1 administration, loss of body weight or failure to gain, and death. Clinicopathologic changes included increases in serum bilirubin concentration and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times were lengthened. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was decreased. Changes in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and serum alkaline phosphatase were unremarkable. Oxytetracycline had protective effects against chronic aflatoxicosis in rabbits. Cysteine and methionine enhanced chronic aflatoxicosis.