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PubMed1976

Contact dermatitis from propolis.

Two patients with contact dermatitis due to the natural product propolis (bee glue) are reported. They presented perioral eczema and stomatitis which were recalcitrant until propolis was considered as the cause. Patch tests with propolis preparations were positive in both patients, and, furthermore, in the second patient the lesions relapsed after provocation tests. European standard patch test including balsam of Peru were negative. The complexity of propolis, its supposed anti-inflammatory effect due to flavonoids, and the sensitizing agents originating mainly from the poplar trees are discussed together with the cross-sensitization to balsam of Peru. Contact dermatitis due to propolis should be considered in unexplained eczemas, mainly perioral but also in other areas, as propolis preparations are available also as ointments and cosmetic creams.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

Contact hypersensitivity to some perfume materials.

Some recent publications concerning perfume contact sensitivity are briefly reviewed. Japanese workers have identified some perfume sensitizers and have devised an allergen replacement system. Costus absolute of perfumery has been found to sensitize guinea-pig and man; sesquiterpene lactones are responsible for cross-sensitivity with some other plant products. Balsam of Peru is a useful screen for perfume sensitivity; terpenoids of balsams require study.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Diagnostic procedures for eczema patients.

Of 7887 patients with eczema seen in a private dermatological practice over a period of 2 years and 4 months, a specific final diagnosis was found in 5376 (68%), while a final diagnosis of non-specific eczema was made in 2511 cases (32%). The most common final diagnoses were seborrhoeic dermatitis (1351), contact dermatitis (1317), atopic dermatitis (1009) and nummular eczema (822). Battery patch testing was the initial diagnostic procedure performed, and 897 of the 3164 patients who were patch tested had one or more positive patch tests. In 545 cases, the reactions were considered of relevance to the current dermatitis. Tests for immediate-type allergy were carried out in 618 patients, and 284 of these had one or more positive tests. In 86 patients, these test results were of diagnostic significance. 257 patients with positive patch tests were challenged orally with the relevant substance, and 53 of 156 reacted to metal salts, most commonly nickel, while 25 of 101 reacted to orally ingested balsam of Peru. Among patch-test-negative patients, 66 of 408 had positive reactions to one or more metal salts; 41 of 180 reacted to balsam of Peru, while 15 of 41 reacted to various food additives.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗

PubMed1988

Propolis allergy. (III). Sensitization studies with minor constituents.

87% of the propolis product "LB-1", originally reported to be 1,1-dimethyl-allyl caffeic acid ester, was shown by GC/MS analysis to consist of 3 isomeric pentenyl caffeates, 63% of which are 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeate. These pentenyl caffeates proved to be the major sensitizers of propolis and of poplar bud secretion in our previous study. In addition, 3 further minor allergens have now been investigated. Experimental sensitization indicates that phenylethyl caffeate is as strong a sensitizer as the major allergen "LB-1", while benzyl salicylate is a moderate sensitizer. Benzyl cinnamate plays only a subordinate role. At least 3 further esters of caffeic acid or cinnamic acid remain to be studied. Interestingly, relationships between propolis and balsam of Peru were found. 8 compounds are common to both materials. Thus "cross-reactions" or concomitant reactions in propolis-sensitive individuals to balsam of Peru are explainable.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Content and reactivity to product perfumes in fragrance mix positive and negative eczema patients. A study of perfumes used in toiletries and skin-care products.

The aim of the study was to investigate the elicitation potential of perfumes from 17 commonly sold lower-price cosmetic products. 8 of the perfumes were from stay-on cosmetics and 9 were from wash-off cosmetics. Each perfume was tested in 500 consecutive eczema patients, who also were tested with the European standard patch test series. 4.2% reacted to 1 or more of the wash-off product perfumes and 3.2% to 1 or more of the stay-on product perfumes. Concordant positive reactions between the fragrance mix and the product perfumes were found in 81.3% of positive reactions to the stay-on product perfumes and in 52.4% of the reactions to the wash-off product perfumes. Compared to the fragrance mix alone, only 1 additional case of contact allergy to the product perfumes was detected by balsam of Peru. Chemical analysis revealed that between 1 and 5 of the chemically-defined constituents of the fragrance mix were present in all of the product perfumes. Geraniol was found in 12 of the 17 perfumes and was most often detected. The concentration of the target fragrance materials ranged from 0.005%-1.35 w/v%. It is concluded that the allergenic constituents of the fragrance mix are impossible to avoid if perfumed cosmetics are used. Furthermore, patients suspected of perfume allergy need to be tested with their own perfumed products, as far from all cases of perfume allergy are detected by the fragrance mix and/or balsam of Peru in the European standard patch test series.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed1994

Fat necrosis presenting as obscure abdominal mass: birefringent saponified fatty acid crystalloids as a clue to diagnosis.

AIMS: To describe the birefringent saponified fatty acid crystalloids seen in pancreatic fat necrosis. METHODS: A histological review, including polarising microscopy, of three cases of subacute or subclinical acute pancreatitis was performed. Histochemical analysis using Nile blue sulphate for lipid, Holczinger's copper rubeanate for fatty acids, and Alizarin Red S for calcium was performed in one case. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopic micro-analysis were performed in two cases. Necropsy pancreatic tissue, surgical archival tissue from cases of pancreatitis, and pancreatic and adipose tissue permitted to autolyse together in the laboratory, were also examined. The autolysed tissue was also examined histochemically. Stained and unstained sections were mounted in DPX and Canada balsam. Surgical material showing traumatic fat necrosis was reviewed. RESULTS: In each of the three cases there were subtle clues to subclinical pancreatitis. In neither surgical case was the true nature of the mass apparent to the operator. Histological analysis in all cases showed ghost adipocytes containing numerous polarising crystalloids, as well as some basophilic debris. Microanalysis showed calcium but no other substantial heavy element signals. Histochemical analysis showed a labile, polar, acidic lipid and the crystalloids behaved as calcium salts of free fatty acid. The crystalloids were not seen in archival material mounted in Canada balsam. No crystalloids were seen in traumatic fat necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Little recognised, strongly birefringent, saponified free fatty acid crystalloids occurring in pancreatic fat necrosis may survive routine processing, and can point to the origin of obscure mesenteric masses related to subclinical pancreatitis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

The influence of vinegars on exposure of dentinal tubules: a SEM evaluation.

Dentin hypersensitivity is a common painful condition observed in clinics. Dietary habits have been much associated with its development and persistence during and following periodontal treatment. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of vinegars on the removal of smear layer and exposure of dentinal tubules. Extracted human teeth were submitted to manual scaling with Gracey curettes in order to remove the cementum as well as to form a smear layer. Dentin samples with 3 mm(2) were obtained and distributed into six experimental groups: one control and five types of vinegars (alcohol, apple, rice, white wine and balsamic). Each group included two methods of vinegar application: topical and friction. After routine preparation for SEM analysis, photomicrographs were assessed by a calibrated and blind examiner using an appropriate index system. Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant influence of vinegars on smear layer removal. There was a statistically significant difference between groups treated with apple, white and rice vinegars and the control group (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, Mann-Whitney test indicated that removal of smear layer did not vary with the method of application (topical versus friction) for any of the tested substances. We can conclude that the contact of vinegar may remove smear layer and expose dentinal tubules, regardless of the type of application. However, balsamic vinegar was associated with less removal of smear layer after both methods of application.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed1997

Patch testing with markers of fragrance contact allergy. Do clinical tests correspond to patients' self-reported problems?

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between patients' own recognition of skin problems using consumer products and the results of patch testing with markers of fragrance sensitization. Eight hundred and eighty-four consecutive eczema patients, 18-69 years of age, filled in a questionnaire prior to patch testing with the European standard series. The questionnaire contained questions about skin symptoms from the use of scented and unscented products as well as skin reactions from contact with spices, flowers and citrus fruits that could indicate fragrance sensitivity. A highly significant association was found between reporting a history of visible skin symptoms from using scented products and a positive patch test to the fragrance mix, whereas no such relationship could be established to the Peru balsam in univariate or multivariate analysis. Our results suggest that the role of Peru balsam in detecting relevant fragrance contact allergy is limited, while most fragrance mix-positive patients are aware that the use of scented products may cause skin problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Epidemiological survey of contact dermatitis in Italy (1984-1993) by GIRDCA (Gruppo Italiano Ricerca Dermatiti da Contatto e Ambientali).

BACKGROUND: The Gruppo Italiano Ricerca Dermatiti da Contatto e Ambientali (GIRDCA) resolved to obtain the most relevant data regarding contact dermatitis (CD) in Italy by means of a multicenter epidemiological study, involving research units (RU) throughout the country. The survey was performed with the collaboration of Generale Per l'Informatica, Rome (GEPIN) over the periods 1984 to 1988 and 1989 to 1993. The analytical study (of a transverse kind) was aimed at supplying prevalence measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The number of subjects taking part in the survey was 42,839. All patients underwent patch testing with the GIRDCA standard series and were included in the survey only if the final diagnosis was either CD or eczematous dermatitis caused by contact. The main anamnestic, clinical data, and allergological test results of all patients were codified into a chart, and subsequently transcribed into a data bank. The data were then processed cumulatively and were statistically analysed by a chi-square for trend test. RESULTS: The four most frequent diagnoses (which, when considered together, make up 39,496 cases, or about 92% of all cases) proved to be nonoccupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), nonoccupational irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), occupational ACD, and occupational ICD. The haptens most frequently causing positive reactions in the total number of cases over the first 5 years were, in order of frequency: nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, fragrance mix, balsam of Peru, and, in the second 5-year period, nickel sulphate, cobalt chloride, potassium dichromate, fragrance mix, and thimerosal. Occupational CD (ACD and ICD) was present in 11,694 cases overall, corresponding to approximately 27% of the total number of cases examined, and approximately 29% of all CD (including forms of nonoccupational CD). Regarding distribution by sex, a substantial equivalence of males and females for ACD, and a prevalence of females with ICD can be observed. Five occupations were reputed to be responsible for over 60% of total cases of occupational CD (housewives, bricklayers, workers in the metallurgic and mechanical industries, hairdressers, and healthcare personnel). Regarding the pathogenesis, a clearly dominant percentage of ACD may be observed among bricklayers and hairdressers, and of ICD among housewives. The haptens most frequently noted over the entire decade as the cause of positive reaction in occupational ACD were, in order of frequency, potassium dichromate, nickel sulphate, cobalt chloride, p-phenylenediamine and thiuram mix. Nonoccupational CD (ACD and ICD) was present in 27,802 cases overall, corresponding to about 65% of all cases under examination and over 70% of all CD (also including forms of occupational CD). In regard to distribution by sex, a clear dominance of females, as opposed to males, can be noted for ACD and also (although to a lesser extent) for ICD. The main products and materials (ie, components and relative substances) that are pinpointed as being responsible for nonoccupational ACD, were, in order of frequency, clothing accessories, cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals, and clothing. The haptens most frequently recognized as the cause of positive reactions were, in order of frequency, nickel sulphate, fragrance mix, cobalt chloride, balsam of Peru, potassium dichromate, ethylenediamine, and diaminodiphenylmethane.

Dermatitis, Allergic Contact↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transparent tooth model system. An aid in the study of root canal anatomy.

Clearing techniques of tooth have long since been advocated in the demonstration of root canal anatomy. We have compared the efficacy of various clearing agents such as Xylene, Benzene, Methyl salicylate and Eugenol, using 40 maxillary second premolars as experimental subjects. We have further tried to select a suitable dye for the demonstration of root canal anatomy and have compared the efficacy of various mounting media such as D.P.X. medium, Canada balsam and Commercial plastic dissolved in benzene, in preserving the cleared state. Results of our study indicate that Eugenol is a superior clearing agent and that oil-based dyes are better suited for root canal demonstration. Canada balsam is the most effective mounting media and D.P.X. medium has been found to serve both as a clearing agent and as a mounting media. We have introduced a miniature museum jar technique, for preserving the transparency permanently. The Transparent Tooth Model System presented here, thus serves as a much simpler tool, in the study of root canal anatomy, three dimensionally.

Benzene↗

PubMed1990

[Observations and research on an extract of Inula viscosa Ait ].

The folk medical tradition ascribes to Inula viscosa (a suffrutescent plant of Compositae widely spread along the Mediterranean basin) balsamic, antipyretic, antiphlogistic and antiseptic properties. Pharmacological test on rabbits, made hyperpyretic in laboratory, gave satisfactory antipyretic results. Gas chromatographical separation from a high-boiling fraction of seven azulenes, two of them identified as 1,4-dimethyl-azulene (about 50% and chamazulene (32%), confirmed the antiphlogistic action ascribed to the plant. By the present research (solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography are described in detail) eucalyptol was identified in a fraction of essential oil obtained from fresh leaves of the plant. This datum supports the balsamic and antiseptic properties of Inula viscosa Ait.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Epicutaneous testing with a standard series. Results in 12,026 patients].

From 1977 to 1983, 12,026 patients were given patch tests with a standard series of substances. A total of 4,494 (37.4%) had positive patch-test reactions to one or more allergens; the average number of positive reactions was 1.85. The most frequent reactions were due to nickel sulphate (positive reactions in 9.2% of those tested), fragrance mix (8.9%), balsam of Peru (6.3%), cobalt chloride (4.7%), potassium dichromate (4.3%) and wool alcohols (4.3%). Women showed significantly more positive reactions than men to nickel sulphate, cobalt chloride, wool alcohols, and parabens and significantly fewer positive reactions than men to potassium dichromate, PPD mix, and epoxy resin. Younger patients showed significant more positive reactions to nickel sulphate and cobalt chloride; middle-aged patients reacted more to potassium dichromate, paraphenylendiamine, formaldehyde and thiuram mix; elderly patients reacted to balsam of Peru, wool alcohols, caine mix, neomycin sulfate, benzocaine, colophony, clioquinol, mafenide, parabens, and gentamycin sulfate.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Anal symptoms of gastro-intestinal diseases].

In most cases the ano-cutaneous clinical symptoms correlated to diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract are not specific (erythema, itching, wounds or scarring). However in the following diseases occasional dermatological lesions may directly contribute to their diagnosis: in Crohn's disease, tuberculosis of bowel, chronic entamoebiasis and bilharziosis, the skin lesions of the anal area have the same histological structure as the gut lesions. Perianal fistulas and ulcers are frequent in Crohn's disease especially if there is a colonic and rectal spreading; they respond badly to steroid therapy and are often correlated with a worse prognosis. Perianal specific lesions occur often in oxyuriasis in children, in candidiasis of the digestive tract, in systemic aphthosis and in some malignancies. In other gastro-intestinal disturbances, the dermatological and features are less specific and can only be suggestive: iatrogenic and microbial diarrheas, side-effects of laxatives, proctological diseases. It has to be emphasized that pruritus ani is only induced by deeper lesions when they spread to the perianal skin. In proctological practice, contact dermatitis by sensitivity to anaesthetics or suppository balsams (Peruvian balsam), itching or burning atrophy by topical steroid abuse, non-diagnosed fungal (candidiasis), bacterial (erythrasma) or psoriatic intertrigos (flexural psoriasis) may sometimes explain the failure of therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

[Frequency, relevance and latency of chemical allergy in hospitalized patients in Budapest].

Epicutaneous tests were performed 1979 using a standard test series of 31 substances on 436 hospitalized patients. The positive results were analysed for relevance and latency. Occupational and environmental origin of sensitization was looked for in both sexes. The order of allergens causing contact dermatitis in women was: Dichromate, phenylbutazone, cobalt (as concomitant allergy?), balsam of Peru, p-phenylene diamine, chloramphenicol, phenyl-isopropyl-p-phenylene diamine, N-phenyl-cyclohexyl-p-phenylene diamine (as concomitant allergy?), mercury amidochlorate, formaldehyde, mercury bichloride (as concomitant allergy?). In men the order of frequency was: dichromate, phenyl-isopropyl-p-phenylene diamine, N-phenyl-cyclohexyl-p-phenylene diamine (as concomitant allergy?), cobalt (as concomitant allergy?), p-phenylene diamine, chloramphenicol, formaldehyde, phenylbutazone, balsam of Peru, mercury amidochlorate, mercury bichloride (as concomitant allergy?). The mode and degree of exposure are important factors influencing the composition of the spectrum of allergens. It is essential to distinguish between relevant and latent sensitization primarily in occupational exposure when decisions concerning the patient's future occupation must be made.

Dermatitis, Contact↗

PubMed1981

[Frequency and relevance of some cross-, concomitant- and pseudo-cross allergies (author's transl)].

Examples of cross-, concomitant- and pseudo-cross allergies are discussed based on the results obtained in a series of patch tests made with 31 chemical allergens. Special attention is paid to the relevance of positivity. Para-group allergy is analysed as an example of cross-allergy. Analysis of various combinations of allergy to p-phenylene diamine and phenylisopropyl-p-phenylene diamine suggests that in addition to the classical cross-allergy, concomitant sensitization may also occur. Concomitant allergy to three metals (chromium, cobalt and nickel) is discussed. Concomitant sensitization to chromium and cobalt has been found to occur most frequently. Associated positivity to various aromatic balsam-like substances (balsam of Peru, turpentine, colophony, wood tar) has been interpreted as pseudo-cross-allergy.

Allergens↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Accelerated production of permanent preparations of whole plant embryo sacs and pollen complexes].

Original methods are described for producing constant preparations of plant integral embryo sacs and pollen complexes isolated by means of tissue maceration with Helix pomatia gastric juice enzymes. The Feulgen stained preparations are put into the Canada balsam. According to this procedure there is no need of paraffin treatment and work with a microtome; it makes use of other methods which highly accelerate the production of constant preparations. In connection with putting the object in Canada balsam the method of treatment and the succession of operations are changed as compared to the routine procedure of producing total preparations of embryo sacks.

Histological Techniques↗

PubMed1995

[Effects of the most frequently used solutions and ointments in routine surgical practice].

The authors tested the effect of local antiseptics commonly used at the Clinic of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery in Brno on bacteria which most frequently infect extensive skin defects. The experiments were carried out in vitro and in vivo in a group of experimental animals. In vivo the effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated, in vitro also the effect on Proteus mirabilis. The authors found that 0.1% Persteril, Peru balsam, and Dermazine ung./Lek Co./exerted a very favourable effect on the tested microorganisms. A weaker effect was recorded after Vishnevsky balsam and 0.5% Rivanol. 0.5% gentian violet and 3% boricacid had no effect on P. aeruginosa, 0.05% permanganate and 2% Jodonal had no effect on staphylococci.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Fragrance contact dermatitis: a worldwide multicenter investigation (Part I).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of responses to selected fragrance materials in patients with suspect fragrance allergy and to evaluate risk factors and associations with such responses. The validity of using specific fragrance ingredients versus a mixture of fragrances was evaluated in terms of predicting allergy to different fragrance ingredients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-seven subjects were evaluated in seven centers worldwide with a fragrance mix, the eight ingredients in the fragrance mixture, six other well-known fragrance allergens, balsam of Peru, and 15 lesser studied fragrance materials. RESULTS: The age of the patients was 44.9 +/- 17.5 years (mean +/- SD). More than 85% were women. A relatively high proportion gave a past history of atopic disease. Facial eruptions (40%) and hand involvement (26.7%) were the most common topographic sites. All but 4 of the 35 fragrance materials produced a positive response in > 1%. A reaction to fragrance mix occurred in 47.3%. Seven of the 34 ingredients tested produced an allergic response in more than 10% of those tested. Men were more likely than women to exhibit a positive response to five fragrance ingredients. White persons were more likely to react to perfume mix (52.8% versus 25.3%) and certain ingredients in the mix than Asian persons. Allergy to benzyl salicylate was more common in Japan than in Europe or the United States. CONCLUSION: The age at which patients with perfume allergy present for evaluation is similar to that of other contactants. Atopic individuals may be overrepresented in this group of patients. Face involvement is likely. White persons are more likely to react to fragrance mix, whereas in Asian patients benzyl salicylate was a more frequent allergen. Fragrance mix corrected with 85.6% of positive responses to fragrance ingredients. The addition of ylang ylang oil, narcissus oil, and sandalwood oil to fragrance mix would be expected to pick up 94.2% with positive responses to fragrance materials; adding balsam of Peru increases this to 96%.

Adult↗