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PubMed2004

[Development of 'Ordnungstherapie' by Bircher-Benner in naturopathy of the 20th century].

BACKGROUND: The German term 'Ordnungstherapie' is one of the five therapeutics which defines naturopathy in German-speaking countries. OBJECTIVE: Who formed the term Ordnungstherapie in naturopathy and what does it mean? MATERIAL AND METHODS: Heuristics and criticism of literature of the 20th century as well as database research. RESULTS: Nowadays in German-language medical books Ordnungstherpie belongs to the five therapeutics which define European naturopathy. Yet, the interpretation ranges from health education to body-orientated forms of psychotherapy. The term Ordnungstherapie is often related with the German priest and hydropath Sebastian Kneipp, however, term and definition have been founded by the Swiss physician Maximillian Bircher-Benner. In 1937 he defined Ordnungstherapie as a complex concept of natural healing. It is based upon the rather nosological idea that health is order/harmony in the human body (physically, psychologically), the environment and the daily course. Illness occurs if disorder appears in one of these fields. The therapeutic setting of Ordnungstherapy is defined by 9 rules of conduct to maintain order, which include nutrition, the skin as an organ (exposure to light, air, water), breathing, movement, rhythm of life, and psyche. For all these aspects Bircher-Benner himself uses the terms somatotherapy (dietotherapy, sun and light therapy, hydrotherapy, exercise therapy, breathing technique, order of the rhythm of live) and psychotherapy. He chose these complementary methods subjectively after learning them from 1897 onwards in an eclectic manner and after gaining therapeutic empiricism. Nevertheless his ideas of the Ordnungstherapie correlate with the socio-political context of the 1940ies. CONCLUSIONS: The term Ordnungstherapie was introduced by Bircher-Benner as an umbrella term in 1937 to describe a complex concept of naturopathic therapies. It comprises, with certain limitations for phytotherapy, the therapies which nowadays define European naturopathy. Yet, in European naturopathy today Ordnungstherapie is mostly considered as one out of 5 constituents of naturopathy (dietotherapy, hydrotherapy, exercise therapy, phytotherapy, Ordnungstherapie). The classification of Ordnungstherapie as one of the 5 pillars of the Kneipp therapy was only done by Kneipp physicians in the middle of the 20th century and needs to be thought over.

Germany↗

PubMed2003

A genomewide scan for age-related macular degeneration provides evidence for linkage to several chromosomal regions.

We report the results of a genomewide scan for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 158 multiplex families. AMD classification was based on fundus photography and was assigned a grade ranging from 1 (no disease) to 5 (exudative disease). Genotyping was performed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Mammalian Genotyping Service at Marshfield (404 short tandem repeat markers). The sample included 158 families with two or more siblings with AMD, 490 affected individuals, 101 unaffected individuals, and 38 whose affection status was unknown. Relative pairs included 511 affected sibling, 28 avuncular, 53 cousin, 7 grandparent-grandchild, and 9 grand-avuncular pairs. Two-point parametric and multipoint parametric and nonparametric analyses were performed. Maximum two-point LOD scores of 1.0-2.0 were found for markers on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10, 14, 15, and 22. Multipoint analyses were consistent with the two-point results for chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10, and 22 and provided evidence for additional linkage regions on chromosomes 3, 6, 8, 12, 16, and X. Our signals on chromosomes 1q, 6p, and 10q are consistent with some other previously published results. Significant linkage to AMD was found for one marker on chromosome 2, two adjacent markers on chromosome 3, two adjacent markers on chromosome 6, and seven contiguous markers on chromosome 8, with empirical P values of .00001. The consistency of many of the other signals across both two-point and multipoint, as well as parametric and nonparametric, analyses indicate several other regions worthy of follow-up.

Aging↗

PubMed2000

Batrachology of Japan and adjacent regions - a systematic review.

As is the case with most other organisms, studies of amphibians started with systematics as the basis for many other biological fields, but systematics itself has endured a slower progress than other fields of biology have enjoyed for a long time. Nevertheless, philosophical and methodological 'revolutions' in the past 30 years, combined with more recent progress in biochemical and molecular techniques, have been forcing current systematics into a great change. Stejneger's (1907) monumental book, the first thorough review of amphibians from Japan and adjacent regions, was published nearly a century ago, and since then, the increase in number of areas that have been closely surveyed, together with the application of new theories and methods, have greatly enlarged our knowledge of the amphibian fauna in this region. For example, extensive experiments by the Hiroshima School using artificial hybridization techniques greatly contributed to our understandings of relationships among some groups of amphibians that had been taxonomically confusing. In addition to this, new species discovered by more detailed field surveys in a wider area and cryptic species revealed by analyses of isozymes and acoustic properties have made for a great increment in the number of taxa in this region. Further, analyses of DNA sequences now enable us to infer the affinities of taxa with few phylogenetically informative phenotypic properties, and the resultant phylogenetic hypotheses further contribute to our understandings of biogeography and many other issues on amphibian evolution. From these advances, it has been clarified that the amphibian species diversity is far greater than was previously expected, which in turn means a high endemism within particular regions. It is expected that future studies will also reveal exact systematic relationships of wide-ranging species, both those occurring within this region and those extending outside of it. For that purpose, international and interdisciplinary studies are indispensable. But what is also necessary is to conserve amphibian populations so that they will not disappear before their true relationships are realized. Knowledge of systematics among young amphibian biologists is also a matter of high priority.

Amphibians↗

PubMed1986

Genetically-engineered microorganisms: I. Identification, classification, and strain history.

We have argued that accurate identification of the microorganism will form a cornerstone of the assessment of potential hazard. Appropriate methodology for identification exists, and is continually under development and refinement. Organizations such as the American Type Culture Collection will perform certified identifications for relatively low cost. Thus there appears to be little reason that an organism should not be identified insofar as current microbiology allows prior to submission for PMN review. We suggest that a complete microbiological characterization be considered an essential element of an acceptable PMN. To accomplish this, however, current institutional arrangements for the protection of trade secret information needed in the process of identification may need to be improved. An accurate identification of the strain will often provide access to important information with which to evaluate its ecology, pathogenicity, biochemistry, and genetics. Specialized texts, the scientific literature, and professional consultation are ready sources of such information. However, a major effort should be made to establish a data base that can specifically address the needs of biohazard evaluation. This could be done, in part, by collecting information about the construction, and about the behavior in the environment of genetically-engineered microorganisms that are now under development and will soon be tested or used. Identification information may also eventually be useful for the formulation of hypotheses about possible modes of harm or about relative safety, based on phylogenetic relationships. This is a very difficult undertaking at present, however. Microbial taxonomy is currently in a process of radical reevaluation as new macromolecular sequence information reveals previously unsuspected phylogenetic relationships, and disturbs categorizations based on older types of traits such as morphology, etc. This means that both inferences about relative safety and about possible modes of harm from taxonomic relationships must be highly tentative based on current information. Regulatory authorities may wish to consider requesting confirmatory DNA hybridization data or other macromolecular sequence comparisons in cases where strong arguments related to safety must be made from taxonomic information in relatively poorly studied groups of organisms. Detailed strain histories would provide valuable information for safety evaluations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Bacteria↗