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Results for “Behavior, Addictive”

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PubMed1981

Behavioral assessment technique as a clinical intervention.

Behavioral assessment procedures have been used to predict the onset of addictive behaviors. However, no controlled studies have been conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of such procedures in the treatment of drug abuse. A group using the Behavioral Assessment Technique (BAT) as an indicator for clinical intervention was compared to a group in which the BAT was not used clinically. The results indicated that the BAT was not particularly effective for clinical purposes. This failure was independent of the BAT's accuracy in predicting drug usage. Alternative hypotheses were discussed.

Behavior↗

PubMed2002

Psychostimulant-induced behavioral sensitization depends on nicotinic receptor activation.

Animal studies have shown that nicotine and psychostimulant drugs (amphetamine and cocaine) share the property of inducing long-lasting behavioral and neurochemical sensitization, which is thought to contribute to their addictive properties. Neuroplasticity subserving learning and memory mechanisms is considered to be involved in psychostimulant-induced sensitization and addiction behavior. Because nicotinic receptors in the brain play a role in the storage of drug-related information underlying reinforcement learning, we evaluated the possibility that activation of central nicotinic receptors may underlie psychostimulant-induced sensitization. Repeated exposure of rats to nicotine profoundly enhanced the psychomotor effects of nicotine and amphetamine 3 weeks after nicotine pretreatment. Moreover, the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine completely blocked the induction, but not the long-term expression, of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in amphetamine-pretreated rats. Mecamylamine also prevented the development of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. Behavioral sensitization induced by nicotine, amphetamine, or cocaine was associated with an increase in the electrically evoked release of [(3)H]dopamine from nucleus accumbens slices. Coadministration of mecamylamine during pretreatment with nicotine, amphetamine, or cocaine prevented the development of this long-term hyperreactivity of nucleus accumbens dopamine neurons. Similarly, the high-affinity non-alpha7 subtype nicotinic receptor antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine prevented the development of amphetamine-induced behavioral and neurochemical sensitization. These data indicate that nicotinic receptor activation (by endogenously released acetylcholine) is a common denominator initiating neuroplasticity involved in the development of amphetamine, as well as cocaine-induced sensitization.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1998

Genetic influences on smoking: candidate genes.

Twin studies consistently indicate important genetic influences on multiple aspects of smoking behavior, including both initiation and cessation; however, knowledge regarding the role of specific genes is extremely limited. Habit-forming actions of nicotine appear to be triggered primarily at nicotinic receptors on the cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic "reward" system of the brain, a region implicated in addiction to other substances including cocaine, opiates, and alcohol. Important aspects of the dopaminergic pathway include synthesis of dopamine in dopaminergic neurons, release of dopamine by presynaptic neurons, receptor activation of postsynaptic neurons, dopamine re-uptake by presynaptic neurons, and metabolism of released dopamine. Research examining the role of allelic variation in genes involved in these functions is being actively pursued with respect to addictive behavior as well as personality traits and psycho- and neuropathologic conditions and has implications for smoking research. In addition, genetic differences in nicotinic receptors or nicotine metabolism might reasonably be hypothesized to play a role in smoking addiction. A role of dopaminergic or other genes in smoking cessation is of particular potential importance, as research in this area may lead to the identification of subgroups of individuals for whom pharmacologic cessation aids may be most effective.

Behavior, Addictive↗

PubMed1981

Volitional problems in carrying through a difficult decision: the case of drug addiction.

Attempts by young drug addicts to decrease or quit drug consumption were studied by means of a series of interviews. Interest was focused on volitional problems arising due to difficulties in living up to commitments in the face of temptations and various types of emotional stress. It was found that relapses occurred mostly under the influence of emotional stress and that they were preceded by various forms of twisted reasoning, a finding similar to those for other types of addictive behaviors such as smoking and alcoholism. The techniques used by the drug addicts to fight temptations were similar to those reported by other patients. Knowledge of techniques seemed to be rather scarce. There was a correlation between knowledge of technique and success in quitting drug habits. Strong stimulus pull factors were evident in some cases and were apparently counteracted by more or less successful attempts by the patients to escape the tempting situation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Clinical realities and economic considerations: special therapeutic issues in intrathecal therapy--tolerance and addiction.

The long-term use of opioid analgesics in chronic nonmalignant pain has long been controversial. Rational discussion has been impeded by outdated research and myths regarding the risks of this therapy. Some of the misconceptions relate to the inappropriate use of the terms tolerance and addiction. Analgesic tolerance is a phenomenon in which exposure to the opioid itself causes the patient who has achieved analgesia to require a higher dosage to maintain the same level of effect. This appears to be very uncommon in the clinical setting. A need for dose escalation results from factors other than tolerance, including disease progression. Addiction is an association of psychological dependence and aberrant drug-related behaviors. Addiction to opioids in the context of pain treatment is rare in those with no history of addictive disorder. Clinicians need to become aware of the new findings regarding the low risk of addiction and tolerance in this setting.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed2003

[Stages of change for exercise behavior and self-efficacy for exercise among middle-aged adults].

The transtheoretical model of behavior change (TTM) has been used to account for how people change their health behavior. It was originally developed to explain or predict change in unhealthy addictive behavior (e.g., smoking), but recently the use of the TTM within the physical activity and exercise behavior domain has been proposed. In the present study, we examined its structure in this regard among middle-aged Japanese adults. In particular, the relationship between the stages of change for exercise behavior and self-efficacy was investigated. Firstly, a scale was developed to assess self-efficacy for exercise. Four hundred and sixty seven middle-aged adults completed questionnaires. As a result of stepwise variable selection procedure in exploratory factor analysis, a scale comprising 1 factor with 5 items was developed. Psychometric analyses revealed that this scale had high reliability and validity. Secondly, a cross-sectional investigation was conducted to examine the relationship between stage of change and self-efficacy among middle-aged adults (n = 808) using a questionnaire approach. Significant associations were found between stage of change for exercise behavior classification and self-efficacy for exercise. Specifically, scores on self-efficacy of the subjects in the present study were less for those in a precontemplation stage and greater for those in maintenance compared to all other stages, and generally followed a linear pattern of change across the stages. Although the use of a cross-sectional research design and nonrandom sampling methods in the present study limit interpretation, the similarity of these results to those in the previous literature suggests that the relationship between stages of change for exercise behavior and self-efficacy for exercise holds across different age groups and cultures. By accurately understanding these relationships, health promotion professionals may be able to improve physical activity and exercise promotion efforts.

Exercise↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evolutionary game theory and multiple chemical sensitivity.

Newlin's [Newlin D.B. Evolutionary game theory of tolerance and sensitization in substance abuse. Paper presented to the Research Society on Alcoholism, Hilton Head, SC, 1998] evolutionary game theory of addictive behavior specifies how evolutionarily stable strategies for survival and reproduction may lead to addiction. The game theory of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) assumes that: (1) the MCS patient responds to low-level toxicants as stressors or as direct threats to their survival and reproductive fitness, (2) this activates the cortico-mesolimbic dopamine system, (3) this system is a survival motivation center--not a 'reward center', (4) the subject emits a counter-response that is in the same direction as the naive response to the chemicals, (5) previously neutral stimuli associated with chemicals also trigger conditioned responses that mimic those to the chemicals, (6) these counter-responses further activate the dopaminergic survival motivation system, and (7) this produces a positive feedback loop that leads to strong neural sensitization in these structures and in behavior controlled by this system, despite a small initial response. Psychologically, the MCS patient with a sensitized cortico-mesolimbic dopamine system is behaving as though his/her survival is directly threatened by these chemicals. Non-MCS subjects have counter-responses opposite in direction to those of the chemicals and show tolerance. An autoshaping/sign-tracking model of this game is discussed. This evolutionary game makes several specific, testable predictions about differences between MCS subjects, non-MCS controls, and substance abusers in laboratory experiments, and between sensitized and nonsensitized animals.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Emotion-based decision-making in healthy subjects: short-term effects of reducing dopamine levels.

INTRODUCTION: Converging evidences from animal and human studies suggest that addiction is associated with dopaminergic dysfunction in brain reward circuits. So far, it is unclear what aspects of addictive behaviors are related to a dopaminergic dysfunction. DISCUSSION: We hypothesize that a decrease in dopaminergic activity impairs emotion-based decision-making. To demonstrate this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of a decrease in dopaminergic activity on the performance of an emotion-based decision-making task, the Iowa gambling task (IGT), in 11 healthy human subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design to examine the effect of a mixture containing the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) valine, isoleucine and leucine on prolactin, IGT performance, perceptual competency and visual aspects of visuospatial working memory, visual attention and working memory, and verbal memory. The expectancy-valence model was used to determine the relative contributions of distinct IGT components (attention to past outcomes, relative weight of wins and losses, and choice strategies) in the decision-making process. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: Compared to placebo, the BCAA mixture increased prolactin levels and impaired IGT performance. BCAA administration interfered with a particular component process of decision-making related to attention to more recent events as compared to more distant events. There were no differences between placebo and BCAA conditions for other aspects of cognition. Our results suggest a direct link between a reduced dopaminergic activity and poor emotion-based decision-making characterized by shortsightedness, and thus difficulties resisting short-term reward, despite long-term negative consequences. These findings have implications for behavioral and pharmacological interventions targeting impaired emotion-based decision-making in addictive disorders.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain↗

PubMed2005

Expression of mutant NMDA receptors in dopamine D1 receptor-containing cells prevents cocaine sensitization and decreases cocaine preference.

The interaction of dopamine and glutamate in limbic brain regions mediates behaviors associated with psychostimulants, which act in part to increase dopamine signaling at both D1 receptors (D1Rs) and D2 receptors. Many addictive behaviors are a result of learned associations, and NMDA receptor activation has been shown to be important for these behaviors. We hypothesized that if NMDA receptor activation in dopamine receptor-containing cells is required for the addictive properties of psychostimulants, then mice with reduced NMDA receptor activity in D1R-containing cells would have attenuated long-term behavioral changes to these drugs. We generated a mouse line in which D1R-containing cells express an NR1 NMDA receptor subunit containing a mutation in the pore that reduces calcium flux. Mice expressing the mutant NMDA receptors in D1R-containing cells have normal basal activity and display similar increases in locomotor activity when treated with acute amphetamine or cocaine. However, the mutant mice fail to display locomotor sensitization to repeated cocaine administration. In addition, these mice also have a decreased ability to form a conditioned place preference to cocaine. These data suggest that intact NMDA receptor signaling in D1R-containing cells is required for the manifestation of behaviors associated with repeated drug exposure.

Amino Acid Substitution↗

PubMed2003

Transient behavioral sensitization to nicotine becomes long-lasting with monoamine oxidases inhibitors.

Drugs of abuse, such as D-amphetamine or nicotine, are generally considered as acting through an increased release of dopamine in a subcortical structure, the nucleus accumbens, thus inducing locomotor hyperactivity in rats. Following repeated treatments, the same drugs induce a progressive increase in locomotor response called behavioral sensitization. This process has been suggested to play a role in the acquisition and maintenance of addictive behaviors. Here we show that whereas behavioral sensitization to D-amphetamine (0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg) stays constant following three consecutive periods of withdrawal (15, 30 and 30 days), the same experimental conditions completely abolish behavioral sensitization to 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg nicotine. Indeed, following these periods of withdrawal, locomotor responses to nicotine are identical to those obtained at the first nicotine injection or after repeated saline injections. However, when a monoamine oxidases inhibitor (MAOI), tranylcypromine (3 mg/kg) or pargyline (30 mg/kg), is co-injected with nicotine, behavioral sensitization is maintained despite submission of the animals to the same withdrawal experimental design. Since tobacco smoke is known to contain many compounds including MAOIs, our data suggest that addictive properties of tobacco may not be limited to nicotine. We propose that MAOIs potentiate effects of nicotine on monoamines release.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Acute morphine administration increases extracellular DA levels in the rat lateral septum by decreasing the GABAergic inhibitory tone in the ventral tegmental area.

We studied the effect of an acute systemic administration of morphine and of a local intra-ventral tegmental area (VTA) infusion of the same drug on extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in the lateral septum (LS) by in vivo microdialysis in anesthetized rats. The extracellular levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were also measured in all dialysate samples. The acute systemic administration of morphine dose-dependently increased extracellular levels of DA but not of 5-HT in the LS, in the absence or presence of fluoxetine. This morphine effect was antagonized by the previous administration of naloxone, a specific opioid antagonist. The local infusion of morphine in the VTA also induced a significant increase of the extracellular levels of DA in the LS, concomitantly with a decrease of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) extracellular levels in the VTA itself. Intriguingly, the LS extracellular levels of DA returned to basal values before the VTA GABA extracellular levels recovered. Our results show for the first time that an acute administration of morphine increases DA extracellular levels in the LS. The results also suggest that DA cells in the VTA and innervating the LS are under an inhibitory GABAergic tone sensitive to morphine. Taken together, our neurochemical data and previous studies involving LS DA in stress-related behavior support the hypothesis that DA in the LS plays a significant role in addictive behavior. The participation of LS DA and 5-HT systems in stress-induced relapse to drug seeking should be studied further.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1997

Taste- and odor-reactivity in heroin addicts.

Opiates in general, and heroin in particular, are known to induce compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. Addiction is accompanied by psychobiological processes which may distort perception of sensory stimuli. Gustatory and olfactory stimuli are hedonically polarized and therefore most appropriate for the assessment of the organism's reactivity to "useful" and "harmful" chemosensory events. Previous studies revealed that psychophysical self-estimates and reflectory facial expressions mirror with comparable reliability the hedonics of the perceived taste and odor sensations. In the present study both cognitive verbal and reflectory facial expressions of a group of: a) heroin addicts were recorded and compared to those of a group of b) detoxified former addicts and to c) a group of matching controls. Results show that all three groups differentiate between pleasant, indifferent and aversive tastes and odors. Active addicts estimated sweet taste and savory smells as being somewhat more pleasant, and bitter and sour tastes and a putrid odor as less unpleasant than did the other two groups. The reflectory facial displays of addicts were less expressive and discriminative than those of the two other groups. Taste- and odor-induced facial displays are known to be controlled primarily by the brainstem. The findings indicate that heroin-addiction affects brain-mechanisms, which mirror taste- and odor-hedonics. Modulation of the phylogenetically ancient, sensory-motor coordinations was found to be of a different pattern than that of the cortically-controlled cognitive reactions.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Conditioned release of corticosterone by contextual stimuli associated with cocaine is mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor.

Elevated blood concentrations of corticosterone (CORT), an adrenal steroid associated with stress responses, is one of the endocrine correlates of cocaine treatment. Experiment 1 confirmed and extended previous findings that chronic cocaine treatment does not alter corticosteroid responses to cocaine. In Experiment 2, conditioned endocrine effects of cocaine were examined in three groups of rats after 7 consecutive days of treatment. Cocaine-induced conditioning was achieved using a simple contextual design. In group 1 (paired), rats were injected with cocaine (30 mg/kg), then immediately placed into a locomotor activity chamber for 30 min. One hour after the rats were returned to their home cages, they received an injection of saline. In group 2 (unpaired), rats were injected with saline, then immediately placed into a locomotor activity chamber for 30 min. One hour after the rats were returned to their home cages, they received an injection of cocaine (30 mg/kg). Rats in group 3 (control) received only saline injections, but otherwise were treated as animals in the other treatment groups. On the test day (Day 8), all rats were placed immediately into the locomotor apparatus for 30 min prior to collection of a blood sample. Blood CORT concentrations and locomotor activity in the paired group were significantly higher than in the unpaired and control groups. However, pretreatment of the rats in Experiment 3 with the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist, alpha-helical CRF9-41 (1 microg, i.c.v.), on the test day, prior to exposure to cocaine-associated contextual cues, attenuated the subsequent conditioned increase in blood CORT concentrations. These data represent the first demonstration of classical conditioning of a steroid hormone response to stimuli associated with a psychoactive drug in rats and suggest that the effect is mediated by endogenous CRF. Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in modulating the actions of cocaine, it is plausible that such conditioned increases in CORT release by cocaine-associated cues may further predispose an organism to the reinforcing effects of the drug or enhance the susceptibility to drug-taking behavior. Alternatively, such conditioned effects may be related to the anxiogenic properties of cocaine. Further understanding of the conditioned effects of hormones in the development and expression of addictive behaviors may provide new insights into treatment of drug addiction.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Elevated levels of GluR1 in the midbrain: a trigger for sensitization to drugs of abuse?

In laboratory animals, repeated administration of drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, morphine or alcohol, causes sensitization (reverse tolerance) to their stimulant and rewarding effects. Neuroadaptations underlying sensitization could be related to those that contribute to addictive behaviors. An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sensitization could lead to improved treatments for addiction. Here, we review evidence that the ability of drugs of abuse to elevate levels of the GluR1 subunit of AMPA glutamate receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain is crucial for the development of sensitization. Even transient increases in GluR1 levels within VTA neurons can trigger complex cascades of other molecular adaptations in these neurons and, within larger neural circuits, can cause enduring changes in the responses of the brain to drugs of abuse. However, there is ongoing debate over whether elevated levels of GluR1 in the VTA are a primary cause, or secondary effect, of the neurobiological underpinnings of sensitization.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

What is a drinking episode?

OBJECTIVE: The phrase "drinking episode" is used informally in many ways. However, a scientific understanding of the factors affecting the length of drinking episodes and the way treatment components affect these episodes requires rigorous operational definitions, supported by evidence for the appropriateness of these definitions. METHOD: Daily drinking data from two studies (Project MATCH and BETA) involving a total of 1,955 subjects are examined by survival analysis methods to determine the prognostic significance of different durations of postdrinking abstinence. The dependent measures are "time to next drink" and "time to heavy drinking." RESULTS: Curves relating postdrinking abstinence to subsequent drinking indicate that 1 day of abstinence has little prognostic significance. As the duration of abstinence increases from 1 up to 60 days, longer abstinence has a decelerating but still positive association with time to subsequent drinking/heavy drinking. There is no apparent threshold point beyond which further abstinence has no further effect. Inflections in the curves suggest, however, that intervals of 1, 2 or 4 weeks of continuous abstinence may be important milestones. These general patterns seem to hold up across samples despite significant quantitative differences across studies. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that two different definitions of "drinking episode" may be useful in examining treatment effects on drinking behavior. These analyses help to provide a foundation for further quantitative research on treatment effects on addictive behaviors over time.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Personality and morbid obesity. Implications for dietary management through behavior modification.

Psychological investigations have failed to reveal a distinct personality type or psychodynamic conflict pattern in moderately and massively obese persons. Many of the psychological problems noted in the obese such as anxiety, depression, and poor self-esteem seem to be the result of, rather than the cause of, the obese state. Morbidly obese persons share an addictive behavior pattern that is also seen in persons with other types of addictions. The extent of their obesity points to the strong substance abuse component of the eating disorder. Behavior modification programs aimed at changing problematic eating patterns and teaching self-management skills in relation to food consumption have been moderately successful and have been shown to result in a mean post-treatment weiht loss of seven to 16 pounds. However, the majority of morbidly obese persons will not lose enough weight to make this an effective treatment program for them.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2006

In what sense are addicts irrational?

Rationality is here considered from a functional viewpoint: How may the concept of rationality be best used in talking about addictive behavior? The article considers rationality in terms of overt behavioral patterns rather than as a smoothly operating logic mechanism in the head. The economic notion of rationality as consistency in choice - the property of exponential time discount functions - is examined and rejected. Addicts are not irrational because of the type of time discount function that governs their choices-or even because of the steepness of that function. Instead, rationality is here conceived as a pattern of predicting your own future behavior and acting upon those predictions to maximize reinforcement in the long run. Addicts are irrational to the extent that they fail to make such predictions and to take such actions.

Awareness↗

PubMed2001

Effects of peptides on animal and human behavior: a review of studies published in the first twenty years of the journal Peptides.

This review catalogs effects of peptides on various aspects of animal and human behavior as published in the journal Peptides in its first twenty years. Topics covered include: activity levels, addiction behavior, ingestive behaviors, learning and memory-based behaviors, nociceptive behaviors, social and sexual behavior, and stereotyped and other behaviors. There are separate tables for these behaviors and a short introduction for each section.

Animals↗