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PubMed1986

Suppression of glucose utilization of murine peritoneal exudate macrophages by body fluids from cancer patients and identification of the susceptible enzyme.

The glucose consumption of cultured murine (C57BL/6N) peritoneal exudate macrophages is suppressed by pleural effusions, ascitic fluids, and sera from patients with advanced primary lung and gastric cancers. Analysis for the generation of 14C-labeled CO2 after [14C]glucose metabolism revealed the glycolysis pathway to be more susceptible to cancerous body fluids than was the hexose monophosphate shunt. Enzymatic analysis showed that the enzyme susceptible to the cancerous body fluids was D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (PFK), the rate-limiting key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Other enzymes participating in glycolysis were insensitive to the cancerous body fluids. Suppression of PFK may represent a new tumor marker.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Body fluid volumes during development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Body fluid volumes were measured in conscious spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats from four to 16 weeks of age. Plasma volume was elevated in four-week-old SHR, similar at five weeks, and decreased at all other ages compared with WKY controls. Blood volume showed a similar pattern. Extracellular fluid volume was found not to be different between the two strains in age-matched animals, except at four and five weeks where the SHR exhibited lower values than the WKY. The plasma/interstitial fluid volume ratio was significantly elevated at four weeks, but decreased from six weeks on in SHR compared with WKY controls. Sodium space tended to be increased in young SHR (four to six weeks), but was similar at eight and 16 weeks for the two strains. These results indicate that: (1) intravascular volume expansion may be involved in the development of hypertension in SHR in the very early stages; (2) intravascular volume changes do not appear to be related to overall volume expansion or contraction.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Body fluid compartment changes during burn shock in the guinea pig.

The alterations in body fluid compartments 1, 4, and 8 hours after a 70% full-skin thickness burn were studied in conscious guinea pigs. Concurrently, we measured hemodynamic changes associated with the burn. Cardiac output and heart rate were depressed one hour postburn, and mean arterial blood pressure was depressed eight hours postburn. A hemoconcentration one-hour postburn, as evidence by an increase in hematocrit, was due exclusively to a loss of plasma volume. Red blood cell (RBC) volume remained constant after the burn. As a consequence of decreased plasma volume, total blood volume was also depressed. Extracellular fluid was decreased on hour after the burn; how ever, four and eight hours postburn, extracellular fluid space was comparable to that in the control group. Total body water and body weights of burned animals did not differ from control values. This study has demonstrated the very rapid redistribution of fluids in burn shock without a loss of fluids from the body.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Freezing avoidance and the distribution of antifreeze glycopeptides in body fluids and tissues of Antarctic fish.

The distribution of antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGPs) in the body fluids and tissues of antarctic notothenioid fish was determined. In Dissostichus mawsoni (Norman), the peritoneal, pericardial and extradural fluid, like the blood, contained all eight AFGPs and in concentrations sufficient to depress freezing points below that of sea water (-1.9 degree C). Secreted fluids including urine, endolymph and aqueous and vitreous humour either lack all AFGPs or have very low concentrations of only the low molecular weight forms and have freezing points of about -1.0 degree C, and are therefore undercooled with respect to environmental temperature. Fluids with high concentrations of AFGPs also contain high levels of proteins similar to plasma proteins. Systemic administration of tritiated AFGPs in the closely related species Trematomus bernacchii (Boulenger) yielded a distribution pattern similar to that of the native AFGPs in D. mawsoni. This suggests passive distribution of AFGPs into the various fluid compartments following secretion from the liver; a pattern typical of secreted blood proteins. Tissue distribution of AFGPs was determined by comparison with that of the extracellular space marker [14C]polyethylene glycol. AFGPs were found in the interstitial fluid of all body tissues examined except brain tissue. No tissue showed any intracellular accumulation of tritiated AFGPs from the blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Distribution of two urinary ribonuclease-like enzymes in human organs and body fluids.

In order to determine the distribution of two human urinary RNase (RNase Us and RNase UL)-like enzymes in human tissues and body fluids, enzyme immunoassay systems were established using rabbit anti-RNase sera. The sensitivity of the assay systems was of similar order to that of radioimmunoassay systems previously reported. In the enzyme immunoassay, the cross reactivities of anti-RNase UL serum towards RNase Us, bovine kidney RNase K2, bovine RNase A, and bovine seminal RNase Vs were less than 1%. The cross reactivity of anti-RNase Us-serum towards RNase UL was less than 0.5% and cross reactivities were minimal for RNase A, RNase K2, and RNase Vs. The RNase levels in human organs and body fluids were measured by enzyme immunoassay. In milk, semen and saliva, only RNase UL-like enzyme was found. Both RNase Us- and RNase UL-like enzymes were found in kidney, stomach, and pancreas and the RNase Us/RNase UL ratios were 0.49, 1.35, and 0.34, respectively. In lung, liver, spleen, and leukocytes, most of the RNase activity was accounted for by RNase Us-like enzyme. The activity of RNase Us-like enzyme was especially high in lung, spleen, and leukocytes. The crude extracts of several tissues and body fluids were separated by phosphocellulose column chromatography and the contents of the two urinary RNase-like enzymes were determined by enzyme immunoassay. In stomach, kidney, pancreas, and serum, both enzymes were present in multiple forms. In spleen and lung, both the major RNase (RNase Us) and minor RNase (RNase UL) existed in two forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The devil is in the details: body fluid testing regulation and the erosion of nursing practice.

Nurses have long performed tests on simple body fluids (e.g., chem strip, urine Dip Stix, guaiac of stool, urine specific gravity). As a result of the interpretation of JCAHO regulations by hospital administrators, nurses no longer have access to the supplies necessary to perform these tests. This article discusses the background surrounding the issues of body fluid regulation and how the current JCAHO laboratory regulations erode the scope of nursing practice. The author makes specific suggestions for nurses to retain their practice in this area.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1991

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of blood and other body fluid stains subjected to contamination and environmental insults.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile results were obtained from bloodstains and other body fluid stains subjected to mixture with other body fluids, environmental insults (sunlight and temperature), different substrates (cotton, nylon, blue denim, glass, aluminum, and wood), and contaminants (gasoline, bleach, sodium hydroxide, soil, motor oil, detergent, phosphate salt, glacial acetic acid, and microorganisms). Of the samples that produced profile results, all had profiles that were consistent with those of untreated control samples.

Blood Stains↗
PubMed2005

Segment-specific resistivity improves body fluid volume estimates from bioimpedance spectroscopy in hemodialysis patients.

Discrepancies in body fluid estimates between segmental bioimpedance spectroscopy (SBIS) and gold-standard methods may be due to the use of a uniform value of tissue resistivity to compute extracellular fluid volume (ECV) and intracellular fluid volume (ICV). Discrepancies may also arise from the exclusion of fluid volumes of hands, feet, neck, and head from measurements due to electrode positions. The aim of this study was to define the specific resistivity of various body segments and to use those values for computation of ECV and ICV along with a correction for unmeasured fluid volumes. Twenty-nine maintenance hemodialysis patients (16 men) underwent body composition analysis including whole body MRI, whole body potassium (40K) content, deuterium, and sodium bromide dilution, and segmental and wrist-to-ankle bioimpedance spectroscopy, all performed on the same day before a hemodialysis. Segment-specific resistivity was determined from segmental fat-free mass (FFM; by MRI), hydration status of FFM (by deuterium and sodium bromide), tissue resistance (by SBIS), and segment length. Segmental FFM was higher and extracellular hydration of FFM was lower in men compared with women. Segment-specific resistivity values for arm, trunk, and leg all differed from the uniform resistivity used in traditional SBIS algorithms. Estimates for whole body ECV, ICV, and total body water from SBIS using segmental instead of uniform resistivity values and after adjustment for unmeasured fluid volumes of the body did not differ significantly from gold-standard measures. The uniform tissue resistivity values used in traditional SBIS algorithms result in underestimation of ECV, ICV, and total body water. Use of segmental resistivity values combined with adjustment for body volumes that are neglected by traditional SBIS technique significantly improves estimations of body fluid volume in hemodialysis patients.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

"Endogenous" benzodiazepine activity in body fluids of patients with hepatic encephalopathy.

Body fluids from patients with hepatic encephalopathy and from controls with no renal or hepatic disease were assayed for benzodiazepine immunoreactivity and benzodiazepine-receptor-binding activity. The subjects had taken no synthetic benzodiazepines for at least 3 months. Benzodiazepine receptor binding in cerebrospinal fluid was significantly higher in hepatic encephalopathy patients than in controls (210 [SE 50.2] vs 40.7 [7.3] oxazepam equivalents [ng/ml]). The severity of hepatic encephalopathy was directly and significantly correlated with the level of benzodiazepine activity by radioreceptor assay or radioimmunoassay in urine and in plasma. Benzodiazepine activity equivalent to levels of more than 900 ng/ml was found in patients with advanced encephalopathy. Although the chemical identity and source of this substance (or substances) are still unknown, its properties and the estimated levels of activity suggest it may have a role in the pathogenesis of the neural inhibition seen in hepatic encephalopathy.

Benzodiazepines↗
PubMed1983

The measurement of endorphins in body fluids.

The measurement of endorphins in body fluids has been an important advance in clinical research attempting to link the endogenous opioid system to psychiatric illness and symptomatology. The consideration of methodologic differences in assay technique and in clinical methods is important in evaluating results of studies. Whereas findings in early clinical studies supported the notion of increased endorphin system function in patients with schizophrenia, cumulative data from the considerable number of studies carried out throughout world centers have been unable to demonstrate a consistent abnormality in levels of endorphins in CSF or plasma of patients with schizophrenia. Among the affective disorders, data suggest the possibility of relative changes in levels of opioids within individual manic-depressive patients when studied across state change from depression to mania. In studies of depressive illness there is accumulating evidence that the endogenous opioid system may relate or contribute to abnormality of the HPA axis. In our work measuring opioids in CSF we have observed relationships between anxiety and CSF opioids in normals and psychiatric patients and changes in CSF opioid activity in patients with anorexia nervosa accompanying weight change. These data are consistent with other evidence linking endorphins to CNS noradrenergic systems and to biologic response to stress.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed2003

Thermal responses and body fluid balance of competitive male swimmers during a training session.

Thermoregulatory and body fluid balance (BFB) responses of competitive swimmers were studied during a typical interval training session under natural field conditions. Subjects were 9 males (18.0 +/- 1.7 years; VO(2)max = 3.8 +/- 0.9 L x min(-1)) who covered 9,000 m in 180 minutes in an outdoor pool (mean water temperature = 26.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C; mean wet bulb globe temperature = 29.8 +/- 2.8 degrees C). Mean body weight (BWt) decreased by 1.8 +/- 0.5 kg (P < 0.05), and rectal temperature increased by 1.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C (P < 0.05). Volitional water intake (WI) (0.1 +/- 0.2 kg) did not maintain BFB (-0.5 kg per hour) and plasma volume decreased 10.7 +/- 5.4%. During a typical training session, swimmers experienced significant body fluid losses, and WI was not enough to prevent involuntary dehydration. The magnitude of the fluid losses (2.5% of BWt) was sufficient to compromise convective thermoregulation because of the decreased plasma volume. Hence, to prevent involuntary dehydration, swimmers should be encouraged to consume an amount of fluids that equals losses throughout the training sessions.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1998

Thermoregulation and body fluid osmolality.

Thermoregulatory responses induce dehydration, and dehydration itself raises body temperature, causing an increase in the threshold temperature for cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating, the sensitivity of cutaneous vasodilatation in response to a unit rise in body temperature, and the maximum attainable level of cutaneous circulation, and sweat rate. The reduction of these thermoregulatory responses has been related to hypovolemia and hyperosmolality. Evidence showing the involvement of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors is discussed along with an introduction on the effect of hyperosmolality on skin blood flow and sweating and the involvement of central nervous mechanisms. Heat induced hyperosmolality triggers regulatory responses maintaining blood volume and circulatory function, including a fluid shift between body fluid compartments and the control of fluid intake. Evidence showing the importance of the osmotic regulation of body fluid by drinking is also presented. Finally, the effect of hypovolemia and hyperosmolality under thermal stress due to hot environment or physical activity is discussed from the viewpoint of the interaction between circulation, thermoregulation and body fluid homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of body fluid compartment volumes by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in children with dengue.

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), the most severe form of illness following infection with a dengue virus, is characterized by plasma leakage and a period of increased microvascular permeability. Monitoring of plasma volume and body fluid compartment shifts is an integral part of the clinical management of DHF, and is crucial to the performance of clinical research studies on DHF pathogenesis. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) was assessed as a non-invasive method to monitor body fluid compartment shifts in children participating in a prospective, hospital-based, study of dengue virus infections in Thailand. Over the 48 h surrounding defervescence, the extracellular water/intracellular water ratio (ECW/ICW) rose in children with dengue virus infections and correlated with increasing disease severity [DHF > intermediate dengue fever (DF)/DHF > DF]. Plasma leakage remained within the ECW compartment and was not directly measured by multifrequency BIS. Expansion of the ECW space in DHF appeared to be primarily due to diminished renal water clearance. During the course of dengue illness, multifrequency BIS did not improve on serial haematocrit and bodyweight determinations for monitoring plasma volume contraction and ECW expansion, respectively.

Body Fluid Compartments↗
PubMed1989

Specific capture of ABH blood group antigens of the red cell or body fluids by double antibody sandwich-ELISA.

A double antibody sandwich-ELISA method for the detection of the ABH blood group of each constituent of mixed stains is described. Extracts from mixed stains were applied to microtitration plates coated with rabbit polyclonal antisera to red cells or body fluids. ABH antigens in body fluid stains which were captured by the polyclonal antibodies were detected by monoclonal anti-A and -B and enzyme-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin. By this procedure, ABH antigens of only saliva, semen or red cells could be detected from mixed stains, but no ABH antigen capture activity was observed using anti-sweat, -milk, -vaginal secretion, -erythrocyte membrane and -band 3 antibodies.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of Papanicolaou's and Wright-Giemsa stains in the examination of body fluids for Hodgkin's disease.

We reviewed 36 body fluid specimens from 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) to characterize the cytologic features of HD as seen in Wright-Giemsa (WG)-stained cytocentrifuge preparations, and to compare diagnostic agreement between WG- and Papanicolaou-stained samples. Slides were examined independently by two pathologists without knowledge of the original diagnosis, and were classified as either positive, inconclusive, or negative for malignant cells. There was diagnostic agreement between both methods in 35 (97%) of 36 samples. Features in cytocentrifuged WG-stained specimens that were most helpful in recognizing HD included mirror image nuclei in typical Reed-Sternberg cells and an axis of symmetry in polylobate Reed-Sternberg variants, with even distribution of the nuclear material within the cytoplasm.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A possible physiological role of atrial natriuretic peptide in body fluid volume regulation.

To study whether or not atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is physiologically involved in body fluid volume regulation, we examined the relationship between plasma ANP level and renal function during NaCl loading and ANP infusion. In study I, six normotensives (NTs) and seven hypertensives (HTs) were placed on 7-day low (3 g/day) and then 7-day high NaCl diets (20 g/day). The plasma ANP level increased by 60% (p less than 0.01) on the high NaCl diet. Although the plasma ANP level was higher in HTs than in NTs, the changes in plasma ANP due to NaCl loading were similar between the two groups. Furthermore, increases in urinary Na excretion due to ANP infusion at 25 ng/kg/min were greater for the high NaCl diet than for the low NaCl diet (p less than 0.02). In study II, graded doses of ANP were infusion into 16 other HTs and Nts on an 8 g/day NaCl diet. ANP infusion at 2.5 ng/kg/min increased the plasma levels of ANP by 80% (p less than 0.001). Such increments were associated with an increase in urinary Na excretion by 25% (p less than 0.02) in both HTs and NTs. This rise in plasma ANP was comparable to that induced by high NaCl intake. Thus, a slight increase in plasma ANP induced by dietary Na loading seems to augment renal Na excretion, suggesting that ANP may play a physiological role in body fluid volume regulation.

Adult↗