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Results for “Body Image”

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PubMed2005

Age differences in treatment decision making for breast cancer in a sample of healthy women: the effects of body image and risk framing.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of age, body image, and risk framing on treatment decision making for breast cancer using a healthy population. DESIGN: An experimental 2 (younger women, older women) X 2 (survival, mortality frame) between-groups design. SETTING: Midwestern university. SAMPLE: Two groups of healthy women: 56 women ages 18-24 from undergraduate psychology courses and 60 women ages 35-60 from the university community. METHODS: Healthy women imagined that they had been diagnosed with breast cancer and received information regarding lumpectomy versus mastectomy and recurrence rates. Participants indicated whether they would choose lumpectomy or mastectomy and why. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Age, framing condition, treatment choice, body image, and reasons for treatment decision. FINDINGS: The difference in treatment selection between younger and older women was mediated by concern for appearance. No main effect for risk framing was found; however, older women were somewhat less likely to select lumpectomy when given a mortality frame. CONCLUSIONS: Age, mediated by body image, influences treatment selection of lumpectomy versus mastectomy. Framing has no direct effect on treatment decisions, but younger and older women may be affected by risk information differently. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nurses should provide women who recently have been diagnosed with breast cancer with age-appropriate information regarding treatment alternatives to ensure women's active participation in the decision-making process. Women who have different levels of investment in body image also may have different concerns about treatment, and healthcare professionals should be alert to and empathetic of such concerns.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

An ethnic comparison of eating attitudes and associated body image concerns in adolescent South African schoolgirls.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differences exist in eating attitudes and body shape concerns amongst adolescent schoolgirls representing South Africa's ethnically and culturally diverse population currently undergoing epidemiological transition. METHOD: A questionnaire survey, including the Eating Attitudes Test, Body Shape Questionnaire and a Body Silhouette Chart, was administered to 228 South African schoolgirls (60 black, 83 mixed race and 85 white) aged 15-18 years from five secondary schools in the greater Cape Town area. RESULTS: Black girls had significantly higher mean BMI values (24.1 (3.3)) than either white (21.9 (3.0)) or mixed race girls (22.1 (3.7)) (P < 0.05). Controlling for differences in BMI, white subjects scored significantly higher on the Body Shape Questionnaire than did mixed race or black subjects, whereas no ethnic differences were found for Eating Attitude Test scores. A comparable percentage (mean = 18.8%) of black, mixed race and white girls had scores indicative of eating disorder pathology on the Eating Attitudes Test, while a higher percentage of white, compared to mixed race and black, girls had abnormal scores on the Body Shape Questionnaire (33%, 26% and 20%, respectively; P < 0.05). The ideal body size desired by white girls was significantly smaller than that of the mixed race or black samples. Dissatisfaction with present body size was significantly higher in white, compared to black or mixed race girls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes is equally common in South African schoolgirls from different ethnic backgrounds. White girls exhibit greater body image concerns and body image dissatisfaction than mixed race or black individuals. These findings reinforce the notion that eating disorders are culture-reactive rather than culture-bound phenomena and provide insight into the extent of eating-related problems and body image issues in developing societies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on body image.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies examine the physical effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) surgery on morbid obesity. However, the effects of this surgery on psychosocial issues such as body image have not been extensively studied. METHODS: This pilot study used a cross-sectional design to examine the effects of RYGBP surgery on patients' perceived body image. Four groups (n = 20) were assessed for perceived change in body image at 4 time intervals. These included pre-surgery, 1 to 3 weeks post-surgery, 6-months post-surgery, and 1-year post-surgery, with two measures of body image. One-way ANOVA was applied, with body image measures as the dependent variables, and time since surgery (group) as the independent variable. Planned post-hoc t-tests were applied to assess the differences between specific groups (pre vs. 1 week, pre vs. 6 months post, 6 months post vs. 1 year post). RESULTS: Results of the one-way ANOVAs revealed significant improvement on perceptions of body image over time following surgery. Follow-up t-tests revealed that the most significant improvement occurred between pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery. Although smaller, the change between 6 months post-surgery and 1 year post-surgery was also significant. CONCLUSION: While RYGBP results in numerous medical and physical benefits, this study reveals that there are also dramatic improvements in perceived body image, demonstrating the impact of this surgery on a patient's psychosocial health.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Body dysmorphic disorder and other clinically significant body image concerns in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: prevalence and clinical characteristics.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed prevalence and clinical correlates of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), eating disorders (ED), and other clinically significant body image concerns in 208 consecutively admitted adolescent inpatients. It was hypothesized that adolescents with BDD would have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Adolescents with eating disorders were expected to have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and trauma-related symptoms. Trauma-related symptoms were also examined in relation to BDD, in the absence of specific hypotheses. METHOD: Participants completed the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ) and reliable and valid self-report measures of suicidality, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociation, and sexual preoccupation/distress. Prevalence of BDD, eating disorders, and other clinically significant body image concerns was determined, and clinical correlates were examined. RESULTS: 6.7% (n = 14) of participants met DSM-IV criteria for definite (n = 10) or probable (n = 4) DSM-IV BDD, 3.8% (n = 8) met criteria for an eating disorder, and 22.1% (n = 46) had clinically significant shape/weight concerns (SWC) that did not clearly meet criteria for BDD or an eating disorder. Both the BDD and SWC groups scored significantly higher than the group with no significant body image concerns (no BDD/ED/SWC group) on measures of anxiety and suicidality. The BDD, SWC, and ED groups all had significantly higher levels of depression than the no BDD/ED/SWC group. Only the SWC group scored significantly higher than the no BDD/ED/SWC group on measures of PTSD, dissociation, and sexual preoccupation/distress. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of participants had clinically significant body image concerns or a body image disorder. These concerns/disorders were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and suicidality. In addition, the group concerned with body shape or weight had significantly greater symptoms of PTSD, dissociation, and sexual preoccupation/distress. These relatively common body image concerns and disorders deserve further study in adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Body image of children and adolescents and its measurement: an overview.

The lack of a universally accepted definition of body image has impeded our understanding of body image disturbances in children and adolescents. This paper examines the evolution of body image as a multidimensional construct and the difficulties associated with the use of human figure drawing to measure body image. Directions for future research are considered.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Body image, relationships, and time.

The cultural standard of an impossible-to-attain ideal body image has been blamed for a plethora of psychological ills, from low self-esteem to eating disorders. In this study, the authors investigated the importance of current body image dissatisfaction compared with the ideal for married couples and for single people. The results indicated that although body image dissatisfaction exists in both married and single people, this discrepancy is of significantly less importance to married couples. The importance of long-lasting, satisfying relationships decreases the importance of body dissatisfaction and mitigates the impact of unrealistic ideal body image.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Body image, self-concept, and the orthodontic patient.

Four major criterion groups--orthodontic retention patients, prospective orthodontic patients, a population sample, and mothers of prospective patients--were established. Appropriate relationships between groups and subgroups were studied with regard to body-image and self-concept satisfaction, to body-image and self-concept importance, and other factors. The findings include the following: 1. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction of importance between prospective orthodontic patients and the population sample. 2. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance between prospective orthodontic patients and orthodontic patients in retention. 3. There was a significant difference between prospective orthodontic patients' self-concept importance and their mother's perception of self-concept importance. There teen-agers placed more emphasis on their self-concept than did their mothers. 4. There was no significant difference between any of the groups in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance with change in age (11 to 16 years). 5. Girls scored significantly lower in both body-image and self-concept satisfaction than did the boys at these ages (11 to 16 years). 6. Patients with Class III malocclusion scored significantly lower than the other malocclusion groups in all categories of body-image and self-concept satisfaction and importance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Body image changes over the menstrual cycle in normal women.

Changes in body image across the menstrual cycle and the relationship between these changes and menstrual distress were investigated in an effort to identify determinants of body dissatisfaction. Twenty-six normally cycling women between 18-40 years of age and 90-115% of ideal body weight, with no history of an eating disorder, completed a series of body image measures and a measure of menstrual distress during three menstrual cycle phases: perimenstrual, follicular, and luteal. These phases were identified with serum levels of ovarian hormones and basal body temperature. Results indicated that body dissatisfaction as measured by the number of body-related negative thoughts and anxiety about appearance was significantly highest during the perimenstrual phase. In contrast, measures of body size perception remained stable. Several somatosensory and psychological symptoms of menstrual distress were significantly associated with body dissatisfaction during the perimenstrual phase including, water retention, autonomic reactivity, control, negative affect, and impaired concentration. This association of body dissatisfaction and menstrual distress strongly suggests that menstrual cycle changes play a significant role in body image.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Body image in obese patients before and after stable weight reduction following bariatric surgery.

The role of possessing an abnormal body weight in the body image alterations of obese patients was evaluated in bariatric surgery subjects prior to and at long term after operation, when body weight and shape had become steadily normalized. Body image was assessed by the body dissatisfaction scale of the Eating Disorders Inventory, the Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Body Attitude Questionnaire. When the individuals were obese, a sharply impaired body image was observed; following operation, weight loss corresponded to normalization of body dissatisfaction, feeling of fatness, and physical attractiveness, whereas body disparagement and salience of shape, although improved in comparison to preoperative data, remained significantly different from that of controls. In the obese patients, some aspects of body image alterations are substantially accounted for by overweight status; other aspects reflect inner feelings, which are partially independent of the actual body weight and shape.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Body image concerns of reconstructive surgery patients: an underrecognized problem.

This study assessed the body image concerns of reconstructive plastic surgery patients. Forty-three reconstructive surgery patients completed two measures of body image. Responses were compared with a group of patients seeking cosmetic procedures. The two groups did not differ in the degree of dissatisfaction with their overall appearance or dissatisfaction with the specific feature for which they were seeking surgery. Reconstructive patients did consider themselves less healthy and less invested in their appearance than did cosmetic patients. Seven of the reconstructive surgery patients (all scar revision patients) reported a level of dissatisfaction and preoccupation consistent with the psychiatric diagnostic of body dysmorphic disorder. These results underscore the importance of screening for body image dissatisfaction in persons with an objective deformity. Plastic surgeons are in an optimal position to identify body image concerns in these patients and provide appropriate referrals for psychotherapy.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Body image in middle-aged HIV-infected and uninfected women.

We assessed factors associated with negative body image among 225 HIV-infected and 207 uninfected women. Standardized interviews obtained sociodemographic data and elicited agreement with the statement: 'Overall I am satisfied with my body shape'. Height and weight were measured. Overall, 39% of the women were obese and 47% had a negative body image. Factors independently associated with negative body image were HIV-infection, BMI, and depression. Given the high prevalence of obesity and negative body image, interventions aimed at assisting women with weight loss are warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Body image partially mediates the relationship between obesity and psychological distress.

OBJECTIVE: Body image is considered as a potential mediator of the relationship between obesity and psychological distress. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: One hundred ten men and women in a residential weight control facility completed the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Binge Eating Scale. RESULTS: For both men and women, body-image satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between degree of overweight and depression/self-esteem. DISCUSSION: Sociodemographic factors that may influence the relationships among weight, body image, and depression/self-esteem are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Abnormal perception of body weight is not solely observed in pubertal girls: incorrect body image in children and its relationship to body weight.

Perceived actual body weight and perceived ideal weight were assessed in 255 Japanese children and adolescents (130 boys, 125 girls) aged 6 years through 18 years using the drawing test to clarify whether they wanted to be thinner or to gain weight. More than half (68%) of the girls attending high school and 41% of the elementary school girls perceived their ideal weight to be less than the standard. The mean difference between the perceived actual weight and the ideal weight was positive in the high school girls of normal weight as well as in the overweight girls, meaning that even the normal-weight girls wanted to lose weight. The difference was also slightly positive in the underweight girls. The difference in the high school boys was negative, demonstrating that they wished to gain weight. It is suggested that girls want to lose weight even before adolescence; this tendency becomes more prominent in the high school period and is mostly unrelated to their own weight.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Body image changes in adolescents II comparison among patients with eating disorders and controls with thin, normal and obese body shapes.

The Self-Rating Body Image (SRBI) test was used to determine whether the patients with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia showed their body image disturbance or not. The SRBI was completed by 120 subjects who consisted of 30 low weight (LW) controls, 30 normal weight (NW) controls, 30 high weight (HW) controls, 18 anorexic patients (AN) and 12 bulimic patients (BN). The AN group had a significantly greater dissatisfaction with the scales of the body shape, visceral organ and face image of the SRBI than the weight-matched LW group. The BN group had a significantly greater dissatisfaction with the visceral organ image shape than the weight-matched NW group. However, no significant difference in the body shape and face images between the BN and NW groups was found. Our results suggest that the anorexic patients may disturb more parts of the body image than the bulimic patients though both the anorexic and bulimic patients showed the disturbance of body image.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Body image of the male athlete. A study of the psychological health of wrestlers and rowers of the lower weight class].

The present study reports findings concerning the body-experience of male athletes. 25 wrestlers and 59 rowers in the lower weight categories were investigated using the questionnaire for evaluation of body-experience "Fragebogen zur Beurteilung des eigenen Körpers--FBK" (Strauss u. Appelt, 1983). Due to nature of their sports, these men are particularly subject to a constant pressure to maintain a low body weight. In 31% of the subjects the FBK profiles were indicative of disturbances of body-image and body-experience. This subgroup also demonstrated multiple pathologically elevated scores in the personality questionnaire "Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar" (Fahrenberger et al. 1984) and the Eating-Disorder-Inventory (Garner et al. 1983). Low-weight wrestlers and rowers should be considered a high-risk male population for body-image disturbances and other psychological disorders. The casual relationship between the specific sport and the development of an body-image disorder is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Physical fitness, body image, and locus of control in college freshman men and women.

This study examined the relations among physical fitness, body image, and locus of control. The Hall-Physical Fitness Test Profile, the Winstead and Cash Body Self-relations Questionnaire (BSRQ) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale were administered to 243 freshmen. Women were significantly more positive about their physical appearance than men. Men were more positive about their physical fitness than women. Men were more physically fit than women. Men and women scoring in the internal direction viewed the physical fitness domain of their body image positively. Unlike men, internally oriented women had more positive perceptions of the health aspect of their body image. Physically fit men and women had positive attitudes toward the physical fitness component of their body image. Physically fit men differed from physically fit women in that men were more internal and held more positive attitudes toward the physical health dimension of their body images.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Body image evaluations in obese females with binge eating disorder.

Dimensions of body image in a sample of obese women diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED; N=42) were compared with a sample of obese women without BED (non-BED; N=42), matched on age and BMI. Additionally, the relationship between BED, body image and several dimensions of treatment response was examined. Results indicated BED women were more likely to negatively evaluate their global physical appearance and have less satisfaction with specific areas of the body than were non-BED women, even after controlling for depression scores. While BED women were significantly more likely to endorse depressive symptoms, depression scores were negatively correlated with body satisfaction in non-BED women only. BED women did not fare worse in formal weight-loss treatment, as measured by length of time in treatment, group-therapy attendance, or BMI at posttreatment. The role of body image in women with BED seeking weight-loss treatment is discussed relevant to the context of potential impact of BED and negative body image on active weight-loss treatment and maintenance.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Dignity that must be respected. Body image and the surgical patient.

Body appearance is socially valued but at significant risk through surgery and nursing actions. The use of drips, drains and catheters all disrupt body boundaries. It is important to question whether we need to invade such boundaries, and how quickly tubes or lines can be removed to promote dignity. Skin preparation is important for surgical access, infection control and body image. Shaving may not be the soundest approach to depilation.

Body Image↗