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PubMed1995

[Insulin treatment in diabetes mellitus type II: the usefulness of the breakfast test].

BACKGROUND: Insulin treatment in patients with type-II diabetes mellitus (DMII) is normally undertaken by clinical criteria. The aim of the present was to study the efficacy of a standard mixed meal (breakfast test) to predict the need for insulin therapy to thereby evaluate whether it is possible to obtain more objective criteria for the indication of insulin treatment. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with DMII were studied to evaluate the need for insulin therapy over a one-year period. Serum glucose and basal C peptide and their maximum values were determined in all the patients following stimulation with the breakfast test. Insulin treatment was initiated according to exclusively clinical criteria during admission. The patients were followed as out patients for a minimum of 3 months. Treatment at the end of follow up (insulin or no insulin) was evaluated and the results of the test were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The basal C peptide (BCP) values were significantly lower in the individuals requiring insulin in comparison to those who did not require insulin (mean +/- SD 0.64 +/- 0.28 versus 1.18 +/- 0.41 nmol/l, p < 0.0001) similar to what was found with the stimulated maximum C peptide values (MCP) (1.48 +/- 0.77 versus 2.49 +/- 0.63 nmol/l, p < 0.0001). On considering a BCP of less than 0.9 nmol/l for the patients with insulin treatment the sensitivity of BCP was 83.6% and the specificity 78.9%. For a BCP value of less than 1.9 nmol/l sensitivity was 77.7% and specificity 78.9%. Using the values together, sensitivity was 66.6% and specificity 84.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The breakfast test is useful to indicate the need for insulin therapy in patients with type II diabetes mellitus but is not more useful than a determination of isolated basal C peptide.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Replacing starch with sucrose in a high glycaemic index breakfast cereal lowers glycaemic and insulin responses.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that replacing starch with sugar in a processed breakfast cereal that has a high glycaemic index could significantly decrease glycaemic and insulin responses. DESIGN: Subjects consumed in random order three equi-carbohydrate meals based on a popular puffed rice cereal containing three levels of sucrose (0, 21 and 43 g). Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were compared using the incremental area under the curve (AUC). SUBJECTS: Twelve healthy volunteers (5 males and 7 females) with normal glucose tolerance drawn from the university community, mean age 23 years (range: 20 to 27 year), mean body mass index 22.6 kg/m2 (range: 18.6 to 31.2 kg/m2). RESULTS: Glycaemia was significantly lower after the meal containing the highest amount of sugar (glucose AUC 101.7 +/- 14.0 mmol/l.120 min) compared with the non-sweetened cereal (155.5 +/- 18.0 mmol/l.120 min, P < 0.01). There was a significant inverse correlation between the amount of sucrose incorporated and the degree of glycaemia (analysis of covariance coefficient = -1.25, P = 0.00). Similarly, the plasma insulin response was significantly lower after the highest sugar meal (insulin AUC 2267 +/- 346 microU/ml.120 min) compared with the meal without sugar (3505 +/- 365 microU/ml.120 min, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant reduction in glycaemic and insulin responses when sugar replaced the rapidly digested starch in a processed breakfast cereal, i.e. the opposite of what is commonly believed. Thus sweetened breakfast cereals may not compromise glycaemic control more so than the unsweetened counterpart.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Opposite effects of breakfast vs. oral glucose on circulating androgen levels in healthy women.

Since certain hormone abnormalities can be food-dependent as in some cases of nodular adrenal hyperplasia, as a first step to study other more frequent endocrine disorders, using a standard meal as means of a more physiologic stimulus, we investigated in healthy women whether or not the changes in serum glucose, insulin, cortisol, and androgens are different following a breakfast than after oral glucose alone. Ten women (group 1) ingested a 725 kilocalories (173 kiloJoules) breakfast and ten women (group 2) ingested a 100-g glucose load at 8:00 A.M. Serum glucose, insulin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), free testosterone (free-T), and androstenedione (A) were determined every 30 min for the next 2 h. Serum glucose rose higher in group 2 than in group 1 (p < or = 0.05), yet insulin increased similarly in both groups. In group 1 free-T and DHEAS increased at 30 min (p < or = 0.05) while cortisol decreased (p < or = 0.04); A did not change. On the contrary, in group 2 only a decrease in free-T (p < or = 0.01) was detected. In these healthy women, serum androgen changed inversely depending on the type and composition of the oral stimulus used. The simultaneous increase of serum insulin, free-T and DHEAS coinciding with a cortisol decrease may enhance insulin anabolic effects following breakfast, but not after oral glucose alone.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1997

Cognitive and behavioural effects of a school breakfast.

The cognitive and behavioural effects of a school breakfast were explored in a study of 55 children in Grade II and Standard 1 at a farm school outside Johannesburg. A previous study had confirmed widespread undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies among the children. For comparative purposes, 55 children at an inner-city school, among whom no signs of undernutrition were found, were assessed in the same way. Three different types of measures of attention, distractibility, short-term memory and activity level were used: psychometric testing of the children; teacher ratings of children's classroom behaviour, and coded video-recorded classroom behaviour. A pre- and post-test design was employed to assess the effects of a school breakfast, continually in place in the experimental school for a period of 6 weeks. The results indicated significant change from pre- to post-test assessment among the experimental children in respect of the psychometric measures, teacher-rated hyperactivity and video-recorded classroom behaviour. With regard to the latter measure, the children showed a decline in both the occurrence and duration of off-task and out-of-seat behaviour, and an increase in active participation in class and positive peer interaction. While the children in the comparison group also showed some changes from pre- to post-test, probably attributable to the effects of observation, familiarity with the test materials and developmental change, the changes were not generalised or consistent. The findings support the conclusion that a school breakfast programme had a beneficial effect on the cognitive and behavioural performance of socially disadvantaged, undernourished children in their first 2 years of school.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Effect of a standard breakfast on digoxin absorption in normal subjects.

The influence of food on absorption of digoxin was studied in 6 healthy volunteers who received 1.0 mg digoxin as 4 tablets of Lanoxin either after an overnight fast, immediately after a standard breakfast, or 90 min after a standard breakfast. There was no significant difference between the three regimens in terms of area under the plasma concentration-time curve for 79 hr or in the 10-day cumulative urinary excretion. The mean peak plasma concentration was higher (p less than 0.05) when digoxin was given fasting (4.2 +/- 0.46 ng/ml) than immediately after food (2.8 +/- 0.24 ng/ml). The mean peak plasma concentration when digoxin was administered 90 min after food (3.3 +/- 0.30 ng/ml) was intermediate but not significantly different from either of the other mean peak concentrations. The results demonstrate that ingestion of food decreases rate but not extent of absorption of concurrently administered digoxin.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Understanding choice of milk and bread for breakfast among Swedish children aged 11-15 years: an application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour.

The present study examined the influences of attitudes, social norms, perceived control and underlying beliefs on 11 to 15-year-olds' breakfast choices of milk with different fat content and high-fibre bread. All pupils in the 5th, 7th and 9th grades in Mölndal community (N=1730), Sweden, were asked to complete a questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Two weeks later, they were asked to fill in a 7-day record of food consumed for breakfast. Consumption of milk and high-fibre bread was predicted from intentions, and for milk also by perceived behavioural control. Intentions were influenced by attitudes, perceptions of significant others' preferences, and perceived control. In addition, perception of the parents' consumption (descriptive norm) of the specific food played an important role. Attitudes, norms and perceived control predicted intentions to a similar extent in each age group. Attitudes to the consumption of milk and high fibre bread were influenced by beliefs about their sensory and health aspects. Females and the oldest children had greater knowledge about the healthier alternatives and the oldest children had a tendency to choose healthier options.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Glipizide increases plasma insulin but not C-peptide level after a standardized breakfast in type 2 diabetic patients.

Peripheral blood glucose, plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were investigated after giving a standardized breakfast (500 kcal, 60 g carbohydrates) to 10 nonobese Type 2 diabetic patients previously treated by diet alone. Each patient received at random, at 1 week intervals, either 5 mg glipizide (meal + glipizide) or a placebo (meal alone) 30 min before breakfast. Basal values of blood glucose, plasma insulin and C-peptide were similar on both occasions. After meal + glipizide, the blood glucose increase was sharply limited whereas the rise in plasma insulin was steeper and reached twice as high a level. In contrast, the rise in plasma C-peptide was similar in both conditions. Consequently, the areas under the curves (0-300 min) showed a marked reduction in blood glucose after meal + glipizide (2289 +/- 149 versus 3101 +/- 169 mmol X min/1; 2p less than 0.001), associated with a significant increase in plasma insulin (14219 +/- 3261 versus 7591 +/- 1173 microU X min/ml; 2p less than 0.025) but no significant change in plasma C-peptide (342 +/- 45 versus 326 +/- 34 pmol X min/ml; N.S.). The insulin/C-peptide molar ratio was thus significantly increased after meal + glipizide (0.41 +/- 0.06 versus 0.23 +/- 0.04 at the 60th min; 2p less than 0.02). The dissociation between the responses of insulin and C-peptide suggests that a single dose of 5 mg glipizide in Type 2 diabetic subjects may enhance availability of peripheral insulin by extrapancreatic mechanism(s). This phenomenon may result in a higher circulating level of the hormone and therefore represent a further mode of action of sulphonylureas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1994

Plasma zinc response to a breakfast meal or fasting in elderly women.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the postprandial decline in plasma zinc concentration is altered by aging. Eleven women, between the ages of 65 and 82 yr, participated in two separate experimental protocols: a high carbohydrate breakfast trial and a fasting trial. Plasma zinc concentrations were measured from blood samples obtained at 8:00 AM (baseline fasting) and at 30-min intervals until 1:00 PM during each trial. Following the breakfast meal, plasma zinc concentrations declined 14% from 75 +/- 1 to 65 +/- 2 micrograms/dL (p < 0.05), reaching a nadir 2.7 +/- 0.2 h after the meal. This decline was significantly (p < 0.0001) greater than the 3.6% fall observed during the fasting trial. Postprandial changes in the plasma zinc concentrations were correlated with postprandial changes in serum glucose (r = -0.43, p < 0.001), serum insulin (r = -0.17, p < 0.01), and serum phosphorus (r = 0.32, p < 0.005). These data show that plasma zinc concentrations decline following food intake in elderly women in the same manner as previously described for younger adult women.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Standard light breakfast inhibits circulating ghrelin level to the same extent of oral glucose load in humans, despite different impact on glucose and insulin levels.

Ghrelin levels are increased by fasting and energy restriction, decreased by food intake, glucose load and insulin but not by lipids and amino acids. Accordingly, ghrelin levels are elevated in anorexia and cachexia and reduced in obesity. Herein we compared the effects of a standardized light breakfast (SLB) on morning circulating ghrelin levels with those of oral glucose load (OGTT) in normal subjects. Specifically, 8 young adult volunteers [age (mean+/-SEM): 28.0+/-2.0 yr; body mass index (BMI): 22.4+/-0.6 kg/m2] underwent the following testing sessions: a) OGTT (100 g p.o. at 0 min, about 400 kcal); b) SLB (about 400 kcal, 45% carbohydrates, 13% proteins and 42% lipids at 0 min) on three different days; c) placebo (100 ml water p.o.). In all sessions, at baseline, blood samples were withdrawn twice at 5-min interval to characterize the inter- and intra-individual reproducibility of the variables assayed. After placebo and OGTT, blood samples were withdrawn every 15 min up to +120 min. After SLB, blood samples were taken at 60 min only. Ghrelin, insulin and glucose levels were assayed at each time point in all sessions. Similarly to insulin and glucose levels, at baseline, ghrelin showed remarkable intra-subject reproducibility both in the same sessions and among the different sessions. Placebo did not significantly modify ghrelin, insulin and glucose. OGTT increased (p<0.01) glucose (baseline vs peak: 80.0+/-3.6 vs 140.5+/-6.3 mg/dl) and insulin (20.2+/-6.2 vs 115.3+/-10.3 mU/l) levels. SLB increased (p<0.05) both insulin (16.3+/-1.8 vs 48.3+/-6.3 mU/l) and glucose (74.5+/-3.7 vs 82.9+/-3.1 mg/dl) levels. Notably both the insulin and glucose increases after OGTT were significantly higher (p<0.01) than that induced by SLB. After OGTT, ghrelin levels underwent a significant reduction (baseline vs nadir: 355.7+/-150.8 vs 243.3+/-98.8 pg/ml; p<0.05) reaching the nadir at time +60 min. Similarly, ghrelin levels 60 min after SLB (264.8+/-44.8 pg/ml) were significantly (p<0.01) lower than at baseline (341.4+/-54.9 pg/ml). No significant differences in the reduction of ghrelin levels after OGTT and SLB were observed. In conclusion, these findings show that light breakfast inhibits ghrelin secretion to the same extent of OGTT in adults despite lower variations in glucose and insulin levels.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1980

Substrate, hormone, and temperature responses in males and females to a common breakfast.

To evaluate the response to a mixed meal we studied oral temperature, metabolite, and hormonal responses to a common American breakfast containing 11 kcal/kg body weight (carbohydrate 43%, fat 42%, and protein 15%) in 12 normal volunteers (6 males and 6 females). There was a significant rise in oral temperature during the postcibal period. This change in oral temperature did not depend upon food consumption in males but was meal-dependent in females. Food ingestion caused increases in the peripheral circulating concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and amino acids and reciprocal decreases in the concentrations of free fatty acids, glycerol, and urea nitrogen. Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased during the postcibal period but the changes were not statistically significant. Although peripheral venous serum insulin and plasma glucagon concentrations were indistinguishable between the sexes, males had higher concentrations of plasma triglycerides, plasma amino acids, and serum urea nitrogen. Peripheral venous plasma somatostatin and secretin remained unchanged, but pancreatic polypeptide hormone showed a large biphasic response to the meal. After breakfast the blood glucose concentration tended to be greater in males than in females and this difference was significant at 60 and 120 min postcibal. Furthermore, every female had a 120 min postcibal glucose concentration that was lower than her basal fasting glucose concentration. This suggests that postcibal glucose concentrations should be related to gender in making the diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance or reactive hypoglycemia.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Low accuracy and low consistency of fourth-graders' school breakfast and school lunch recalls.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and consistency of fourth-graders' school breakfast and school lunch recalls obtained during 24-hour recalls and compared with observed intake. DESIGN: Children were interviewed using a multiple-pass protocol at school the morning after being observed eating school breakfast and school lunch. SUBJECTS: 104 children stratified by ethnicity (African-American, white) and gender were randomly selected and interviewed up to 3 times each with 4 to 14 weeks between each interview. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Match, omission, and intrusion rates to determine accuracy of reporting items; arithmetic and/or absolute differences to determine accuracy for reporting amounts; total inaccuracy to determine inaccuracy for reporting items and amounts combined; intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to determine consistency. RESULTS: Means were 51% for omission rate, 39% for intrusion rate, and 7.1 servings for total inaccuracy. Total inaccuracy decreased significantly from the first to the third recall (P=0.006). The ICC was 0.29 for total inaccuracy and 0.15 for omission rate. For all meal components except bread/grain and beverage, there were more omissions than intrusions. Mean arithmetic and absolute differences per serving in amount reported for matches were -0.08 and 0.24, respectively. Mean amounts per serving of omissions and intrusions were 0.86 and 0.80, respectively. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: The low accuracy and low consistency of children's recalls from this study raise concerns regarding the current uses of dietary recalls obtained from children. To improve the accuracy and consistency of children's dietary recalls, validation studies are needed to determine the best way(s) to interview children.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Does breakfast make a difference in school?

This article reviews selectively the literature on the effects of breakfast on cognition and school performance. The focus is on studies published in refereed journals after 1978 that tested those effects on well-nourished and nutritionally at-risk children. In at-risk subjects (defined by clinical history and anthropometry), a morning and overnight fast had adverse effects on cognition, particularly the speed of information retrieval in working memory. Contradictions in the data from different studies prevent definitive conclusions on whether well-nourished children experience similar functional deficits. Nonetheless, available information suggests that brain function is sensitive to short-term variations in the availability of nutrient supplies. Moreover, well-conducted evaluations suggest that the availability of feeding programs in public schools throughout the academic year increases the probability that children will eat breakfast and improve their educational status.

Brain↗

PubMed1982

"Accelerated starvation" and the skipped breakfast in late normal pregnancy.

After dinner at 6 P.M. food was withheld from non-pregnant women and women in the third trimester of pregnancy: there were lean and obese women in each group, and all had normal carbohydrate metabolism. Levels of circulating fuels and glucoregulatory hormones were monitored between 6 A.M. (12 h fast) and noon (18 h fast) the following day. In non-pregnant women plasma levels of glucose, alanine, free fatty acids (FFA) beta-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, and glucagon remained constant between 6 A.M. and noon except for slight fall in plasma alanine in the obese women and slight increases in beta-hydroxybutyrate in the lean. By contrast, in pregnant women the concentrations of all substances measured changed profoundly after extension of the overnight fast. Levels of plasma glucose, which were significantly lower than those in non-pregnant women at 6 A.M., fell further during the subsequent 6 h; plasma alanine levels declined significantly during the same interval, and there were coincident rises in plasma FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate and reductions in plasma insulin. The changes in lean and obese women were of similar magnitude; habitus did not therefore seem to have effects additional to those of pregnancy on the response to skipping breakfast. In all the pregnant women final levels of FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate were strongly correlated and inversely related to final levels of plasma glucose. The studies indicate that "accelerated starvation" can be unmasked during pregnancy even with the minor dietary deprivation common in conventional clinical circumstances. Thus, insofar as it may be desirable to avoid ketonaemia during pregnancy, the common practice of skipping breakfast whether by personal preference or for doctor-initiated laboratory testing should be avoided in pregnant women.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMed2004

Increased concentrations of lipoprotein(a), circadian rhythms and metabolic reactions evoked by acute myocardial infarction, associated with acute reactions in relation to large breakfasts.

Of 54 patients with acute coronary artery disease (CAD) that were included in this study, 41 patients had acute myocardial infarction (AMI), five patients possible MI, four patients unstable angina and the remaining four angina pectoris. The control subjects (n = 85) were randomly selected from the general population of the city of Moradabad of similar age range after exclusion for CAD (n = 9), diabetes (n = 6) and excess intake of trans fatty acids (n = 20). The incidence of lipoprotein(a) excess (> 30 mg/dl; 42.6 vs 24.7%; P < 0.05) and mean concentration of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a], 6.4 mg/dl, 95% confidence interval: 2.8-10.5; P < 0.05) was significantly greater in the acute CAD group compared with control subjects. Mean total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly higher and mean nitrite level lower in the study group as compared with the control group.There was a significant greater incidence of cardiac events in the second quarter of the day compared with the fourth quarter. Lp(a), triglycerides, blood glucose, plasma insulin, malondialdehyde, diene conjugates, TBARS and TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, which were significantly greater during the acute phase, showed a significant decline and serum nitrite and coenzyme Q demonstrated an increase at 4 weeks of follow-up when the acute reactions evoked by MI had been controlled. Large breakfasts were a predisposing factor for cardiac events in the second quarter of the day and it was significantly associated with metabolic reactions. The findings indicate that acute reactions as a result or as circadian rhythms appear to be important in the pathogenesis of AMI-associated complications and that a large breakfast in association with nitrite deficiency may further trigger the circadian rhythms. However, more studies in a larger number of subjects would be necessary in order to confirm our findings.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

Saquinavir soft-gel capsules (Fortovase) give lower exposure than expected, even after a high-fat breakfast.

BACKGROUND: The soft-gel capsule (sgc) of saquinavir has been developed in order to improve the poor oral bioavailability of the original hard-gel capsules. However, in a Dutch study population using saquinavir-sgc plasma levels were lower than expected. We hypothesised that this was caused by differences in the amount of fat in the meals of the study populations. METHODS: 8-h steady-state plasma curves after observed ingestion of 1200 mg saquinavir-sgc were recorded, concomitantly with a normal breakfast (600 kcal, 33% fat) on the first day, and a high-fat breakfast (1040 kcal, 54% fat) on the second day. Additionally, a comparison was made between saquinavir hard-gel capsules and saquinavir-sgc with or without grapefruit juice (n = 1). Furthermore, a comparison between saquinavir-sgc and ritonavir + saquinavir-sgc 400/400 mg bid was made (n = 1). RESULTS: Although saquinavir exposure was improved by fat, grapefruit juice or ritonavir, exposure to saquinavir for all recorded curves was lower than expected. A large proportion of trough concentrations was below the efficacy threshold. CONCLUSION: Intake of squinavir-sgc with high-fat meals or grapefruit juice may improve the pharmacokinetic profile. However, plasma concentrations may then still be lower than expected and insufficient for good antiviral efficacy. Probably the only way to reach adequate saquinavir concentrations is by combining saquinavir with ritonavir.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Breakfasts that release glucose at different speeds interact with previous alcohol intake to influence cognition and mood before and after lunch.

Alcohol consumption and the glycemic load (GL) of a meal interact to influence both mood and memory. The authors compared the effects of eating a high GL lunch on mood and memory after consumption of a breakfast high in either rapidly (RAG) or slowly (SAG) available glucose. When less than 4.5 g of alcohol had been drunk the previous evening, the eating of a high RAG meal was associated with better memory later in the morning. In contrast, after more than 4.5 g of alcohol had been drunk the previous evening, the SAG meal resulted in better memory. After lunch, if more than 4.5 g alcohol had been drunk the previous evening, the RAG breakfast, but neither the SAG meal nor fasting, resulted in a more confused feeling.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The influence of a breakfast meal on the assessment of body composition using bioelectrical impedance.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a breakfast meal on bioelectrical impedance (BI). DESIGN: Three separate interventions. SETTING: A university based study. SUBJECTS: Young, healthy volunteers recruited from staff. Twenty-nine subjects (11 men, 18 women), ten subjects (two men and eight women) and 13 subjects (2 men and 11 women) completed the first, second and third protocol, respectively. INTERVENTIONS: Total body BI (protocol 1) or both total body BI and segmental BI (namely arm, leg or torso BI); (protocol 3) was measured in the fasting state and for up to 5 h after the consumption of a breakfast meal containing 28% energy from fat. In the second protocol, total body BI was measured in the same way on two occasions after subjects consumed isocaloric meals containing either 28% energy or 4% energy from fat. RESULTS: Consumption of a 2300 kJ meal was followed by a significant (P = 0.0002) decrease in BI (95% confidence intervals 12.5 and 35.3), a change which occurred 2 h after the meal and continued until 5 h, irrespective of meal fat content. The fall in total body BI was accounted for primarily by a fall in the BI of the limbs, with virtually no contribution from the torso. CONCLUSION: To ensure consistency in the interpretation of BI for body composition analysis, it is important that measurements are made in the fasting state.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Breakfasts high in monoglyceride or triglyceride: no differential effect on appetite or energy intake.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether isoenergetic isoenergetically-dense doses of dietary 1-monoglyceride or triglyceride differentially influence appetite and meal-to-meal energy intake in man. DESIGN: Six men and six women were each studied twice in a 2 d protocol. On day 1 (maintenance day) they were fed a medium fat (MF) maintenance diet (MF: 40% fat, 47% carbohydrate and 13% protein by energy) calculated at 1.6 x resting metabolic rate (RMR). On day 2 (manipulation day) at 08.30 h subjects consumed a high-fat breakfast designed to contain 80-85% of RMR, composition 10% protein, 56% fat and 34% carbohydrate by energy, with 65% of energy for fat derived as either 1-monoglyceride or triglyceride. Food and energy intake were monitored at lunch (given at 12.30pm) and throughout the remainder of the day. During this time subjects had ad libitum access to isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense MF (40:47:13) foods (550kJ/100g), until 22.30pm). Subjective hunger and satiety were tracked hourly, during waking hours. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of fat type on food or energy intake at lunch or during the ad libitum period. There was no diet effect on subjective hunger (F(1,10)0.00; P= 0.975) in the inter-meal periods of morning or afternoon, nor during the whole day. Subjects found both diets to be similarly pleasant (F(1,61)0.84;P= 0.364). Men and women responded similarly, except that men ate more on all occasions than women. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that when a large dose of l-monoglyceride or triglyceride is incorporated into a breakfast meal, it behaves in a manner that is very similar to triglyceride in terms of the effects on hunger, appetite or feeding behaviour.

Adult↗