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PubMed1980

Hormonal and behavioural patterns in the male camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Androgen levels in blood and the behaviour of male camels were determined during 1 year. In the months January to April large amounts of androgens were found in blood serum (approximately 30 ng/ml compared with approximately 2 ng/ml throughout the remaining months) as well as in a secretion from glands on the back of the neck (36 ng/ml). During this period when hormone levels were high the behaviour of the camels changed: they became unmanageable, blew-out a palatal flap from the mouth, vocalized, and spread urine over their backs with the aid of their tails. The changes in the sexual cycle of the male camels corresponded with the oestrous period in female camels.

Androgens↗

PubMed2004

Pythiosis in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

A 4.5-yr-old male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) was evaluated for a mass on the right side of the face. A complete blood count and blood chemistry revealed anemia and hypoproteinemia. Radiographs did not reveal bony involvement. The mass was resected and Pythium insidiosum was cultured. The camel was treated with an experimental immunotherapeutic vaccine and with sodium iodide and ceftiofur. The camel began to lose weight postoperatively and died 6 mo later. At necropsy, the camel was found to have gastritis of the third compartment of the stomach with intralesional hyphae of this oomycete pathogen.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Use of antigen capture tube enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infections in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Parasitological diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels is hampered by the small number of parasites in blood circulation, coupled with the tendency of this trypanosome to invade tissues. To overcome this, a more sensitive assay, an antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was developed, capable of detecting trypanosome antigens released into the bloodstream by dying parasites. To evaluate the usefulness of this assay in assisting chemotherapy, an experiment was designed to compare the ability of a Trypanozoon subgenus-specific monoclonal antibody (TR7) to capture antigens in whole blood and serum of camels in a T. evansi-endemic area of the Marsabit district in northern Kenya. The tests were performed in polystyrene tubes coated with TR7. Antigen ELISA using whole blood was performed in the field, while serum collected on the same day from the same animals was stored at -20 degrees C and tested in the laboratory at a later date. A total of 100 camels were examined. Twelve per cent of the camels were found to be antigenaemic when whole blood was tested, compared to thirteen per cent detected using serum. Thus, the results obtained so far do not show a significant difference in the sensitivity of tube ELISA when detecting antigens either in whole blood or serum.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

An investigation of camelpox outbreaks in two principal camel (Camelus dromedarius) rearing areas of Kenya.

In 1992, during an investigation into camelpox in two principal camel-rearing areas of Kenya, the disease was found in 1,100 camels at a prevalence of 6% in Turkana and 27% in Samburu. In Turkana, outbreaks were detected in two herds of young animals, while in Samburu, outbreaks were found in two herds of adult animals, as well as in two herds of young camels. In all cases, there was 100% morbidity in the affected herds. When young camels were involved, the main lesions were confined to the mouth, nose and muzzle as distinct pustular lesions. In adults, there was also extensive oedema of the head and neck. Direct electron microscopy and virus isolation on tissue culture were used to confirm the orthopoxvirus infection. The outbreaks appeared related to the stress of weaning and, in the case of the adults, to recent long-distance travel.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Observations on little known diseases of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Horn of Africa.

The camel is a comparatively hardy animal and is less susceptible to many of the diseases that affect other livestock species in the same areas. Despite that, the camel may contract many other diseases, some of which are still unknown. Pastoralists have for centuries herded camels in the arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya, and elsewhere in the Horn of Africa, and they have encountered and named many new diseases. However, the exact causes of many of these illnesses, such as Lahaw-Gaal, Firaanfir, Laaba, Jajabsa and Yudleye remain unknown. This paper presents the observations of pastoralists on some of the diseases which have been found among camels in northern Kenya. These observations offer intriguing clues to modern veterinarians who are trying to establish and characterise the aetiology of the diseases and ultimately find effective treatments. The authors also provide examples of ethno-veterinary knowledge and practices that could be useful for the development of animal health and production in Africa.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Volume-dependent potassium transport in camel red blood cells.

In this study the volume-dependent, ouabain-resistant K+ influx and efflux in camel red blood cells were measured with the tracer 86Rb+. The results showed that the camel erythrocytes do not have the Na(+)-K+ cotransport. The cell swelling increases a ouabain-resistant K+ influx and shrinkage decreases it nearly two-fold. The swelling-stimulated K+ influx and efflux were chloride dependent. The anion dependence of K+ influx in swollen cells was as follows: Br- > Cl- > NO3. The pH-dependent curve for swelling-stimulated potassium influx, and the active K+ influx in camel erythrocytes were determined. The findings indicate that camel erythrocytes' potassium transport system has many similarities to other mammalian species.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Lactoferrin and immunoglobulin contents in camel's milk (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedarius, and Hybrids) from Kazakhstan.

Lactoferrin (Lf) and IgG were estimated in camel's milk from Kazakhstan, where 2 species of camels (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedarius) and their hybrids cohabit. The concentrations of Lf and IgG were determined according to 3 variation factors: region (n = 4), season (n = 4), and species (n = 5; sample 4 was mixed milk and sample 5 was of unknown origin). The mean values in raw camel's milk were 0.229 +/- 0.135 mg/mL for Lf concentration and 0.718 +/- 0.330 mg/mL for IgG concentration. The seasonal effect was the only significant variation factor observed, with the highest values in the spring for Lf and in the winter for IgG. The Lf concentration varied in 1-wk postpartum milk from 1.422 to 0.586 mg/mL. The range in IgG concentration was wide and decreased from 132 to 4.75 mg/mL throughout the 7 d postpartum, with an important drop after parturition. In fermented milk, the lactoproteins are generally hydrolyzed. For milk samples from undefined species, discriminant analyses did not allow the origin of the species to be determined. A slight correlation between Lf and IgG concentrations was observed in raw milk. The values were slightly higher than those reported in cow's milk, but this difference was insufficient to attribute medicinal virtues to camel's milk.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Molecular examination of the sympatry and distribution of sheep and camel strains of Echinococcus granulosus in Kenya.

Previous studies have shown that camel and sheep strains of the cystic hydatid parasite Echinococcus granulosus occur in Kenya. We examined 208 larval isolates and 40 worm samples of E. granulosus from various hosts in Kenya using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a segment of ribosomal DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. This was in an effort to determine whether additional strains of E. granulosus occur in Kenya, to examine the level of genetic heterogeneity within the sheep/dog and camel/dog strains previously identified, and to map out their intermediate host range and geographic distribution in Kenya. We confirmed the existence of the two strains in Kenya and showed that the distribution of the camel strain appears restricted to the Turkana region, where camels are kept as livestock. The intermediate host range for both strains seems to be similar except that humans appear refractory to infection with the camel strain. We have also shown that although the life-cycle patterns of the two strains overlap both geographically and in intermediate and definitive hosts, the strains maintain their homogeneous genetic identity.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed2000

[The supply of newborn camel foals (Camelus dromedarius) with immunoglobulin G].

A major problem in camel breeding in East Africa is the high mortality rate of young camel calves. The purpose of this research was to examine the quality of camel colostrum and extent of the calves passive immunization by maternal antibodies. In 31 camel birth on a ranch in Kenya, IgG concentrations in the colostrum and in the serum of the calf during the first three days of life were measured. IgG concentration in the serum of the calf reaches a maximum 24 hours after birth. In 39% of the examined calves, this maximum concentration was below 4 g/l. In 61% of the calves, an IgG concentration of more than 4 g/l was reached. No correlation was found between diseased animals and the IgG concentrations in the serum of the calves involved. A minor IgG concentration can be excluded as a reason for calves mortality. The high percentage of insufficient IgG concentration in the serum of the calves therefore must be caused by insufficient intake of colostrum. Future measures in order to decrease calves mortality must therefore try to improve the management of calves, especially the sufficient intake of colostrum.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Characteristics of dorsal lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

The morphology of dorsal lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was studied by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Filiform and lenticular papillae were considered as mechanical papillae but fungiform and vallate papillae were considered as gustatory papillae. Filiform papillae were distributed mostly in the anterior two-thirds region of the tongue. Each filiform papilla consisted of one primary papilla and a few smaller secondary papillae. Lenticular papillae were distributed on the torus linguae. The larger papillae were arranged in two parallel lines medially whereas the smaller papillae were laterally located. Most of the fungiform papillae were found on the lateral margins of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. These papillae were small and round. Intra-epithelial taste buds were located on the dorsal surface of each papilla. The vallate papillae were arranged in two rows on each rim of the torus linguae. Each round- and flat-shaped vallate papilla was surrounded by a prominent gustatory groove and an annular pad. A few taste buds were observed in the lateral epithelium of the papillae. The keratinization of the covering stratified squamous epithelium of the mechanical lingual papillae was relatively thicker than those of the gustatory papillae. The lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel exhibited some different characteristics from other domestic ruminants. These morphological characteristics of the tongue of the Bactrian camel might have evolved to assist the camel in prehension and manipulating of the inorganic stiff plants that grow in its environment and therefore might relate to the feed and feeding habits of the animal.

Animals↗

PubMed1960

Plague in camels and its prevention in the USSR.

In 1954-56 a series of experiments was carried out in Central Asia, under the guidance of the author, in which camels were infected with plague by infesting them with Ixodes and Argas ticks which had previously fed on plague-infected laboratory animals. Subcutaneous, intradermal and intravenous injection was also used. The experiments showed that the camels varied markedly in their susceptibility to plague, which in any case was relatively low.Special investigations on plague prevention in camels are also reported. Vaccination with dried live vaccine injected in a single dose of 30 000 million organisms created a sufficiently high degree of immunity in adult animals. Spraying of the camels' coats with insecticide is also recommended.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Ultrastructure of camel basophilic granulocytes with special reference to its functions.

The ultrastructure of camel basophils in peripheral circulating blood of the Arabian camel were studied in order to provide detailed description of its constituents. Camel basophils were found to possess pseudopodia of varying lengths and numbers. Electron micrographs of camel basophilic granulocytes reveal that the cytoplasm is of moderately electron density. Membrane bound granules of different sizes and varying electron density, spherical or oval in shape, were observed, vacuoles of various forms, a well-defined Golgi complex, few rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were noticed randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. The results obtained were compared with that reported for other mammalian species and interpretation of the functional activities of the basophil intracellular organelles were discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

An outbreak of suspected tick paralysis in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sudan.

An outbreak of suspected tick paralysis occurred in one-humped camels in Southern Darfur, the Sudan, between latitudes 11-12 degrees N and longitudes 24-25 degrees E, when the camels were herded in tick infested areas. It involved 251 camels of different ages, in ten herds causing 34.3% mortality. The symptoms were incoordination of movements, unsteady gait and recumbency followed by death or recovery. Hyalomma adults and/or Rhipicephalus nymphs and adults were incriminated to be the cause of the disease. Transient paralysis in a guinea pig was produced after experimental feeding of ticks. Removal of the camels from the tick infested areas and treatment against the ectoparasites with Lindane at the concentration of 0.23% contributed to controlling the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Fine structure of camel erythrocytes in relation to its functions.

The fine structure of the red cells in Arabian camels was investigated and certain characteristic features were noted. The plasmalemma of camel erythrocytes are tri-laminar, the inner and outer membranes are of high electron density between which is a zone of lesser electron density. No intracellular organelles were observed with the occasional exception of a small number of mitochondria. In the camel erythrocyte, a marginal band consisting of 30-45 microtubules was observed in many cells. Some of the possible functions of the marginal band in camel erythrocytes are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Camels. Origin--use--types].

This survey study reports on origin and use of camels and on the various Asian and African races, Indian camels being specially mentioned. The differences of camels for riding and for packing are stressed compared as e.g. with horses in the western world for working and for racing. It is further pointed out that in arid and semi arid areas the camel has been, and will be in the foreseeable future, not replaceable as an animal for working and transporting goods.

Africa↗

PubMed1986

[Transmission of Vibrio cholerae. Possible role of the camel].

Choleraic vibrio uses the moving means that man discovers to his own use. Camels (passive and active vehicles of large quantity of crude water) were experimentally infected with a Vibrio (tox. +) and an Aeromonas (tox. +). Suckling young camels eliminate them for 6 days and grown-up camels for 25 days. This experience, associated with the discovery of Vibrio non 01 and Shigella in the caravan camel dungs, lead them to become a potential vector of spreading from one oasis to another.

Aeromonas↗

PubMed1986

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Trypanosoma (T.) brucei evansi in camels (Camelus dromedarius) using peroxidase-conjugated protein A.

Serum samples from dromedary camels naturally and experimentally infected with Trypanosoma (T.) brucei evansi were examined by means of the ELISA, using either an anti-camel or a protein A conjugate. The protein A horseradish peroxidase conjugate was found to bind to camel IgG and thus to be a suitable alternative to the anti-camel conjugate. Results obtained from both tests showed that the respective values correlate significantly.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

A simple classification of different types of trypanosomiasis occurring in four camel herds in selected areas of Kenya.

Camels from herds in four different areas of Kenya were sampled at regular intervals over periods of 9-15 months and examined for the presence of trypanosomiasis. Five hundred and eight camels divided into three age categories were studied. Trypanosomiasis caused by T. evansi, T. brucei and T. congolense was shown to be present in varying degrees in all the herds. Camels were divided into 5 types according to mortality, the presence or absence of circulating trypanosomes and antibody, and the presence or absence of emaciation and anaemia. Herd profiles were constructed according to the percentage of the different types over the whole of their respective study periods. Results indicated that camels in some herds show a calf-hood resistance to trypanosomiasis in endemic areas and that the disease may be present in a relatively stable situation. Some of the implications of these results are discussed.

Animals↗