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Charles Edward Isaacs (1811-1860): exploring the details of nephron structure and function in the post-Bowman period.

Charles Edward Isaacs (1811-1860), an anatomist working in New York, undertook a series of studies which attempted to define the microscopic structure of the nephrons in a variety of species. Given that he published his findings 15 years after William Bowman's seminal paper on the subject, he was able to add only a few of the finer details to the picture. He observed the continuity of the epithelium of the glomerular capsule with that of the proximal tubule and he demonstrated that the glomerular tuft is covered by a layer of epithelial cells. In a series of studies on human renal function he erroneously concluded that the glomerulus must have an excretory function in addition to its filtration function and that diuretics act primarily on the glomerlus. The latter conclusion was based upon observations of substances not currently categorized as being diuretic agents. The absence of a major conceptual advance in the writings of Isaacs probably accounts for that fact that his contribution has been largely forgotten.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2004

[Charles Bonnet's syndrome].

Charles Bonnet's syndrome is characterized by the existence of visual hallucinations without psychiatric manifestations or cognitive disorder. Most patients are elderly people with severe visual problems. The objective of this paper is to describe the cases of three patients with this syndrome. The first is an 87 year old woman with bilateral cataract who had visual hallucinations seeing women and faces. The second is another 87 year old woman with advanced myopia and visions of people, animals and objects. The third is a 52 year old woman with atypical pigmentary retinopathy who suffered visual hallucinations of objects and animals in color. The neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies were not contributory. Treatment with neuroleptics or antiepileptics was effective only in one case. We conclude that it is important to know the syndrome and to differentiate it from psychiatric semiology. Deafferentation of the visual cortex could be the decisive factor in the occurrence of visual hallucinations.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Charles Buchet (1848-1933), father of the french Society of pharmaceutical story].

Charles Buchet, pharmacist, worked nearly fifty years in " the Pharmacie centrale de France", of which he endly was Director and President during 35 years. In 1913, he conceived the project of a french society of history of pharmacy, which was achieved with the help of E.-H. Guitard and P. Dorveauz. He was the President of this Society from 1920 to 1928. He really was the "father of the SHP".

France↗
PubMed2004

Francis Omaswa: From cardiothoracic surgeon to village health advocate. Interview by Charles Wendo.

Uganda's Director General of Health Services, Prof. Francis Omaswa says that abolition of user fees in his country has enabled more people to access health services. "Development partners now agree that it was a mistake to require people to pay for health services. the rest of the world should go that way" From high tech practice in the UK and Nairobi, Prof Omaswa established a model rural operation theatre in a poor rural area in Ngora, Eastern Uganda that became the envy of East Africa. He established model village health teams to provide the backbone of a district health system. When he became the head of Uganda's ministry of health he pushed for these teams country wide. This, together with President Museveni's open and multi sectoral approach to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, has contributed to Uganda's success story: HIV prevalence rates have plummeted from 30% to 5%. Charles Wendo caught up with him and gives a rare glimpse into this remarkable son of Africa: surgeon, public health advocate with rare leadership skills.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Charles Bonnet and Leibniz's notion of organism].

This article takes into account Leibniz's notion of organism and its impact on Charles Bonnet's Considérations sur les corps oganisés (1762). Leibniz adopted mechanical, dynamical and teleological views to explain the structure and function of living bodies. He stressed the idea of continuity in animal generation, and held a moderate version of preformation in the field of embryology. Organisms are the outcome of the combination of infinite series of microstructures and of their powers. Bonnet adhered to Leibniz's principle of continuity in his investigations on th reproduction of the polyps. It is therefore apparent, as shown by Bonnet, that in the late XVIIIth century, Leibniz's notion of life played an important role in life sciences.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[A brief overview of the history of the Institute of Human Studies in Medicine at the First Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague].

The Institute of Human Studies in Medicine (UHSL) was initiated at the First Medical Faculty of Charles University (1. LF UK) in Prague in 1989. At the beginning, the Institute drew upon the ideas and work of a number of medical professionals who were dealing with the issues of their discipline in a wider context. Thus, they created a foundation for current disciplines such as medical ethics, the philosophy of medicine, psychology, psychotherapy and others. These scholars included, for example: prof. Mihajlo Rostohar, prof. MUDr. Vladimír Vondrácek, prof. MUDr. Zdenek Myslivecek, doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Dobrý, CSc., doc. Nikolaj Jevgrafovic Osipov, prof. MUDr. Bohuslav Boucek, and prof. MUDr. Ferdinand Knobloch, CSc. UHSL was first listed in the Curriculum of the 1. LF UK (Karolinka) in the school year 1991-1992. In the following years, the Institute underwent rapid changes such as personnel structure, areas of specification, and educational programs. The structure of UHSL was divided into the following departments: the Department of Medical Ethics and Anthropology, the Department of Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, the Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, since the school year 1996-1997 the Department of Psychotherapy and Psychology and Psychotherapy Counselling Office. In 1998, UHSL was assigned the project "Goals of Medicine: Quality of Life", which required the participation of doctors, philosophers, psychologists, theologians, historians, mathematicians and others. The decisive factor for UHSL was the appointiment of the dean of the 1. LF UK on January 24, 2002, and thus establishing UHSL as a separate institution with its own organizational structure and fields of study. Later, UHSL was divided into two independent institutions: UHSL, and the Institute for Social Medicine and Public Health (USMVZ). The history of UHSL is documented by the facts about its directors, professors and doctors, visits of foreign specialists, international cooperation, study guidelines and library information, available to UHSL scholars.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2004

Unilateral congenital elbow luxation in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.

A 7-week-old, intact female, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was evaluated for nonweight bearing lameness of the right forelimb. Type III unilateral congenital elbow luxation was diagnosed radiographically. After surgical reduction, temporary placement of a transarticular pin, and external splinting of the joint, full weight bearing was achieved. Radial head subluxation persisted.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Treatment of the Hirschsprung's disease (HD) at the Department of Pediatric Surgery of Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, from 1979 to 2004].

BACKGROUND: Survey of surgical techniques, strategy and results of the treatment of patients with Hirschsprung's disease (HD) at the Department of Pediatric Surgery of Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine in Prague from 1979 to 2004 is presented. METHODS AND RESULTS: Paper summarises a twenty-five years long retrospective study of medical records of 274 patients who were operated on 1979-2004. 173 (67,3 %) pts had classical rectosigmoid (CRA) and/or long colonic aganglionosis (LCA). 19 (6,4 %) pts had total colonic aganlionosis with small bowel involvement (TCA). 72 (26,3 %) pts suffered from ultra-short rectal aganglionosis (URA). 74 pts with CRA and LCA operated on 1979-1991 underwent Kasai's colorectoplasty. 8 (10,8 %) of them had anastomotic leak, 7 (9,5 %) pts had anastomotic stricture, 2 (2,7 %) pts had postoperative enterocolitis (PEC) and 10 (13,5 %) had chronic constipation. In 6 pts an additional partial sphincteromyectomy of the internal anal sphincter SFME) had to be done. In period 1991-2004 93 pts underwent Swenson's procedure with (SFME). Anastomotic leak occurred in 3 (3,2 %) pts. Anastomotic stricture, PEC and/or chronic constipation were not registered. In 6 pts with anastomotic leak from both groups Soave re-do pull-through was done. In 2003-2004, 10 pts with CRA underwent a transanal resection of aganglionic segment with Swenson's colorectoplasty. One pt developed anal stricture. 3 of 19 pts with TCA operated on in 1979-1990 underwent classic Martin's long side to side ileo-recto-colic anastomosis. In 16 pts of 1991-2004 only short ileo-recto anastomosis according to Kasai and/or Swenson were done. In 93 pts suffering from URA a Lynn's SFME was performed. Three-stage procedure for the last time was used in 3 pts in 1984. Two- and one-stage procedures are still used. CONCLUSIONS: A number of postoperative complications decreased, a three-stage procedure was abandonned and the operation of HD is currently performed in newborn. In CRA a TAR replaced the laparatomy and in TCA the short ileo-rectal anastomosis is performed only.

Child↗
PubMed2003

[Visual hallucinations: the Charles Bonnet syndrome].

The Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) commonly designates visual hallucinations (VH) occurring in visually impaired patients. However, there is no consensual definition. The existence of an ophthalmic disease and the absence of cognitive impairment are mandatory or not according to the proposed diagnostic criteria. CBS affects 12 to 15% of visually impaired patients. VH are often repetitive and stereotyped, elementary or complex, involving human figures in most cases. The patients had full insight of the unrealistic character of their VH. The main risk factors are old age and severe visual impairment. Functional imagery studies showed that the VH of SCB correlate with cerebral activity in ventral extrastriate visual cortex and that the hallucinations reflect the functional specializations of this region. This activity could represent release phenomena due to deafferentation of the visual associative cortical areas. No systematic therapeutic trial has been performed. Anticonvulsivant drugs may help in some instances. However, reassurance and explanations are sufficient in most cases. The VH in the hemianopic field after a stroke probably share pathophysiologic mechanisms with CBS. Finally, visual impairment appear as a non specific risk factor for VH in some conditions such as late paraphrenia and some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease.

Hallucinations↗
PubMed2005

Mitral valve prolapse in Cavalier King Charles spaniel: a review and case study.

A 5 year-old spayed female Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was presented after a 3- to 5-day onset of severe respiratory distress. The dog also had a history of several episodes of syncope prior to presentation. A comprehensive diagnostic investigation revealed a midsystolic click sound on cardiac auscultation, signs of left sided cardiac enlargement in ECG and thoracic radiography, mitral valvular leaflet protrusion into left the atrium, decreased E-point-to septal separation (EPSS) and mitral regurgitated flow in echocardiography, all of which are characteristic signs of mitral valvular prolapse. After intensive care with diuretics [corrected] and a vasodilator with oxygen supplement, the condition of the dog was stabilized. The dog was then released and is being medicated with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with regular follow-up.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed2006

Kenneth Charles Appell, M.D.: the surgeon who performed the first radiocephalic fistulas for hemodialysis.

Radiocephalic fistula for hemodialysis is the most effective vascular access since it was developed at the Bronx Veterans Administration Hospital in New York City by Kenneth Charles Appell in February 1965. The first fourteen cases were published in a classic paper (N Engl J Med 1966;275: 1089-1092). Some aspects of the biography of Dr. Appell, together with the history of the development of radiocephalic fistula are described in this historical vignette. Dr Appell, age 82, is currently living in New York's Hudson Valley.

Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical↗
PubMed1991

Charles Robert Richet and some milestones in the history of allergies.

French medicine in the second half of the 19th century includes the seminal contributions of Claude Bernard, Lasèque, Trousseau, Jaccoud and Charcot, and counted among the most notable representatives is Professor Charles Robert Richet, Nobel Prize Winner for Medicine and Physiology in 1913, for the discovery of anaphylaxis. With his versatile personality he was involved in many different fields. His investigative work included diverse themes such as respiration, digestion, epilepsy and the regulation of body heat. To him we owe three new words, and as such, three new concepts: anaphylaxis, polypnea and zoomotherapy. Richet also excelled as a bacteriologist, pathologist, medical statistician, poet, novelist, playwright, historian, psychologist, parapsychologist, pacifist, philosopher and bibliographer. Especially interested in telepathy, and in general, extrasensory perception phenomena, he contributed decisively to the creation of a new science, metapsychics.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed1978

[Mental health in Pointe-St-Charles : towards collective responsibility.].

The Pointe St-Charles Community Clinic is a popular, user-run clinic, where psychiatric treatment is integrated into the services of the medical-social teams, and where, more globally, an attitude of a collective responsability for mental health is beginning to develop as a result of the active involvement, on the part of both clinic workers and users, in the social change process and the optimal use of the natural community ressource network.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2006

The Charles Drew program in Missouri: a description of a partnership among a blood center and several hospitals to address the care of patients with sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder which can be complicated by stroke in infancy and childhood. The primary and secondary prevention of stroke in this patient population is regular RBC transfusion therapy at least every three weeks, but there is no consensus on the ideal RBC transfusion therapy. The Charles Drew Program, a partnership among a blood center and several hospitals affiliated with academic medical centers in Missouri, provides RBCs for the care of patients with SCD. There are three basic aims: the RBC components are phenotypically matched on three minor RBC antigens, the units are less than 7 days old, and each patient has a limited number of dedicated donors, so that the donor exposure is minimized. This report describes the operational phases of this program and summarizes its performance with respect to each of these aims.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed2006

[Teaching arthroscopy techniques at the Educational Center for Clinical Anatomy and Endoscopy (ECAE), Department of Anatomy, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague].

In the period from 2000 to 2005, with support of several grants, a unique multi-media center for teaching endoscopic techniques was established at the Department of Anatomy, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague. This conditions have been provided for the repeated use of cadavers preserved by a special embalming method of Professor Thiel of the Institute for Anatomy, University of Graz, for simulation of surgical procedures. One room of the Department has been converted into a small operating theatre and an audio-visual network with wireless Internet connection covers the whole dissection unit of the Department. A graphic studio for production of teaching materials has also been set up. The course in dissection for the first- and second-year medical students also includes demo arthroscopy. In addition to the courses for students, postgraduate courses for young surgeons are organized. These provide an opportunity to learn about techniques and instruments employed in a broad range of arthroscopic procedures, using appropriate cadaver materials.

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed2006

[Legitimation of Andries Van Wesele, Andreas Vesalius's father, by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles the Fifth].

Andries van Wesele, Andreas Vesalius's father and a court pharmacist of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles the fifth, was an illegitimate son of Everard van Wesele, a court physician of the Hapsburgs. In the year of 1531, Andries was legitimated by the Emperor. The legitimation letter was written in French. The author tried to translate and analyze the letter. By this legitimation, not only Andries himself was legitimated but also his successors were approved to succeed Andries. By this letter, Andreas Vesalius obtained his position as a hereditary member of a family serving the court of the Hapsburgs, and as a result, he started his career as a physician of the court.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

What became of Arthur Conan Doyle's father? The last years of Charles Altamont Doyle.

This paper examines the fate of Arthur Conan Doyle's father, Charles Altamont Doyle, a Victorian illustrator, who spent his last years as an asylum inmate. Based on new archival research, it looks at the reasons for his institutionalisation and what befell him during his stay. It will consider Doyle's claim that he was wrongfully confined and also the suggestion that his family were responsible for having him committed. Finally, the paper will examine the nature of Doyle's condition and the creative work he produced whilst an asylum inmate.

Alcoholism↗