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PubMed1991

Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections: studies with human parainfluenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14.

Hands often become contaminated with respiratory viruses, either directly or through contact with contaminated surfaces. Spread of such viruses could then occur by touching the nasal mucosa or the conjunctivae. In this quantitative study, we compared the survival of mucin-suspended human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) and rhinovirus 14 (RV-14) and the transfer of the viruses to and from the fingers of adult volunteers. When each finger pad was contaminated with 10 microliters of either HPIV-3 (1.3 x 10(5) to 5.5 x 10(5) PFU) or RV-14 (2.1 x 10(4) to 1.1 x 10(5) PFU), less than 1.0% of HPIV-3 and 37.8% of RV-14 remained viable after 1 h; after 3 h, nearly 16% of RV-14 could still be detected, whereas HPIV-3 became undetectable. Tests on the potential spread of viruses from contaminated hands or surfaces were conducted 20 min after contamination of the donor surface by pressing together donor and recipient surfaces for 5 s. Transfer of HPIV-3 from finger to finger or finger to metal disk could not be detected, but 1.5% of infectious HPIV-3 was transferred from disk to finger. Irrespective of the type of donor or recipient surface, 0.7 to 0.9% of RV-14 was transferred. The relatively rapid loss of HPIV-3 infectivity on hands suggests that their role in the direct spread of parainfluenza viruses is limited. However, the findings of this study further reinforce the view that hands can be vehicles for rhinovirus colds. These results also suggest a role for nonporous environmental surfaces in the contamination of hands with respiratory viruses.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Heated, humidified air for the common cold.

BACKGROUND: Heated, humidified air has long been used by common cold sufferers. The theoretical basis is that steam may help congested mucus drain better and heat may destroy cold virus as it does in vitro. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of inhaling heated water vapour (steam), in the treatment of the common cold by comparing symptoms, viral shedding and nasal resistance. SEARCH STRATEGY: In this updated review we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library issue 4, 2005); MEDLINE (2003 to December Week 2 2005); EMBASE (July 2003 to September 2005); and Current Contents (current five years). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using heated water vapor in patients with the common cold or volunteers with experimentally induced common cold. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All the articles retrieved were initially subjected to a review for inclusion or exclusion criteria. Review articles, editorials and abstracts with inadequate outcome descriptions were excluded. Studies selected for inclusion were subjected to a methodological assessment. MAIN RESULTS: Six trials were included. Three found benefits of steam for symptom relief with the common cold (odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31; 0.16 to 0.60; relative risk (RR) 0.56; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.79). Results on symptom indices were equivocal. No studies demonstrated an exacerbation of clinical symptom scores. One USA study demonstrated worsened nasal resistance, while an earlier Israeli one showed improvement. One study examined viral shedding and antibody titres in nasal washings: there was no change of either between treatment and placebo groups. Minor side effects (including discomfort or irritation of the nose) were reported in some studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Steam inhalation are not recommended in the routine treatment of common cold symptoms until more double-blind RCT trials are conducted.

Air↗
PubMed1992

Effects of influenza and the common cold on the Stroop color-word test.

Two experiments examined the effects of experimentally induced upper respiratory viral infections on selective attention. In Exp. 1, 61 adults were challenged with a cold-producing virus; analysis showed no effect of infection or illness on performance of the Stroop task. In contrast to this the results of Exp. 2, involving 27 adults, showed that influenza increased distractibility from irrelevant stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Synthesis and evaluation of peptidyl Michael acceptors that inactivate human rhinovirus 3C protease and inhibit virus replication.

Human rhinovirus, the chief cause of the common cold, contains a positive-sense strand of RNA which is translated into a large polyprotein in infected cells. Cleavage of the latter to produce the mature viral proteins required for replication is catalyzed in large part by a virally encoded cysteine proteinase (3Cpro) which is highly selective for -Q approximately GP- cleavage sites. We synthesized peptidyl derivatives of vinylogous glutamine or methionine sulfone esters (e.g., Boc-Val-Leu-Phe-vGln-OR: R = Me, 1; R = Et, 2) and evaluated them as inhibitors of HRV-14 3C protease (3Cpro). Compounds 1 and 2 and several related tetra- and pentapeptide analogues rapidly inactivated 3Cpro with submicromolar IC50 values. Electrospray mass spectrometry confirmed the expected 1:1 stoichiometry of 3Cpro inactivation by 1, 2, and several other analogues. Compound 2 also proved to be useful for active site titration of 3Cpro, which has not been possible heretofore because of the lack of a suitable reagent. In contrast to 1, 2, and congeners, peptidyl Michael acceptors lacking a P4 residue have greatly reduced or negligible activity against 3Cpro, consistent with previously established structure-activity relationships for 3Cpro substrates. Hydrolysis of the P1 vinylogous glutamine ester to a carboxylic acid also decreased inhibitory activity considerably, consistent with the decreased reactivity of acrylic acids vs acrylic esters as Michael acceptors. Incorporating a vinylogous methionine sulfone ester in place of the corresponding glutamine derivative in 1 also reduced activity substantially. Compounds 1 and 2 and several of their analogues inhibited HRV replication in cell culture by 50% at low micromolar concentrations while showing little or no evidence of cytotoxicity at 10-fold higher concentrations. Peptidyl Michael acceptors and their analogues may prove useful as therapeutic agents for pathologies involving cysteine proteinase enzymes.

3C Viral Proteases↗
PubMed2006

Positive emotional style predicts resistance to illness after experimental exposure to rhinovirus or influenza a virus.

OBJECTIVE: In an earlier study, positive emotional style (PES) was associated with resistance to the common cold and a bias to underreport (relative to objective disease markers) symptom severity. This work did not control for social and cognitive factors closely associated with PES. We replicate the original study using a different virus and controls for these alternative explanations. METHODS: One hundred ninety-three healthy volunteers ages 21 to 55 years were assessed for a PES characterized by being happy, lively, and calm; a negative emotional style (NES) characterized by being anxious, hostile, and depressed; other cognitive and social dispositions; and self-reported health. Subsequently, they were exposed by nasal drops to a rhinovirus or influenza virus and monitored in quarantine for objective signs of illness and self-reported symptoms. RESULTS: For both viruses, increased PES was associated with lower risk of developing an upper respiratory illness as defined by objective criteria (adjusted odds ratio comparing lowest with highest tertile = 2.9) and with reporting fewer symptoms than expected from concurrent objective markers of illness. These associations were independent of prechallenge virus-specific antibody, virus type, age, sex, education, race, body mass, season, and NES. They were also independent of optimism, extraversion, mastery, self-esteem, purpose, and self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS: We replicated the prospective association of PES and colds and PES and biased symptom reporting, extended those results to infection with an influenza virus, and "ruled out" alternative hypotheses. These results indicate that PES may play a more important role in health than previously thought.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

The rhinoviruses of man.

Rhinoviruses, prominent agents of the common cold syndrome in man, are small ribonucleic acid (rna) viruses resembling enteroviruses in their physicochemical properties except for high density and lability to acid pH. Rhinoviruses are propagated in human and monkey cells. Highest titers of virus are obtained in HeLa cell cultures. Rhinoviruses produce characteristic cytopathic effect in diploid fibroblasts. A plaque assay in HeLa cells is useful for their titration. The rhinovirus group includes many serotypes. Although rhinoviruses cause predominantly upper respiratory tract symptoms, they may on occasion infect the lower respiratory tract. Volunteers with specific antibody, when challenged with homotypic rhinovirus, are protected against the common cold.

Common Cold↗
PubMed2005

Interleukin-10 gene expression in acute virus-induced asthma.

RATIONALE: Virus-induced asthma is characterized by marked neutrophil influx and eosinophil degranulation, suggesting a mode of immunopathogenesis different from that of allergen-induced asthma. OBJECTIVES: This study compared induced sputum cytokine responses in subjects with severe asthma exacerbation and respiratory virus infection with those of patients with stable asthma, healthy control subjects, and virus-infected nonasthmatic subjects. METHODS: Subject infection status and pulmonary history were established on the basis of common cold and asthma questionnaires, and lung function and atopy tests were performed. Respiratory virus infection was diagnosed by cell culture and direct polymerase chain reaction, using induced sputum. The induced sputum cellular profile was examined and cytokine gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A respiratory virus was detected in 78% of subjects with acute asthma. Specific viruses detected were rhinovirus (83%), influenza (15%), enterovirus (4%), and respiratory syncytial virus (2%). Virus-infected subjects with acute asthma or no asthma had increased RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha messenger RNAs compared with other groups. Interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA was significantly increased in virus-infected acute asthma and reduced on recovery from acute asthma. IL-5, eotaxin, and IL-8 mRNA transcripts were similar across groups. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma exacerbation triggered by respiratory virus infection is characterized by increased IL-10 gene expression that may explain the suppressed eosinophil influx in acute asthma. Airway neutrophilia due to respiratory virus infection is associated with chemokine gene expression involving RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Bronchial inflammation and the common cold: a comparison of atopic and non-atopic individuals.

BACKGROUND: Cold virus infections are associated with asthma attacks and with increased bronchial responsiveness even in normal subjects. Possible mechanisms include epithelial damage, interaction with adhesion molecules or with T-helper cell subsets. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether colds increase lower airway inflammation, comparing atopic with non-atopic normal subjects. METHODS: Thirty healthy volunteers (15 atopic) took part. Baseline tests included viral serology, microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction for rhinovirus infection (HRV-PCR), histamine bronchial provocation and bronchoscopy. Twenty subjects (eight atopic) underwent repeat tests when they developed a cold. RESULTS: Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was significantly lower during colds (-0.19 L [95% confidence interval -0.10, -0.29], P = 0.0004) and there was a significant increase in bronchial responsiveness (+0.62 doublings of the dose-response slope [+0.24, +1.00], P = 0.003). Eight subjects (two atopic) had a diagnosed viral infection: two HRV, three coronavirus (HCV), one HRV + HCV, one parainfluenza III (PI) and one respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (also Haemophilus influenzae). In biopsies, during colds, total eosinophils (EGI+) increased significantly (geometric mean 6.73-fold [1.12,40.46], P = 0.04). Activated eosinophils (EG2+) only increased significantly in the subgroup without diagnosed viral infection and particularly in atopic rhinitics. T-suppressor (CD8+) cells also increased significantly (median + 178.3 cells mm2, P = 0.004). Epithelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression increased in four atopic rhinitics during colds. Bronchial washings showed a significant increase in neutrophils (GM 1.53-fold [1.04,2.25], P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Lower airway inflammation was present in atopic and non-atopic normal subjects with colds. Atopic subjects differed in that they were less likely to have positive virological tests and were more likely to show activated eosinophilia in the lower airway, despite a similar spectrum of symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lower airways inflammatory response during rhinovirus colds.

Human rhinovirus (HRV) causes the majority of common colds and possibly also asthma exacerbations. Mechanisms linking viruses to changes in airway reactivity are not defined and we hypothesized that changes in endobronchial cell populations may be implicated. Bronchial mucosal biopsies taken before, during and after experimental infections with HRV serotype 16 were examined and histamine reactivity was measured in 17 adult volunteers (6 atopic asthmatics). Biopsies were examined for mast cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils by immunohistochemical techniques. Increases in histamine responsiveness (PC20) were found (p = 0.048), accompanied by an increase in submucosal lymphocytes (p = 0.05). There was a significant increase in epithelial eosinophils with the cold (p = 0.042), and in asthmatics this appeared to persist into convalescence. Rhinoviral common colds are associated with a bronchial mucosal lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrate that may be related to changes in airway responsiveness and asthma exacerbations.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold.

OBJECTIVE: Reading this article will reinforce the reader's knowledge of the pathogenesis of the common cold. The rationale for current and potential therapies for the common cold are reviewed in the context of current concepts of the pathogenesis of these illnesses. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: A MEDLINE literature search was done using the search terms common cold, rhinovirus, and viral respiratory infection. The search was restricted to the English language. Articles were selected for review if the title and/or abstract suggested the content was relevant to the subject of this review. The bibliographies of selected articles were used as a source of additional literature. RESULTS: Recent studies suggest that the host response to the virus is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of the common cold. Inflammatory mediators, especially the pro-inflammatory cytokines, appear to be an important component of this response and present an attractive target for new interventions for common cold therapies. Currently available treatments for the common cold have limited efficacy against specific symptoms. These therapies should be selected to treat the specific symptoms that are perceived to be the most bothersome by the patient.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Presence of interferon in the middle ear during secretory otitis media.

In connection with grommet insertion due to secretory otitis media (SOM), the middle ear effusion was collected and studied for content of interferon and bacteria. The study material comprised a total of 47 ears in 29 children, but from 10 ears the effusion was too viscous for interferon titration, so only 24 children were ultimately included. Interferon was present in 5 ears of 3 children. A child having a low titre in both ears had recently been treated with penicillin. From the other 2 children, pneumococci were cultured. Twelve of the included children had a common cold, but of them only 2 had interferon in the middle ear. The production of interferon was presumably induced by the pneumococci, not by virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The common cold, pattern sensitivity and contrast sensitivity.

Results from two studies involving challenge with respiratory syncytial viruses showed that volunteers who developed colds were more sensitive to a visually distracting pattern presented prior to virus challenge than were volunteers who did not get a cold. Volunteers with sub-clinical infections reported more illusions after virus challenge than they had done before, whereas uninfected volunteers and those with colds tended to report fewer illusions on the second test. These effects did not occur when volunteers were challenged with either a coronavirus or rhinovirus. Overall, the results confirm that behavioural measures may be related to susceptibility to subsequent illness, and that viral infections may influence visual perception. They also show that the effects vary according to the nature of the infecting agent, which agrees with results from studies looking at other aspects of behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Fireside conference 11. Common cold.

The accepted concept that cold symptoms are usually caused by destruction of the nasal epithelium by virus and that epithelial damage may led to secondary bacterial infection is not supported by this work. Although influenza and adenovirus may destroy the epithelium, no destruction of the nasal epithelium was detected either in vivo during natural or rhinovirus cold on in-vitro in nasal epithelial organ cultures. Infiltration of the nasal mucosa with neutrophils early in the cold does not indicate bacterial infection but may be a direct result of the viral infection. Purulent nasal secretions, which are common in uncomplicated colds, were not accompanied by discernible changes in the aerobic bacterial flora. The nasopharynx may be an important area for further exploration in the study of the pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection since it is a site to which mucus containing virus from the entire nasal mucosa is brought. A prominent feature of the posterior nasopharyngeal wall in both children and adults is a mass of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (adenoid or nasopharyngeal tonsils). Preliminary data has suggested that the epithelium overlying the lymphoid tissue expresses ICAM-1 receptors in the normal state, whereas the nasal epithelium does not. This is interesting since the majority of rhinovirus serotypes gain entrance to human cells by this receptor. Symptoms in a rhinovirus cold could result from release of inflammatory and/or neuromediators from the adenoid. Recently, Naclerio et al (8) have demonstrated that kinins and an increased number of neutrophils in nasal secretions correlate with occurrence of symptoms in volunteers with rhinovirus colds.

Biopsy↗