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PubMed2006

Seroprevalence of cysticercosis in a rural village of Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia.

The objective of this study was to determine exposure to cysticercosis among a rural population in a selected village in Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 135 serum samples were analyzed. The result showed that the seroprevalence of cysticercosis antibodies was 2.2%. There was no significant difference in the seroprevalence among age groups (p=0.307). Even though there was a slightly higher antibody titer in males compared to females, the difference was not significant (p=0.400). The results indicate evidence of exposure to cysticercosis in this rural population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in cattle.

Serum IgG response of cattle with cysticercosis caused by Taenia saginata was studied in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) where a T. saginata metacestode surface extract was used as antigen. In experimentally infected calves, a sharp rise in specific antibody levels was found 3-4 weeks after the infection followed by a logical level of detection corresponded to about 25 cysts. The ELISA was employed in cattle herds where cysticercosis outbreaks had occurred and also in supposedly uninfected herds. Significantly increased antibody levels were found in the herds with massive cysticercosis cases. The test was not adapted for individual diagnosis as some animals of the uninfected herds, especially within the older age groups, had elevated antibody values. The ELISA was, however, useful in the investigation of outbreaks to determine the extent and pattern of the infection in the herd. The rate of decline in antibody levels in these herds was studied by follow up sampling. The increased antibody levels in the infected herds were also reflected in colostrum-fed calves. This observation was employed to estimate the time of infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Control of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis by focus-oriented chemotherapy of taeniasis.

The mortality, mortality, and disability due to Taenia solium neurocysticercosis are common and serious health problems in some regions, including several Asian countries. Neurocysticercosis in man and cysticercosis in pigs can be controlled by treatment, in man with a single, low (2 1/2 or 5 mg/kg) and safe dose of praziquantel. The problem which remains is the identification of a Taenia solium taeniasis foci. The definition of a focus is: T. solium-infected or suspected case; household with recent case of epilepsy in family or cysticercosis in pigs; group of houses or a village with high rate of cysticercosis in pigs. In a rural area a focus can be easily identified by tracing infected pigs to their place of origin, or in vivo tongue examination. All people with suspected T. solium taeniasis in a focus should be treated.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Plasma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral cysticercosis].

We studied in twenty patients with proven cerebral cysticercosis the presence of plasma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We found plasma cells in 50 per cent of the patients. All of them had subarachnoid cysticercosis or basal arachnoiditis. The presence of plasma cells was significantly associated to higher protein levels, greater number of inflammatory cells, and higher levels of IgG in the CSF. None of the patients had received medical treatment or steroids prior to the test. These findings suggest a role of plasma cells in the pathogenesis of the cysticercotic disease. The presence of plasma cells in the CSF is part of the immune response against the parasite. We also found that plasma cells are more frequently encountered in the CSF (50 per cent) than eosinophils (20 per cent) in patients with cerebral cysticercosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Human cysticercosis. Four cases. (second part) (author's transl)].

Beside the principal aspects of cysticercosis (see the first part of this article) there are others clinical forms : medullar, ocular, subcutaneous, often associated to cerebral cysticercosis, latent or not. The complemental investigations are numerous, their value is variable. The complemental investigations are numerous, their value is variable. It is often difficult to distinguish cysticercosis from cenurosis. Therapy remains deceitful. Very important and useful are the measures of prevention.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

[Cysticercosis of the brain (author's transl)].

Two cases of cysticercosis of the brain with multilocular parasite infestation are reported. Case 1 showed temporal lobe epilepsy with corresponding EEG and parkinsonism. Pathomorphologically there were parasites in the sylvian fossa and a bilateral necrosis of the pallidum. In case 2 there was a cranial nerve deficit (n.vestibulo-cochlearis) with pronounced vestibular ataxia. Parasite vesicles were surgically removed from the cerebello-pontine angle. Neurohistologically, chronic inflammatory changes were present in the immediate vicinity of the parasite. In both cases there was cysticercosis of the rhomboid fossa and base of the brain (leptomeningitis) with evidence of a process of the posterior cranial fossa. Psychic changes (hysteriform behavioral abnormalities, psychotic episodes and, increasingly, an organic psychosyndrome) were observed particularly in case 1. This case was followed for 11 years on the basis of documented and personal investigations. This report discusses the differential diagnosis and therapy of brain cysticercosis with reference to the two cases and the literature.

Ataxia↗

PubMed1989

[Cerebral cysticercosis: a case report with special reference to CT and MRI findings].

A case of cerebral cysticercosis was reported with special reference to CT and MRI findings. A 51-year-old man, who had traveled to Taiwan in 1984, was admitted to the hospital for further examination concerning right hemiconvulsion, on January 23, 1988. On admission, a slightly euphoric state and Foster Kennedy syndrome (left: optic atrophy, right: choked disc) were observed. CT scan revealed multiple cystic lesions with ring-like enhancement around basal cisterns. MRI showed intensity of cyst contents parallel to CSF (on T1 and T2 weighted images) and high intensity rim around the cysts (especially on T2 weighted image). An operation was performed and the cysts were almost totally removed. The cyst was confirmed pathologically as cysticercosis, but no scolex was found in it. Postoperative immunological study on the serum and CSF was negative. In the diagnosis of atypical cystic lesions around basal cisterns, cerebral cysticercosis, rare in Japan, should also be considered, and it was emphasized that MRI was very useful for the diagnosis of such cysts.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed1988

[Successful treatment of cerebral cysticercosis with praziquantel].

A case of a 56-year-old Korean man with cerebral cysticercosis was reported. This case demonstrated the first successful treatment with praziquantel in Japan and also the usefulness of a low-dose regime in the treatment of cerebral cysticercosis. The patient was admitted to our hospital with a 7 years history of generalized seizure and a 6 months history of gait disturbance. He had 6 subcutaneous nodules. A CT scan of the brain showed multiple cysts containing a small calcification and the largest lesion measured 5 cm in diameter in the cerebellar vermis. Posterior fossa craniectomy was performed and the cyst was pathologically confirmed as cysticercosis. A month postoperatively the patient was given praziquantel 50 mg/kg body weight in 3 divided doses per day. But medication with praziquantel was stopped on the 5th day because of severe headache, nausea and vomiting. He was readmitted 6 months later with appearance of gait disturbance, left facial paresis and dysphagia. A CT scan revealed enlargement of some of the residual cysts. The patient was then given smaller doses of praziquantel 8 mg/kg body weight in 3 divided doses with steroid cover for 48 days. He experienced no side effect during the therapy and became free from the neurological symptoms. A CT scan showed complete disappearance and only numerous small calcifications of the cysts.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed1988

[Diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis on Réunion Island by an immuno-enzymological method (ELISA): comparison with x-ray computed tomography].

An immunoenzymologic (Elisa) serodiagnosis of cysticercosis is evaluated in 75 encephalic cysticercosis patients whose diagnosis of the disease and its progression in assessed by tomodensitometry. A Taenia solium antigen is used. Only IgG are investigated. The sensibility of serodiagnosis is 85% and specificity 87% when there is a progression of the disease; no difference is noticed in the patients without any progression of the disease and in control normal subjects. This serodiagnosis of cysticercosis appears of value for the evaluation of the activity of the disease.

Cysticercosis↗

PubMed1987

Species-specific immunodiagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis by ELISA and immunoblotting.

A combination of ELISA and immunoblotting was evaluated for immunodiagnosis of human T. solium cysticercosis. The sensitivity of ELISA for diagnosis of European, Latin-American, Asian and South African patients with cysticercosis was 75% for serum and 55% for cerebrospinal fluid specimen. Antigens originating from cysticerci in pigs from Mexico and South Africa were of adequate applicability. A species-specific confirmation of T. solium cysticercosis by immunoblotting (detection of antibody activity to the 26 K and 8 K bands) was achieved in 92% (serum) and 100% (CSF) of samples positive in ELISA. No antibodies from 147 patients with other helminth infections reacted with the 26 K and the 8 K band in immunoblotting, resulting in a specificity of 100%.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Indirect immunofluorescense reaction in cysticercosis.

The indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIR) was used to investigate cysticercosis in the serum of 604 subjects; control group I, with 100 subjects gave the following results: 2 per cent positive, 3 per cent weak positive and 95 per cent negative. Group II had 35 cases of cysticercosis, showing 94.28 per cent positive, 5.71 per cent weak positive and 0 per cent negative. In group III, with 100 patients, other diseases were studied showing 5 per cent positive, 7 per cent weak positive and 88 per cent negative. Group IV, with 364 cases with possible cysticercosis, showed 48.90 per cent positive, 10.98 per cent weak positive and 40.10 per cent negative. In group V, five cases of Taenia saginata parasitosis were studied showing a weak positive reading.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Evaluation of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) was evaluated in comparison to the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) for serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis. It was found that CIEP detected antibodies in 7 of 11 (64%) and IHA detected them in 6 of 11 (55%) confirmed cysticercosis sera. Only 2 of 130 control sera were positive by each technique. Taenia saginata adult worm extract was found to be satisfactory for use in CIEP in place of Taenia solium cysticercus extract, with only little loss of sensitivity. Finally, CIEP in combination with IHA greatly increased the diagnostic sensitivity for human cysticercosis.

Antibodies↗

PubMed1979

The immunology of human and animal cysticercosis: a review.

In this review of the literature concerning the immunology of animal and human cysticercosis, emphasis is placed on whether previous exposure to the antigen confers protection to the host. Statistical analysis of the published data indicates that immunized animals have a lower risk than non-immunized animals of contracting cysticercosis, there being large variations within and between different host-cysticercus relationships. There is no indication as to which antigen is best for immunization but, although live parasites in all stages of development, or extracts, appear to give protection, embryos, eggs, and excretions are most frequently used. Antibodies appear to be the principal mediators of resistance, but the action seems to be only upon very young larvae, while fully grown cysticerci are unharmed. Several immunological methods are valuable in the diagnosis of cysticercosis, the choice depending more on the purpose of the study than on differences in their ability to discriminate between healthy and sick. The presence of anticysticercus antibodies in the serum of up to 50% of human patients indicates that human vaccination may be possible in high-risk areas; the remaining patients pose an interesting problem open to speculation and research on immunological evasion, immunodepression, and the existence of serotypes.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Treatment of cysticercosis with praziquantel at the Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases.

Twelve patients with cysticercosis including two cases of subcutaneous cysticercosis and ten cases of combined subcutaneous and, cerebral cysticercosis were treated with praziquantel 30 mg per kilogram of body weight daily in 3 divided doses for 10 days. To minimize possible reactions due to the death of parasites prednisolone 10 mg three times a day was also given in most cases. During treatment, an intense inflammatory reaction occurred as evidenced by increased intracranial pressure and convulsions. Histopathological findings studied at 2 weeks post treatment revealed lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrations with destruction of the larvae. Clinical response was evident at one week post treatment, manifested by a significant decrease in size of the subcutaneous cysts which gradually disappeared at the end of three months. Radiology of soft tissues showed distortion of semicalcified cysts. Brain computerized tomography at 6 months post treatment showed disappearance of the cysts presumed to be due to death of cystercerci and marked reduction in numbers and size of other stages of cysts. Mild and transient side effects were observed in 25% of cases. Two patients (17%) had severe side effects and one (8%) had convulsions during treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Cerebral cysticercosis.

A case of cerebral cysticercosis in an American child is described. The patient was only 2 years old and had never left the United States. Her symptoms began with febrile seizures and progressed to focal motor seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with eosinophilia, candle-guttering of the walls of the ventricles on pneumoencephalography, and a titer of 1:4,096 against cysticercosis antigen in her blood led to the diagnosis. Over a five-year follow-up period, the patient's course has been one of resolution of her symptoms, improvement in her electroencephalogram, and excellent seizure control with anticonvulsant therapy. Cysticercosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child who shows CSF pleocytosis with eosinophilia, particularly if accompanied by focal seizures.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed1984

Serological techniques for the diagnosis of cysticercosis.

Three techniques--an indirect haemagglutination test, a fluorescent antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)--have been established for the detection of cysticercosis antibodies in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cysticercosis. Results obtained using these techniques have been compared to determine the most successful serodiagnostic method. In each test there was a marked difference between the detection of active and of calcified cysts. The results obtained using the three tests were remarkably similar, and none had a statistically significant advantage over the others with regard to the detection of cysticercosis antibodies. However, ELISA appears to have certain other advantages.

Cysticercosis↗

PubMed1980

Cysticercosis cerebri occluding the foramen of Monro.

Cysticercosis cerebri is a rare neurological diagnosis, which is usually made at the time of operation or at autopsy. Few cases have been reported in North America, and these were usually found in immigrants and in domestic travelers who lived in infested countries. Cysticercosis cerebri is classically divided into four general types: 1) intraparenchymal, 2) basilar cisternal, 3) ventricular, and 4) diffuse cerebral. We are presenting a unique case of solitary ventricular cysticercosis occluding the foramen of Monro, and producing an asymmetrical obstructive hydrocephalus.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed1981

[Working conditions and psycho-physical predisposition of the personnel of the Veterinary Sanitary Inspection on detection of cysticercosis in cattle in the slaughterhouses].

Investigations were carried out in 8 industrial slaughter-houses and 19 co-operative slaughter-houses in Wielkopolska regional districts. Environmental conditions concerning the work of the personnel of the Veterinary Sanitary Inspection directly occupied on the posts of investigation of cattle after slaughter were estimated. The mentioned veterinary workers were subjected to general-medical, ophthalmic and psychological examinations in the co-operative of Provincial Specialistic Dispensaries in Poznań. Furthermore, during the period of 2 1/2 years in a selected industrial slaughter-house the influence of individual personal features of veterinary workers on the detection of Cysticercus bovis in investigations on cattle after slaughter was studied. On the ground of the investigations presented a distinct correlation between the obtained results of ophthalmic and psychological investigations and the general sanitary condition of veterinary workers as well as the quality and intensity of lighting in slaughter-houses and the effectiveness of investigations on cattle after slaughter on the presence C. bovis was found. The percentage of the detected cases of the cattle cysticercosis was 7 times higher in industrial slaughter-houses than in co-operative slaughter-houses in regional districts. The performed investigations on the influence of individual personal features of veterinary workers on the detection of C. bovis in selected industrial slaughter-houses--have shown essential differences concerning the effectiveness of these investigations after slaughter carried out by individual persons, who detected cysticercosis during the investigation of heads from 0,40 to 3,58%, inner organs (hearts, lungs and so on) from 0,08 to 1,71% and carcasses of cattle from 0 to 0,08%. From the above observations it appears, that a proper selection of persons as well as a current individual estimation of the work of the sanitary-veterinary supervision are also essential elements stimulating the detection of cattle cysticercosis.

Abattoirs↗