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PubMed1990

Immunofluorescence-microscopic localization of collagen type IV and VI, laminin and nidogen in the livers of Callithrix jacchus during pre- and postnatal development.

The distribution of collagen type IV and VI, laminin and nidogen was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy in the livers of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) at various stages of development, i.e. on days 93, 111, 116 and 134 of gestation, 1 day postpartum and at the mature stage. Large amounts of collagen type IV could in all cases be demonstrated in the sinus wall and in all basal laminae outside the lobule. After the application of antibodies against collagen type VI the sinus wall showed a weak fluorescence reaction at the early stages and a strong binding towards the end of gestation which persisted up to the adult stage. In the periportal field it was mainly localized at the border between lobule and connective tissue. Laminin also increased gradually but could be demonstrated only until birth. In contrast, nidogen was present during the total prenatal and postnatal period. Therefore, collagen type IV and VI were not very suitable for the demonstration of an increase in matrix components under pathological conditions, because they occur already in large amounts in normal livers. However, the occurrence of laminin that was missing in the adult liver must be interpreted as pathological indication. The different occurrence of laminin and nidogen showed that these two substances were expressed and regulated independently of each other.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Hand, mouth and eye preferences in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Motor and sensory preferences were measured for 8 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Three types of motor function were examined: spontaneous feeding, mouth use when chewing and visuospatial reaching. Eye preference was used as an index of sensory lateralization. The marmosets displayed individual preferences for the performance of the motor tasks, but no group biases were revealed. Correlations between preferences displayed on the motor tests suggest that one hemisphere may control spontaneous feeding and lateralized mouth use while the other controls visuospatial reaching, but no consistent preference was present. In an eye preference test, 7 subjects displayed right-eye preferences, suggesting hemispheric specialisation for this function.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and wasting disease in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Six marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), 20 months to 16 years old, died from a disease characterized by weakness and paralysis of the hind legs, weight lose, anemia and transient diarrhea. The lesions most prominent at necropsy were subacute to chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, subacute to chronic pancreatitis, and generalized hemosiderosis. Chronic protein deficiency is believed to be the underlying pathogenic mechanism, since the diet contained no more than 15% animal protein during the last two years, and increasing the amount of protein was accompanied by disappearance of the syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Spontaneous neoplasms of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Oral and nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

Eight spontaneous highly invasive oral and nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas were observed over an 18-month period in a breeding colony of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Affected marmosets were predominantly males over four years of age. The incidence of this tumor in the four-year-plus age group was 4.9%. The tumors were locally invasive through the palate to the nasal cavity, retrobulbar space and cranial cavity in some marmosets with lung metastases present in three cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Idiopathic myelofibrosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia) in a marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): hematologic and histopathologic changes.

Idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF), or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, was diagnosed in a sexually mature male marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) based on the results of hematology and histopathologic evaluation of the bone marrow. The hematologic changes included pancytopenia, leukoerythroblastosis, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, and giant platelets. Histopathologic evaluation of the bone marrow showed marked widespread fibrosis replacing hematopoietic cells and the presence of atypical megakaryocytes. In addition, slight multifocal osteolysis with an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was observed. We believe this is the first report of IMF in a nonhuman primate species.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cage use and feeding height preferences of captive common marmosets (Callithrix j. jacchus) in two-tier cages.

Determining appropriate feeding regimes has important welfare implications for cap-tive primates. This study examined the preference of food bowl heights in 6 pairs of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) housed in a 2-tier cage system. Given that marmosets are arboreal and spend most of their time in the upper half of their cages, we predicted that the marmosets would prefer a food bowl positioned at the top of the cage over one positioned at the bottom. We further predicted that this would be more apparent for the marmosets housed in lower tier than upper tier cages. Given a choice regarding where to feed, marmosets did prefer the top bowl to the bottom bowl; how-ever, when only 1 food bowl was presented, its position had no significant effect on the marmosets' feeding behavior. In addition, contrary to the prediction, there were few differences in the marmosets' feeding behavior in the upper and lower tier cages. Feeding the marmosets in a bowl at the bottom of their cage did not result in greater cage use. On the basis of this study, we recommend positioning captive marmosets' food bowls high in the cage.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2003

Training common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to cooperate during routine laboratory procedures: ease of training and time investment.

The first author trained 12 laboratory-housed common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in pairs to assess the practicality of positive reinforcement training as a technique in the management of these nonhuman animals. Behaviors taught were (a) target training to allow in homecage weighing and (b) providing urine samples. Between 2 to 13, 10-minute training sessions established desired behaviors. Training aggressive animals only after they had been fed eliminated aggression during training. Trained animals proved extremely reliable, and data collection using trained animals was considerably faster than collection using current laboratory techniques. The results suggest that positive reinforcement training is a practical option in the management of laboratory-housed marmosets.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2003

Effects of training on stress-related behavior of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in relation to coping with routine husbandry procedures.

Using positive reinforcement, J. McKinley trained 12 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to provide urine samples on request. The study then exposed the marmosets to mildly stressful, routine husbandry procedures (i.e., capture and weighing). The nonhuman animals spent less time inactive poststressor as opposed to prestressor. L. Bassett collected matched behavioral data from 12 nontrained marmosets who were less accustomed to human interaction. These animals spent significantly more time self-scratching and locomoting as well as less time inactive, poststressor. Collapsed data from the 2 populations showed increased scent marking, poststressor. These results suggest that locomotion, self-scratching, and scent marking are useful, noninvasive behavioral measures of stress and, thus, reduced welfare in the common marmoset. Overall, nontrained animals showed more self-scratching than did their trained counterparts. It was not possible to collect urine from nontrained marmosets. In response to the stressor, however, trained animals showed no significant change in excreted urinary cortisol. These results suggest that training marmosets may allow them to cope better with routine laboratory procedures.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

The selection of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) in pharmaceutical toxicology.

Prior to controlled clinical trials in human volunteers or patients it is required that novel pharmaceuticals are evaluated for pre-clinical safety in a rodent and a non-rodent ('second') species. In most cases the rodent species used has been the rat and the second species has been the dog or macaque (usually cynomolgus or rhesus) monkey. However, there is an increasing trend within the United Kingdom (UK) pharmaceutical industry to use the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) for pre-clinical toxicology programmes. This paper examines the practicality of using the common marmoset (henceforth referred to as 'the marmoset') in toxicological testing and reviews metabolic and pharmacodynamic similarities between this species and humans. It then discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of this species when compared with two other alternatives to the dog and macaque, namely the ferret and minipig. In particular, the marmoset has clear advantages over the macaque in terms of animal welfare and practicality. There is regulatory acceptance of this species for Investigational New Drug (IND), Clinical Trial Exemption (CTX), New Drug Application (NDA) and Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) registrations. Whilst the dog is likely to be maintained as the primary non-rodent species in toxicology, the marmoset has been, and will likely continue to be, adopted as an additional non-rodent species in pre-clinical toxicology programmes where appropriate.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2003

The puzzle-feeder as feeding enrichment for common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): a pilot study.

The use of a puzzle-feeder, as feeding enrichment, was investigated in three families of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The study was carried out as a simultaneous choice test between two cages: one contained the puzzle-feeder, the other contained the usual food dishes, but otherwise both were arranged similarly. The monkeys were allowed to choose whether to feed from the usual dishes, or from the puzzle-feeder which required more effort. They were observed for two sessions in which they were differently motivated to feed. The enriched cage was always visited first, the marmosets managed to extract food from the puzzle-feeder, and spent more time eating from the puzzle-feeder when less hungry. These data contribute to a wider understanding on the use, and the effects, of feeding enrichments with different captive non-human primates.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1983

A survey of the pathology of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) derived from a marmoset breeding unit.

The results of a survey of the major pathological conditions encountered in an established breeding colony of common cotton-eared marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) is presented. 265 home-bred and 70 imported wild-caught marmosets were examined. A Heinz body haemolytic anaemia and skeletal muscle myopathy were the most common pathological findings and were considered to be a result of a complex nutritional deficiency involving vitamin E, selenium and protein. Inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract was also a major feature. Chronic colitis was particularly common in older marmosets. Pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and brain abscesses were important pathological findings in home-bred marmosets and were commonly associated with bacterial infections, particularly Bordetella bronchiseptica and Klebsiella species. Trichospirura leptostoma within pancreatic ducts of wild-caught marmosets was the only significant parasitic disease encountered. Mycotic infections of the upper alimentary tract with Candida species were occasional findings in debilitated animals. No pathological features suggesting viral diseases were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

An outbreak of Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

An outbreak of Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia occurred in a breeding colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). 16 animals, all except one under 12 months of age, died suddenly. Extensive lesions of pneumonia and pleurisy were found at necropsy and B. bronchiseptica was isolated from the nasopharynx, trachea and lungs. Older animals had only a mild rhinitis. Colonization of the nasal mucosa occurred in 71 of 156 marmosets.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A survey of the pathology of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) under experiment.

A survey of the pathology of 567 laboratory-bred cotton-eared marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) is presented. There were few significant pathological changes in animals used in studies up to 6 months in duration, suggesting that the marmoset can be a useful non-human primate species for routine toxicology. The most common pathological changes encountered were chronic colitis, chronic thyroiditis and interstitial mononuclear infiltration in the kidney. No internal parasites were encountered, nor were any viral or bacterial diseases identified. Fungal disease was confined to a few cases of oesophageal mycoses. In a long term study a variety of pathological changes have been observed, including a 'wasting' syndrome, not related to skeletal muscle myopathy, with atrophy of the gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands and gonads, haemosiderosis and fatty change in the liver and osteoporosis. It is suggested that these changes may be related to protein deficiency and that the nutritional requirements of the marmoset require further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Systems for collection of urine in the captive common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus.

Two systems are described for the collection of 24 h urine samples from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Using 84 adult animals, 1210 24-h samples were collected. Mean urinary excretion was 14.4 +/- 7.5 ml/24 h (n = 1210, mean +/- SD). No differences were observed between sexes (for 52 females, 24 h volume = 15.1 +/- 8.0 ml; for 32 males, 24 h volume = 12.5 +/- 6.0 ml). No significant differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant females with respect to 24 h urine volume, and bilateral gonadectomy did not influence subsequent urinary excretion in either sex. For 161 pairs of observations, the intake of drinking water (11.7 +/- 10.2 ml/24 h) and the volume of urine excreted (12.6 +/- 7.1 ml/24 h) showed a positive correlation (r = 0.406 d.f. 159, P less than 0.001: y = 0.558x + 4.247).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Heinz bodies do not modify the membrane characteristics of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) erythrocytes.

The possibility was examined that the membrane function of erythrocytes obtained from healthy common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was modified by the presence in the cells of Heinz bodies. No significant differences were found in erythrocyte endogenous free malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) or reduced glutathione (GSH) between normal human erythrocytes and marmoset erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies. Membrane fluorescent chromolipids, surface charge and thiol levels were similar in both species but average membrane bulk lipid fluidity was slightly elevated in the marmosets. It was concluded that, in contrast to the situation in human erythrocytes, the presence of Heinz bodies in red cells of marmosets does not adversely affect the properties of the membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sex ratio and mortality in a laboratory colony of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

In a retrospective study sex ratio and mortality were analysed in a captive colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Seven hundred and thirty-five infants in 294 litters (20 singletons, 119 twins, 140 triplets, 14 quadruplets) out of 57 breeding females were evaluated. The sex ratio at birth was 0.95 males:1.0 females. The frequency of males and females, as well as the sex composition of twins and triplets confirm the assumption of dizygotic twinning in the common marmoset. According to age at death, 9 categories were differentiated, with perinatal mortality being the highest. Once early infancy had passed the probability of a common marmoset infant of our colony reaching childhood is nearly 95%. Sixty per cent of all liveborn infants survived beyond 18 months. Mortality of infants at birth from primiparous mothers did not differ from that of pluriparous females, nor did the survival rate of infants with the filial generation the respective female had reached (F1 to F6). Females with a high ratio of triplets and quadruplets had a lower reproductive success than females with a majority of singleton or twin deliveries. Differential mortality between males and females was not observed. The frequency of stillbirths was not strongly related to parity, but was to litter-size. Most stillborn babies were seen in sets of quadruplets, most abortions in singletons. A normal socialization in a stable social environment, as well as not pairing the animals before they are fully adult, are considered important factors in good breeding success and infant survival.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1996

Collection of semen from marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) for experimental use by vaginal washing.

Assisted reproductive techniques make an important contribution to the conservation of endangered primate species. In our laboratories marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) are used as a model species for developing assisted reproductive technologies for New World primates. The studies require a reliable method for collecting functional sperm from these small animals. For this purpose a minimally invasive procedure, vaginal washing after natural mating, was evaluated for its suitability as a routine method of obtaining ejaculated sperm of high quality. The objective of the first series of tests was to identify a behavioural pattern which was easily discernible by the observer and provided a reliable indication that ejaculation had occurred. In a second series of tests the influence of length of separation of the male prior to copulation on the quality of the ejaculate was evaluated. Six adult ovariectomized and five adult intact females were used for vaginal washing, while their mates served as donors of ejaculates. Matings at specific times were achieved by separating the males from their females for a certain time period and subsequently introducing either their own mates or unfamiliar males to the females. After each observed mating vaginal washing was performed on the unsedated females. The seminal samples obtained were analysed for sperm concentration, the proportion of motile sperm and the proportion of live sperm. The results have shown (a) that ejaculation was indicated with a reliability of 86.1% by the behaviour of the female, who terminates a copulation by moving away from her partner; (b) that separation of the male for up to six days had no negative effect on the sperm quality; (c) that the sperm samples were of high quality. Vaginal washing after natural matings appears to be a practical, reliable and gentle method for routinely collecting ejaculates from marmoset monkeys and possibly other New World primates.

Animals↗