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PubMed2003

Prevalence of thyroid cancer in hyperthyroidism treated by surgery.

The reported prevalence of thyroid cancer with concurrent hyperthyroidism varies from 0.21% to 9.0%. This variability may be due to multiple factors, such as indications for surgery and histopathologic accuracy. However, this condition is not rare and its prevalence has increased in recent surveys, perhaps as a result of more detailed examinations. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid cancer in hyperthyroid patients at surgery. Forty-five patients, 34 women and 11 men, underwent surgery for hyperthyroidism in our department between 1989 and 2000. Ages ranged from 14 to 67 years. There were 42 cases of Graves' disease, one of functional multinodular goiter, and two of single toxic nodules. Forty-three patients underwent total thyroidectomy and two underwent total lobectomy. Six cases (13.3%) of thyroid cancer were found, two men and four women with ages ranging from 19 to 48 years. Final histologic examination revealed three papillary carcinomas, one follicular carcinoma, one follicular carcinoma combined with clear-cell carcinoma, and one clear-cell carcinoma. Thus, in our department, the prevalence of thyroid cancer in hyperthyroidism treated using surgery was 13.3%. Our study showed that even a single toxic nodule may occur with concurrent thyroid cancer. Careful evaluation of such patients is needed to exclude the presence of associated malignancy and to determine the most appropriate therapeutic plan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of breast cancer predisposition gene mutations in Chinese women and guidelines for genetic testing.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Caucasian females. On average, 1 in 12 women will have breast cancer during their lifetime. There is a marked difference in breast cancer incidence in Chinese. In Hong Kong women, the lifetime risk is 1 in 29. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are high-penetrant cancer predisposition genes, but the prevalence and nature of mutations in these genes appear to be ethnic-specific. It is not clear if the differences in cancer incidence between Caucasians and Chinese are due to genetic or environmental factors. METHODS: In our investigation of BRCA1 mutations among Chinese female patients in Hong Kong, BRCA1 mutations were found in 3.8% (CI: 1.3-8.8%) of 130 breast cancer patients. The prevalence was higher in a separate group of 56 early onset patients, aged<45 years, (8%, CI: 2.2-19.2). Most of the mutations were different from those reported in Caucasians. A deletion 589delCT was found in three unrelated patients, which may represent a common mutation. Similar prevalence of mutations was reported in Taiwan and Singapore Chinese. Other low-penetrant cancer predisposition genes may be important in the pathogenesis of the majority of breast cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Although the epidemiology of breast cancer is different between Caucasians and Chinese, the prevalence of mutations in the high-penetrant cancer-predisposition gene of BRCA1 is comparable. It may indicate that the role of genetic contribution to breast cancer may be similar in the two ethnic groups and the difference in epidemiology may be contributed more heavily by environmental factors.

BRCA2 Protein↗
PubMed1984

The National Cancer Institute Cooperative Early Lung Cancer Detection Program. Results of the initial screen (prevalence). Early lung cancer detection: Introduction.

This introduction provides a description of 3 cooperating studies on Screening for Early Lung Cancer conducted under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute. The next 3 reports detail the unique aspects and results of the individual screening studies. The final presentation summarizes the initial ("prevalence") screening for all 3 centers (approximately 30,000 men), and gives our conclusions.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Risk prevalence and screening for cancer by general practitioners.

BACKGROUND: This study presents cancer risk prevalence and screening rates of patients attending general practitioners. Conditions addressed include smoking, skin cancer, Pap smears, clinical breast examinations, and mammography. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 7,160 patients 18-75 years presenting to 230 general practitioners in a metropolitan and country region in Queensland, Australia, was used. Risk prevalence was assessed from patients' self-report of risk behaviors and screening prior to the consultation. Details of preventive care provided in the consultation were based on doctors' self-report at the conclusion of the consultation. RESULTS: Twenty-seven percent of men and 23% of women smoked, rates being highest in the younger age groups. Using national guidelines, prior screening had not occurred as recommended for men and women as follows: skin cancer screening--66% of men, 70% of women; cervical cancer screening--27%; clinical breast examination--45%; mammography--75%. These patients were thus categorized as "at risk," and screening rates for these patients in the consultation were as follows: smokers--34%; skin cancer--5%; cervical cancer--16%; mammography--4%; clinical breast examination--8%. CONCLUSIONS: Significant numbers of patients presenting to general practitioners were at risk of developing cancer, according to national guidelines. Of these, only small proportions of all groups had a preventive intervention by their GP at the consultation identified in this study. While GPs generally see their role in prevention as important, these results raise questions for future cancer prevention policies and training of GPs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Patterns and trends in prostate cancer incidence, survival, prevalence and mortality. Part I: international comparisons.

The international patterns and trends in prostate cancer incidence, survival, prevalence and mortality were examined. Age-standardized incidence and death rates among men in a variety of countries worldwide were obtained from various sources, survival rates from European sources and elsewhere, and prevalence estimates from the EUROPREVAL study. Results from many published studies were summarized. The incidence of prostate cancer varies widely around the world, with by far the highest rates in the USA and Canada. There has been a gradual increase in the incidence of prostate cancer since the 1960s in many countries and in most continents; there were large increases in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the USA, but increases have also occurred in countries with comparatively low incidence, e.g. India. Survival from prostate cancer improved during the 1970s and 1980s; further increases in the 1990s may be largely a result of earlier diagnosis. There were wide differences in survival across Europe, with rates in the UK well below the average, but all European rates were far below those in the USA. There was wide variation in the prevalence of prostate cancer in Europe; in some countries with high incidence and high life-expectancy, prostate cancers formed approximately 15% of all prevalent cancers in men. Mortality from prostate cancer has also increased in many countries, but to a lesser extent than incidence; this is consistent with the observed trends in survival. Mortality decreased slightly in the mid to late 1990s in several countries, including the USA, Canada, England, France and Austria. Part of the apparent increases in the incidence of prostate cancer has been associated with diagnostic artefacts (particularly detecting preclinical tumours through the increased use of transurethral resection) which may also have had an effect on death certification through the incorrect attribution of prostate cancer as the underlying cause of death. However, the greatest effect on the registration of new cases of prostate cancer has been the increased availability of prostate specific antigen testing during the early- to mid-1990s. Possibly, in addition to the effect of attribution bias, the earlier diagnosis of prostate cancers has contributed to the recent slight decreases in mortality. However, this is unlikely to account for much of the reduction, given the slow development of the disease from onset to death. Changes in disease management are probably more important. There are many strong arguments against introducing population-based screening for prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Search for occult malignancy in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Results of a retrospective cohort study.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: The association of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and cancer is well established. It is controversial how large the association is and how extensive the evaluation for an underlying cancer should be. PRINCIPLES AND METHODS: 485 patients without a known cancer and a proven DVT formed the cohort of a retrospective study. Newly diagnosed (prevalent) cancers in patients with idiopathic (IDVT) and secondary (SDVT) during the index hospitalisation were compared and the contribution of the steps in an institutional tumour search program was analysed. The incidence of cancer in 204 patients with IDVT and 230 patients with SDVT during follow-up was determined. RESULTS: During the index hospitalisation routine evaluation revealed eleven cancers in 236 patients (4.7% [95%-CI: 2.0-7.3]) with IDVT and five cancers in 249 patients (2.0% [95%-CI: 0.3-3.7]) with SDVT. Combining patient history, clinical examination, routine laboratory tests and chest x-ray showed a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 79% for the diagnosis of cancer. Abdominal ultrasound did not significantly increase the yield. 93% of the patients were followed for up to 5 years (mean 32 months). Sixteen cancers occurred in 204 patients (7.8% [95%-CI: 4.0-11.5]) with IDVT and ten in 230 patients (4.35% [95%-CI: 1.7-7.0]) with SVDT (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Prevalence and incidence of cancer were higher in IDVT patients compared to those with SDVT. Combining patient history, clinical examination, simple laboratory tests, and a routine chest x-ray is an appropriate strategy to detect underlying cancer in patients with IDVT. Routine abdominal ultrasound can safely be omitted.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2005

Worldwide burden of gynaecological cancer: the size of the problem.

The estimation of cancer burden is valuable to set up priorities for disease control. The comprehensive global cancer statistics from the International Agency for Research on Cancer indicate that gynaecological cancers accounted for 19% of the 5.1 million estimated new cancer cases, 2.9 million cancer deaths and 13 million 5-year prevalent cancer cases among women in the world in 2002. Cervical cancer accounted for 493 000 new cases and 273 000 deaths; uterine body cancer for 199 000 new cases and 50 000 deaths; ovarian cancer for 204 000 new cases and 125 000 deaths; cancers of the vagina, vulva and choriocarcinoma together constituted 45 900 cases. More than 80% of the cervical cancer cases occurred in developing countries and two-thirds of corpus uteri cases occurred in the developed world. Political will and advocacy to invest in healthcare infrastructure and human resources to improve service delivery and accessibility are vital to reduce the current burden in low- and medium-resource countries.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1998

Cancer in Lebanon: an epidemiological review of the American University of Beirut Medical Center Tumor Registry (1983-1994).

PURPOSE: Cancers recorded in the Tumor Registry at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), the largest tertiary care center, in Lebanon were reviewed. METHODS: Results were compared with those from the same center 30 years ago and current data from western Asia. RESULTS: Between 1983 and 1994, 9364 cases were recorded, averaging 780 cases per year, representing more than one-third of the national case-load. Cases were almost equally distributed between males and females. Average age of females was significantly younger (48.7 years) than that of males (52.2 years). Among males, the five most frequently reported cancers were of the lung, bladder, larynx, lymphoma, and leukemia. Among females, the four most frequently reported cancers were of the breast, cervix uteri, lymphoma, and brain, with leukemia and corpus uteri ranking equally as fifth. Over the past 30 years, the frequency of colorectal cancer decreased and that of lung cancer increased in both sexes. Oral cancer decreased dramatically among males. Digestive system cancers in this series were less frequent than in cumulative data from western Asia area. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer dynamics changed little since the 1950s, except regard to cancers related to smoking and diet. Diet differences may explain the lower frequencies of digestive cancers in Lebanon as compared with elsewhere in western Asia. The potential impact of cancer prevention and early detection on highly prevalent cancer types such as lung, larynx, breast, and cervix was highlighted.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2000

Tyrosine kinases and gastric cancer.

Carcinoma of the stomach is one of the most prevalent cancer types in the world today. Two major forms of gastric cancer are distinguished according to their morphological and clinicopathological classifications (well differentiated/intestinal type and poorly differentiated/diffuse type), characteristics that could also be attributed to the altered expression of different types of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Significant differences exist for gastric cancer incidence comparing people of different ethnic origins, implicating various genetic and epigenetic factors for gastric oncogenesis. There are only a limited number of molecular markers available for gastric cancer detection and prognostic evaluation, among which are tyrosine kinases. There is convincing evidence that tyrosine kinases are involved in oncogenesis and disease progression for many human cancers. Amplifications of certain tyrosine kinases (c-met, k-sam and erbB2/neu) have been associated with human gastric cancer progression. Alternatively spliced transcripts and enhanced protein-expression levels for some of these tyrosine kinases are correlated with clinical outcomes for gastric cancer patients. With advent of high throughput techniques, it is now possible to detect nearly all expressed tyrosine kinases in a single screen. This increases the chance to identify additional tyrosine kinases as predictive markers for gastric cancers. In this article, we will first review the literature data concerning certain tyrosine kinases implicated in gastric carcinogenesis and then summarize more recent work which provide comprehensive tyrosine kinase profiles for gastric cancer specimens and cell lines. Two new gastric cancer molecular markers (tie-1 and mkk4) have been identified through the use of these profiles and demonstrated effective as clinical prognostic indicators.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Graph neural network-based risk stratification of prostate cancer using gene expression and SHAP interpretability.

Accurate risk stratification is essential for guiding treatment decisions and preventing over treatment of prostate cancer, which remains one of the most prevalent cancers among adult men. While the Gleason score, obtained from prostate biopsies, is routinely used to assess tumor aggressiveness, the biopsy procedure carries risks such as pain, infection, and, in some cases, serious complications such as sepsis. In this study, we proposed an artificial intelligence-based framework that integrates mRNA expression profiles with functional interaction networks to classify prostate cancer patients into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups defined by Gleason scores. The pipeline comprised five steps: (1) data collection from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), (2) preprocessing of gene expression data, (3) two-stage feature selection to identify informative biomarkers, (4) risk classification using a dual-branch graph neural network (GNN) that combines gene-gene interaction graphs with sample-level expression features, and (5) model interpretation using SHAP to quantify feature contributions. Differentially expressed genes were identified in the High (ASPN, GMNN, PEBP4, C2, KNCK17), Medium (C2, IGSF1, ASPN, CDKN3, AMH), and Low (TNMD, VWA5B2, ST6GALNAC5, CYP3A5, PHGR1) risk groups, underscoring the molecular heterogeneity of disease progression. On an independent held-out test set, the model achieved AUCs of 0.86, 0.88, and 0.95 for the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 80%. These results suggest that combining GNN-based modeling with explainable AI can capture both global and local molecular patterns relevant to tumor aggressiveness. However, as the model was developed and evaluated solely on the TCGA cohort, the findings should be regarded as exploratory, and external validation will be required to establish generalizability. Within these limitations, the proposed framework highlights the potential of molecular profiling and graph-based deep learning to support more precise, potentially less invasive, risk assessment and individualized treatment planning in prostate cancer.

Prostatic Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

[Glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer].

OBJECTIVES: Polymorphisms of genes from glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) have been associated with increased susceptibility to various cancers. Previous results showed that East Asians such as Koreans, Japanese and Chinese have a much higher frequency of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes and NAT2 rapid acetylator type. Therefore, we investigated the association between the polymorphic types of GSTs (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) and NAT2 and the incidence of gastric cancer which is one of the most prevalent cancers among the East Asians. METHODS: It was performed in a case-control study consisting of 238 healthy subjects and 108 cancer patients (54 distal and 54 proximal carcinomas). We also evaluated the association between GSTs and NAT2 and the risk factors for gastric cancer such as alcohol consumption, smoking, H. pylori infection, family history of gastric cancer, and tumor location. RESULTS: In our study, the percentage of cases whose hometown was rural was higher than those of controls (odds ratio (OR) = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.72-4.76), and the frequency of the lower socio-economic status increased significantly in patients (OR = 2.53; 95% Cl = 1.59-4.02). There was no significant difference in the GST polymorphic types between the cases and controls. However, NAT2 rapid or intermediate acetylator types were frequently detected in the cases with family history of gastric cancer (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.79-26.0). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the hometown and socio-economic status are important environmental factors for gastric carcinogenesis, and NAT2 polymorphic types could be associated with familial gastric carcinoma.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gastric cancer: diagnostic problems].

Gastric cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancer diseases. Despite a more than 30-year priority use of endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, this condition is still virtually impossible to be detected at early stages. Many-year experience gained by the authors permitted them formulate two causes of this rather poor state of the art: 1) no screening programs for the early detection of gastric cancer and 2) under-valuation of the frequency of endophytic (infiltrative) forms of gastric tumors and of potentialities of modern x-ray examination in the diagnosis thereof. According to their results, gastric cancer was diagnosed in 539 cases out of more than 40,000 screenings. Analysis of more than 2,000 common clinical cases of gastric cancer brought the authors to a conclusion that endophytic, infiltrative (intraparietal) form of malignant tumor growth is the major form. A new sign of initial manifestations of intraparietal gastric cancer is suggested: intraparietal blastomatous infiltration symptom. The authors emphasize that roentgenology should again become the principal method in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Only combined use of roentgenology and endoscopy may appreciably improve the detection rate of this grave disease.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of prostate cancer in aging males receiving PSA (prostate specific antigen) screening test (A campaign for celebration of Siriraj Established Day).

UNLABELLED: Prostate cancer is a potential men's health problem. The prevalence of prostate cancer continues to rise. Serum PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) can be used as a screening tool for detection of early prostate cancer However, a screening program for prostate cancer has not yet been accepted as cost-effective and long term survival benefits have not been shown. Nevertheless, some doctors request PSA testing in men who present with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) to detect prostate cancer OBJECTIVE: To study for prevalence of prostate cancer in healthy men seeking medical check-up for prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: During the anniversary celebration of Siriraj established day (26/07/1888), a cohort study of Prevalence of prostate cancer in aging males using PSA Screening Test was carried out, 200 men over 45 years of age were invited to PSA testing and prostate glands check-up including, IPSS (international prostatic symptoms score), QOL (quality of life score) and DRE (digital rectal examination). Patients with elevated PSA were advised to undergo transrectal-ultrasound-guided-biopsy of the prostate (TRUS-biopsy). Cancer detection rate was calculated according to symptoms described by patients, IPSS and age groups. Data was compared using Chi-Square test. RESULTS: Median values from data of men's ages, IPSS, QOL and PSA were 63 years, 11, 2, and 1.23 ng/ml, respectively. 9 of 200 patients (4.5%) were found to have prostate adenocarcinoma on biopsy. Most of the cancer cases showed a localized lesion. Prostate cancer was found more common in patients who described themselves as having abnormal urination. There was no prostate cancer found in patients with a mild degree of LUTS (IPSS less than 8). Prostate cancer tended to be more common in men with high IPSS. CONCLUSION: Screening prostate cancer by PSA testing detected the cancer in 4.5%. Most cancers were found on symptomatic patients. Patients with LUTS should be made aware of prostate cancer and PSA testing may be offered in such patients. However screening of prostate cancer in all men regardless of symptoms must wait for a larger study looking at long term survival benefit, cost-effectiveness of screening, and lastly, quality of life of patients on a screening program.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Lung cancer and smoking prevalence in Canada.

This article reviews lung cancer mortality and smoking prevalence in Canada. For men, age-adjusted lung cancer death rates are highest in Quebec and the Atlantic provinces, areas that had Canada's highest smoking prevalence twenty years ago. Rates are still rising in these provinces, though much less steeply than in the past. In Ontario and the Western provinces, lung cancer death rates for men have reached a plateau in recent years and rates in British Columbia even show signs of falling. Sizable declines in smoking rates among men have been reported in all provinces over the last twenty years, and lung cancer death rates for men can thus be expected to begin declining in this decade. For women, lung cancer death rates began to rise steeply in the 1960s, although remaining well below the rates for men. Rates for women nearly doubled in both the 1970s and 1980s. Smoking rates for women increased up to the early 1970s and declined only slightly since then. Lung cancer death rates for women can thus be expected to continue to rise until the end of the century.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cancer-related fatigue: prevalence of proposed diagnostic criteria in a United States sample of cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the proposed cancer-related fatigue (CRF) diagnostic criteria in a sample of cancer survivors. More accurate prevalence estimates of CRF may result in improved diagnosis and management of one of the most common symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment. METHODS: Three hundred seventy-nine individuals who had been treated with chemotherapy, either alone or in combination with radiation therapy, were surveyed. Patients were asked background questions about their current condition, their medical history, and the frequency of fatigue during their chemotherapy. Additionally, patients who reported experiencing fatigue at least a few days each month during treatment were asked a series of questions about the impact of fatigue on their daily functioning. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one (37%) individuals reported at least 2 weeks of fatigue in the previous month. Of the respondents who had received their last treatment more than 5 years ago, 33% still reported at least a 2-week period of fatigue in the month before the interview. Evaluation of the proposed criteria revealed that 17% of respondents met at least two criteria for CRF. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of diagnosable CRF in the individuals in this sample, most of whom had completed treatment more than 1 year ago, was 17%-lower than expected based on previous reports that have used less-strict criteria. In a sizable number of people, CRF persists well beyond active treatment and should be a focus of intervention. Although they will require replication in other samples and clinical validation, these formal diagnostic criteria can be a step toward common language and a better understanding of the severity range and persistence of CRF.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2000

Diagnostic accuracy of large-core needle biopsy for nonpalpable breast disease: a meta-analysis.

For the evaluation of non-palpable lesions of the breast, image-guided large-core needle biopsies are increasingly replacing needle-localized open breast biopsies. In this study, the diagnostic accuracy of this minimally invasive technique was evaluated by reviewing the available literature. Five cohort studies were included in a meta-analysis. Sensitivity rate, histological agreement between needle biopsy and subsequent surgery or long-term mammographic follow-up and clinical consequences for different disease prevalences were assessed. The sensitivity rate of large-core needle biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer was high (97%). The reclassified agreement rate between core biopsy and subsequent surgical biopsy or long-term mammographic follow-up was also high (94%). In case of 20% breast cancer prevalence among women referred after screening (as in the US), the risk of breast cancer despite benign large-core needle biopsy result is less than 1%. In European countries, however, prevalence of breast cancer among referred women is 60-70%. This would result in a risk of breast cancer despite benign large-core needle biopsy result of 4-6%. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that the image guided large-core needle biopsy is a promising alternative for the needle localized breast biopsy. However, additional research is needed to explore the limiting factors of the technique. Without such detailed knowledge, a benign histological diagnosis on large-core needle biopsy in countries with high prevalence of malignancy among referred women should be interpreted with caution.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1989

Clinical trials with fluorinated pyrimidines in patients with head and neck cancer.

While it is estimated to be one of the most prevalent cancers in the world, cancer of the head and neck is an uncommon malignant tumor in the United States and accounts for only 5% of all malignancies. Head and neck cancer is a term that encompasses heterogeneous groups of patients. The most common histologic type is the squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer of the oral cavity is the most common site among the head and neck tumors. The majority of patients (70-80%) present with locally advanced (Stage III and IV) cancer. The standard treatments of surgery and/or radiotherapy have a high cure rate for patients with early disease (Stages I or II), but not for patients with locally advanced tumors. Local recurrence and persistent disease occur in more than 60% of patients present with advanced cancer, and approximately 10%-20% of all patients develop distant metastases. Chemotherapy is usually used for palliation in patients with recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer at which time these patients have failed the definitive therapy of surgery and/or radiotherapy and the chances for salvage is almost nil. With the identification of more active cytotoxic agent(s) and combinations, chemotherapy is being investigated as part of multi-modality treatment in patients with previously untreated and locally advanced head and neck cancer.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗