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PubMedDate not supplied

Mortality trends in the populations of the RSA from causes commonly observed in developing communities, 1968-1977.

Over the 10-year period 1968-1977 the mortality rate (MR) for all causes of death of Coloureds aged 5-64 years was unchanged and the mean MR was twice as high as the MR of Whites. The MR of Asians was midway between the MRs of Coloureds and Whites. Only among Whites did the MR for all causes of death decrease significantly over the 10-year period. MRs for infectious diseases in all three populations were unchanged over the 10-year period, the MR of Coloureds being 14 times as high as that of Whites. Within this International Classification of Diseases group only the MR for tuberculosis in Coloureds shows a significant decrease, but on the other hand the mean MR for tuberculosis in Coloureds was 37 times as high as the MR of Whites, and the mean MR of Asians was 8 times as high as that of Whites. There were significant decreases in MRs for rheumatic heart disease in all three populations, the decrease in MRs over the 10-year period among Asians and Coloureds being twice as fast as that among Whites. However, the mean MR of Coloureds was 3 times as high as the MR of Whites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Self-medication in a developing community.

Representatives of 600 households in Ga-Rankuwa were interviewed to ascertain which medicines they had in their homes and how they would treat themselves for common complaints. There was an average of 1,6 medicines in each household; of these, 89,2% were Western medicines and 9,4% traditional African medicines, while 1,4% could not be classified into either group. The majority of medicines had been obtained from pharmacies (37,1%), general dealers (34.9%) and hospitals or clinics (15,8%). Traditional sources (6,7%), private practitioners (2,4%) and other sources (3,1%) accounted for the rest. For the treatment of most common symptoms respondents preferred to use Western medicines, but on the whole they were reluctant to take them for diarrhoea and vomiting. Most traditional African medicines appeared to be used for coughs and colds.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Preventive strategies for dealing with violence among blacks.

In regular medicine if a patient goes to a doctor to be treated for a rat bite, the physician cleans the bite, dresses it, gives antibiotics, and gives a tetanus shot. The physician practicing social medicine would give our imaginary patient the same treatment but would go a step further; he would arrange for someone to go into the patient's community and set rat traps. A similar distinction is made between general psychiatry and community psychiatry, and this distinction highlights one of the main principles of the community psychiatrist's mission, community development. Community development being the art of helping a community achieve a social and interpersonal milieu that promotes an optimum level of mental health (Freed, 1972; Freed, 1972). This aspect of community psychiatry takes on an even greater significance when the community being served is a lower socioeconomic, minority community because of the conditions found in such communities that can impair the overall mental health of the community's individuals, families, and groups. This article will illustrate the principle of community development, the role of one psychiatrist in community development, and its importance to deprived minority communities by describing a community psychiatry approach to the problem of black-on-black homicide.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

Transforming the curriculum while serving the community: strategies for developing community-based sites.

Developing community-based clinical opportunities for students is a challenge. At San Jose State University (SJSU) School of Nursing, faculty transformed the curriculum by developing community-based experiences directed by faculty and delivered by students during clinical practice. These innovative clinical experiences provide a structure to educate students and enhance the ability to bring health care to underserved people in a community. This article describes the structure and processes for implementing the new experiences and offers strategies to guide other faculty interested in developing community-based experiences.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1999

[The ODEC (Organization for Development and Community Networks) and mental health: from networking to opening in the local community].

The Organisme de développement et d'entraide communautaire (ODEC) is a nonprofit mental health organization that was established in 1987 and offers mutual help and community development services in the Vallée-de-la-Lièvre region in the Outaouais area of Quebec. Starting with an individual accompaniment service for people living with mental health problems, ODEC has succeeded in establishing a significant mutual help network that now involves more than 100 people. This article comes out of an in-depth case study of ODEC. By analysing the major parameters of its journey over more than 10 years, it brings to the fore the impact in the mental health field of providing a network in close association with community involvement.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1999

Public policy frameworks for improving population health.

Four conceptual frameworks provide bases for constructing comprehensive public policy strategies for improving population health within wealthy (OECD) nations. (1) Determinants of population health. There are five broad categories: genes and biology, medical care, health behaviors, the ecology of all living things, and social/societal characteristics. (2) Complex systems: Linear effects models and multiple independent effects models fail to yield results that explain satisfactorily the dynamics of population health production. A different method (complex systems modeling) is needed to select the most effective interventions to improve population health. (3) An intervention framework for population health improvement. A two-by-five grid seems useful. Most intervention strategies are either ameliorative or fundamentally corrective. The other dimension of the grid captures five general categories of interventions: child development, community development, adult self-actualization, socioeconomic well-being, and modulated hierarchical structuring. (4) Public policy development process: the process has two phases. The initial phase, in which public consensus builds and an authorizing environment evolves, progresses from values and culture to identification of the problem, knowledge development from research and experience, the unfolding of public awareness, and the setting of a national agenda. The later phase, taking policy action, begins with political engagement and progresses to interest group activation, public policy deliberation and adoption, and ultimately regulation and revision. These frameworks will be applied to help understand the 39 recommendations of the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health, the Sir Donald Acheson Report from the United Kingdom, which is the most ambitious attempt to date to develop a comprehensive plan to improve population health.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Faculty development for community practitioners.

Developing the academic skills of the individuals who will serve as educators and role models in the community is critical to pediatric resident education in community settings. The main focus of any faculty development program must be on teaching, although for a subset of individuals, the development of research skills should also be a consideration. The three key elements that must be considered for an effective faculty development program include: (1) creating a culture of mutual respect between full-time and community faculty; (2) basing the program on sound principles of education theory, especially adult learning theory, using appropriately trained faculty; and (3) establishing ongoing institutional financial and philosophical support. Effectively addressing these elements should create a faculty development program that will help the community practitioner become an effective role model and practitioner- preceptor-educator.

Community Medicine↗
PubMed1982

Effects of chlorpyrifos on field- and laboratory-developed estuarine benthic communities.

Macrobenthic animal communities, developed in sand-filled aquaria in the laboratory and in the field, were exposed to various concentrations of the insecticide chlorpyrifos, and effects on community structure were assessed. Laboratory communities were continuously exposed to the toxicant for 8 wk during colonization by planktonic larvae in unfiltered Santa Rosa Sound, Fla., seawater. Field communities were developed for 8 wk in aquaria placed in Santa Rosa Sound, then removed to the laboratory for exposure to chlorpyrifos for one week. Abundance of arthropods was significantly diminished (alpha = 0.05) by measured concentration of chlorpyrifos greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/l in water in laboratory communities and by 5.9 microgram/l in water in field communities. Numbers of annelids and chordates in contaminated aquaria were not reduced by the highest concentrations of chlorpyrifos tested, 8.5 microgram/l in laboratory-colonized aquaria and 5.9 microgram/l in field-colonized aquaria. One species of annelid, Cistenides gouldii, was more abundant in field aquaria receiving 1.0 microgram/l or 5.9 microgram/l than in the control and lowest concentration. Molluscan larvae colonizing laboratory aquaria were sensitive to greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/l; however, later developmental stages characterizing field aquaria were not sensitive to less than or equal to 5.9 microgram/l. Although only 20 of 78 animal species appeared in both laboratory and field communities, sensitivity of animals in these tests and in single species tests could be compared.

Animals↗