Competitive drive, pattern A, and coronary heart disease: a further analysis of some data from the Western Collaborative Group Study.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Achievement↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Competitive Behavior”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
A comparative study of competitive and social reinforcement models of interview behavior.
While psychotherapy typically is conceptualized as a social reinforcement process, Haley suggests that most interview behavior is predicted better by a competitive model of social interaction. Davis (1971) compared the two models by having interviewers follow reinforcing or competitive response programs and comparing the frequencies with which interviewees initiated interactions under the contrasting conditions. His results suggested that the competitive model predicted interviewee behavior more accurately. This study attempted both to replicate Davis' work with a different S sample (N = 48) (psychiatric inpatients as opposed to college students) and to extend it by using both male and female interviewers. Few of Davis' findings were replicated. Message frequency requests were equal in the competitive and reinforcing conditions, both of which induced more requests than a mixed interviewer program. The interactions that Davis had found between interviewer programs and Ss' classification on the repression-sensitization dimension were not significant. It is suggested that Davis' results may be limited to his college student sample and apparently do not generalize to those individuals more likely to be involved in therapeutic interviews.
Adolescent↗
Punishment in human choice: direct or competitive suppression?
This investigation compared the predictions of two models describing the integration of reinforcement and punishment effects in operant choice. Deluty's (1976) competitive-suppression model (conceptually related to two-factor punishment theories) and de Villiers' (1980) direct-suppression model (conceptually related to one-factor punishment theories) have been tested previously in nonhumans but not at the individual level in humans. Mouse clicking by college students was maintained in a two-alternative concurrent schedule of variable-interval money reinforcement. Punishment consisted of variable-interval money losses. Experiment 1 verified that money loss was an effective punisher in this context. Experiment 2 consisted of qualitative model comparisons similar to those used in previous studies involving nonhumans. Following a no-punishment baseline, punishment was superimposed upon both response alternatives. Under schedule values for which the direct-suppression model, but not the competitive-suppression model, predicted distinct shifts from baseline performance, or vice versa, 12 of 14 individual-subject functions, generated by 7 subjects, supported the direct-suppression model. When the punishment models were converted to the form of the generalized matching law, least-squares linear regression fits for a direct-suppression model were superior to those of a competitive-suppression model for 6 of 7 subjects. In Experiment 3, a more thorough quantitative test of the modified models, fits for a direct-suppression model were superior in 11 of 13 cases. These results correspond well to those of investigations conducted with nonhumans and provide the first individual-subject evidence that a direct-suppression model, evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively, describes human punishment better than a competitive-suppression model. We discuss implications for developing better punishment models and future investigations of punishment in human choice.
Choice Behavior↗
Sexual selection and canine dimorphism in New World monkeys.
Social and ecological factors are important in shaping sexual dimorphism in Anthropoidea, but there is also a tendency for body-size dimorphism and canine dimorphism to increase with increased body size (Rensch's rule) (Rensch: Evolution Above the Species Level. London: Methuen, 1959.) Most ecologist interpret Rensch's rule to be a consequence of social and ecological selective factors that covary with body size, but recent claims have been advanced that dimorphism is principally a consequence of selection for increased body size alone. Here we assess the effects of body size, body-size dimorphism, and social structure on canine dimorphism among platyrrhine monkeys. Platyrrhine species examined are classified into four behavioral groups reflecting the intensity of intermale competition for access to females or to limiting resources. As canine dimorphism increases, so does the level of intermale competition. Those species with monogamous and polyandrous social structures have the lowest canine dimorphism, while those with dominance rank hierarchies of males have the most canine dimorphism. Species with fission-fusion social structures and transitory intermale breeding-season competition fall between these extremes. Among platyrrhines there is a significant positive correlation between body size and canine dimorphism However, within levels of competition, no significant correlation was found between the two. Also, with increased body size, body-size dimorphism tends to increase, and this correlation holds in some cases within competition levels. In an analysis of covariance, once the level of intermale competition is controlled for, neither molar size nor molar-size dimorphism accounts for a significant part of the variance in canine dimorphism. A similar analysis using body weight as a measure of size and dimorphism yields a less clear-cut picture: body weight contributes significantly to the model when the effects of the other factors are controlled. Finally, in a model using head and body length as a measure of size and dimorphism, all factors and the interactions between them are significant. We conclude that intermale competition among platyrrhine species is the most important factor explaining variations in canine dimorphism. The significant effects of size and size dimorphism in some models may be evidence that natural (as opposed to sexual) selection also plays a role in the evolution of increased canine dimorphism.
Animals↗
Oral contraceptive administration, interfemale relationships, and sexual behavior in Macaca fascicularis.
The effects of oral contraceptive administration on the social relationships of adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were examined. Ten females were administered ethinyl estradiol/ethynodiol diacetate (Demulen), 10 were administered ethinyl estradiol/norgestrel (Ovral), and 10 served as a control group. The monkeys lived in social groups of 5 females each, and patterns of social interaction and social status were recorded. Interfemale relationships were also observed when a vasectomized male was placed in each social group for 50 min, once/week. During the latter observations, preliminary data on the effects of oral contraceptive treatment on sexual interaction were also collected. In the absence of the male, interfemale agonistic interactions and time spent alone were influenced by social status but not by oral contraceptive treatment. Time spent in passive body contact, an affiliative state, was reduced by Ovral treatment. In the presence of the male, dominant females aggressively interfered with the sexual interactions of subordinates. This aggression resulted in the termination of a greater proportion of the sexual interactions of subordinates than dominants in the control group only, indicating suppression of this type of interaction by oral contraceptive treatment. Other effects included a decreased frequency of ejaculation with Ovral-treated females. These results suggest that oral contraceptives may suppress certain types of female agonistic behavior (e.g., in the context of mate competition) and some oral contraceptives may interfere with sexual activity. More broadly, these findings indicate that intrasexual competition for access to mates may occur in females as well as males.
Aggression↗
Behavioral effects of intracerebroventricularly administered neurohypophyseal hormone analogs in mice.
The neurohypophyseal hormones oxytocin and vasopressin evoke characteristic behavioral changes after intracerebroventricular injection in mice. These included the induction of excessive grooming and scratching in an unrestricted environment and of escape behavior in stressful situations. The structure-activity relations of 33 neurohypophyseal hormones and hormone analogs in the induction of these behavioral changes were examined. The results demonstrate that these effects generally parallel the vasoconstrictory effects of th peptides. It is suggested that the behavioral effects are mediated by a receptor that is closely related biochemically to the vasopressin receptors in blood vessels. They are not related to the long-term effects of neurohypophyseal hormones on learned behavior. A competitive antagonist of the short-term behavioral effects of these peptides is described. This analog also antagonizes some of the hormonal effects of vasopressin and related peptides.
Animals↗
Cattell's 16 PF and PSY inventory: relationship between personality traits and behavioral responses in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between personality and behavioral responses in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In a first step, a new instrument (PSY Inventory) for assessment of six behavioral characteristics (Sense of Responsibility, Energy and Competitiveness, Obsessive Behavior, Anger and Hostility, Stress-related Disturbances, Time Urgency) was developed by using factor analysis on intercorrelations of responses from 524 subjects of the general population. Internal consistency reliability for each of the PSY subscales was estimated by Cronbach alpha coefficients. In a second step, the PSY Inventory was administered with the Cattell 16 PF Questionnaire to 838 patients affected by acute myocardial infarction. Significant correlations although relatively low in magnitude for PSY Inventory subscales and certain scales of the Cattell 16 PF were found. With factor analysis on 22 variables (including the six PSY Inventory subscales and the 16 scales of the Cattell 16 PF), five second-order factors were identified, namely, Extraversion, Neurotic Anxiety, Superego Strength, Pathemia, and Neurotic Hostility. While a Pathemia Factor (characterized by sensitivity, imagination, and self-sufficiency) was factorially independent of scales of the PSY Inventory, Extraversion, Neurotic Anxiety, Superego Strength, and Neurotic Hostility Factors were composed of the PSY Inventory scales and Cattell 16 PF scales combined. These relationships would reflect the concordance of internal constructs for behavioral measures of the PSY Inventory and those of personality traits of the 16 PF Questionnaire in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[The role of inversions in adaptation and speciation].
Studies concerning the effect of population-specific inversions on mating behavior of Drosophila lummei Hackman showed that competitiveness of males carrying the inversion for mating with females without the inversion significantly decreases, independently from the location of inversions in chromosomes and the origin of studied strains. Crossing of the competing males with the female carrying the population-specific inversion showed that the competitiveness of males with the inversion in their genome increases in a series of crosses but, nevertheless, remains lower than that of males without the inversion. Hence, it can be suggested that population-specific inversions can be involved in prezygotic isolation of specific forms during the species divergence.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
The role of contextual and personal factors in children's risk taking.
The primary aims of the present studies were to (a) add to the sparse developmental database on risk taking and (b) conduct initial tests of a self-regulation model (SRM) of risk taking. According to the SRM, inappropriate risk taking is associated with overconfidence, falling prey to dysregulating influences (e.g., impulsivity, peer presence, etc.), and an insensitivity to outcomes. Experiment 1 tested these proposals by assessing the effects of peer presence and 4 personal factors on the risk taking of 3rd, 5th, and 7th graders. Results generally supported the predictions of the SRM. In Experiment 2, the SRM gained further support from the finding that 5 variables correlated with risk taking in 4th, 6th, and 8th graders: ability beliefs, a preference for thrill seeking, peer nomination, competitiveness, and interest. The discussion focuses on the meaning of age and gender differences in risk-taking as well as the interventional implications of the SRM.
Age Factors↗
Influence of competitive adsorption on flocculation and rheology of high-pressure-treated milk protein-stabilized emulsions.
The effect of high-pressure treatment (HPT) on the droplet-size distribution and small-deformation rheology of oil-in-water emulsions containing beta-lactoglobulin and a nonionic surfactant or sodium caseinate has been investigated at neutral pH. Addition of Tween 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate) to a beta-lactoglobulin-stabilized emulsion results in competitive displacement of the adsorbed globular protein film and, following HPT, the formation of a less flocculated emulsion. The age of the beta-lactoglobulin-stabilized emulsion prior to addition of sodium caseinate influences the competitive adsorption behavior. The strengthening of the beta-lactoglobulin layer with time makes it more resistant to disruption by sodium caseinate. The level of pressure-induced flocculation of beta-lactoglobulin-coated oil droplets depends on the intensity of processing conditions and on the degree of interfacial displacement. In contrast, beta-lactoglobulin added after emulsification appears to show little evidence of competitive adsorption behavior at the caseinate oil-water interface. Changes in the rheological properties of these latter systems following HPT can be attributed to pressure-induced denaturation and gelation of beta-lactoglobulin in the continuous phase of the emulsion.
Adsorption↗
Interpersonal effects of interpersonal behavior.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Aggression↗
Coaches' expectations and beliefs regarding benefits of youth sport participation.
Although many have investigated why children participate in sport, little is known about what adults expect children to gain from participation. The present purpose was to examine coaches' expectations of what children should gain from participation in sport and the extent to which coaches believe that these expectations are actually fulfilled. Participants included 109 youth sport coaches who completed a survey packet consisting of a demographic information questionnaire and the Ohio Sport Satisfaction Index. Analysis indicated coaches ranked the variables of having fun, learning life skills, being part of a team, developing confidence, and the excitement of competition as the most important outcomes for the youth they coach. Generally, coaches believe that their expectations are being fulfilled. Coaches' sex and years of coaching were not significantly related to any of the criterion variables in the present study.
Adult↗
Copulatory behavior, reproduction, and sperm competition in two strains of male rats.
Long-Evans males fathered 72% of the offspring when one Long-Evans and one F344 male mated repeatedly with the same female throughout her estrus. When each male was restricted to one ejaculation and the second male was allowed to begin mating immediately following the first male's ejaculation, the second male left more offspring in each strain. However, the proportion was significantly greater for Long-Evans males. In contrast, there were no strain differences in either number of pregnancies or litter size in noncompetitive matings limited to two ejaculations, the minimal number required to induce pregnancy. The only consistent behavioral differences were the greater number of intromissions performed with shorter latencies by F344 males, differences that cannot readily be used to explain their reduced success. It was hypothesized that the two strains may differ in the adequacy of penile reflexes used to form, set, or dislodge sperm plugs.
Animals↗
Studying complex decision making in natural settings: using a head-mounted video camera to study competitive orienteering.
Head-mounted video recording is described as a potentially powerful method for studying decision making in natural settings. Most alternative data-collection procedures are intrusive and disruptive of the decision-making processes involved while conventional video-recording procedures are either impractical or impossible. As a severe test of the robustness of the methodology we studied the decision making of 6 experienced orienteers who carried a head-mounted light-weight video camera as they navigated, running as fast as possible, around a set of control points in a forest. Use of the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test indicated that compared with free recall, video-assisted recall evoked (a) significantly greater experiential immersion in the recall, (b) significantly more specific recollections of navigation-related thoughts and feelings, (c) significantly more realizations of map and terrain features and aspects of running speed which were not noticed at the time of actual competition, and (d) significantly greater insight into specific navigational errors and the intrusion of distracting thoughts into the decision-making process. Potential applications of the technique in (a) the environments of emergency services, (b) therapeutic contexts, (c) education and training, and (d) sports psychology are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Competition for meat between chimpanzees and baboons of the Gombe National Park.
Both chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and baboons (Papio anubis) at the Gombe National Park in Western Tanzania are know to catch and eat meat. There are five occasions recorded when chimpanzees were seen to seize prey from baboons and five other occasions when there was evidence strongly suggesting that an appropriation had taken place. This paper describes these observations.
Animals↗
Males and the advantage of sex.
Most sexual populations are at a two-fold disadvantage to parthenogenetic populations. This is because males are produced in equal numbers to females and males contribute virtually no food supplies to the zygote. Females therefore "waste their energy" in the production of sons. Parthenogenetic females produce only daughters and therefore have a two-fold advantage. It is argued that female choice (of males) and male: male competition can reduce mutational loads and this may compensate for the two-fold disadvantage of males. The Haldane mutation load principle indicates a load of 2mu, where mu is the mutation rate per gamete. Female choice and male: male competition are capable of reducing this substantially. The effect is greatest with mildly deleterious mutations and is therefore dependent on the fitness of the mutations. This is in contrast to the Haldane principle load which is determined by the mutation rate only. As most mutations appear to be mildly deleterious the load in many sexual populations may be substantially below that indicated by the Haldane principle.
Animals↗
Expectations of pediatric sport participation among pediatricians, patients, and parents.
As the number of pediatric and adolescent athletes involved in competitive sports continues to grow, and as the competitors in youth sports trend toward a "win at all costs" mentality, pediatricians are increasingly being asked to provide sports medicine treatment and counseling for athletic children. This article outlines the demographic changes in the pediatric and adolescent athlete population in the United States and explains how the pediatrician can become a more effective caregiver to the athletic patient.
Adolescent↗
The effects of competition and motor reprogramming on visuomotor selection in unilateral neglect.
Patients with unilateral neglect following right hemisphere damage may have difficulty in moving towards contralesional targets. To test the hypothesis that this impairment arises from competing motor programs triggered by irrelevant ipsilesional stimuli, we examined 16 right hemisphere patients, eight with left visual neglect and eight without, in addition to eight healthy control subjects. In experiment 1 subjects performed sequences of movements using their right hand to targets on the contralesional or ipsilesional side of the responding limb. The locations of successive targets in each sequence were either predictable or unpredictable. In separate blocks of trials, targets appeared either alone or with a simultaneous distractor located at the immediately preceding target location. Neglect patients were significantly slower to execute movements to contralesional targets, but only for unpredictable movements and in the presence of a concurrent ipsilesional distractor. In contrast, healthy controls and right hemisphere patients without neglect showed no directional asymmetries of movement execution. In experiment 2 subjects were required to interrupt a predictable, reciprocating sequence of leftward and rightward movements in order to move to an occasional, unpredictable target that occurred either in the direction opposite to that expected, or in the same direction but twice the extent. Neglect patients were significantly slower in reprogramming the direction and extent of movements towards contralesional versus ipsilesional targets, and they also made significantly more errors when executing such movements. Right hemisphere patients without neglect showed a similar bias in reprogramming direction (but not extent) for contralesional targets, whereas healthy controls showed no directional asymmetry in either condition. On the basis of these findings we propose that neglect involves a competitive bias in favour of motor programs for actions directed towards ipsilesional versus contralesional events. We suggest that programming errors and increased latencies for contralesional movements arise because the damaged right hemisphere can no longer effectively inhibit the release of inappropriate motor programs towards ipsilesional events.
Aged↗