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PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanical properties of luting cements after water storage.

This study determined the effect of water storage on flexural strength (FS) and compressive strength (CS) of 12 luting cements from different material classes. In addition, the influence of the curing method on the mechanical properties was investigated. The materials examined were two zinc phosphate cements (Harvard cement and Fleck's zinc cement), two glass ionomer cements (Fuji I and Ketac-Cem), three resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji Plus, Fuji Cem and RelyX Luting), four resin cements (RelyX ARC, Panavia F, Variolink II and Compolute) and one self-adhesive universal resin cement (RelyX Unicem). The samples were prepared and tested according to ISO specifications. Specimens for FS and CS were loaded to fracture at a constant crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The mechanical properties were measured after the materials were stored in distilled water at a temperature of 37.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C for 24 hours and 150 days after mixing. In a one-way ANOVA, multiple mean value comparisons using Duncan's multiple comparison tests were performed. Resin cements had the highest flexural and compressive strengths, followed by self-adhesive universal resin cement. These materials were statistically stronger than resin-modified glass ionomer cements, glass ionomer cements and zinc phosphate cements.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Mechanical properties and microstructures of glass-ionomer cements.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the flexural strength (FS), compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), Knoop hardness (KHN) and wear resistance of ten commercial glass-ionomer cements (GICs). The fracture surfaces of these cements were examined using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques to ascertain relationships between the mechanical properties and microstructures of these cements. METHODS: Specimens were fabricated according to the instructions from each manufacturer. The FS, CS, DTS, KHN and wear rate were measured after conditioning the specimens for 7 d in distilled water at 37 degrees C. One-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple range test was used to determine which specimen groups were significantly different for each test. The fracture surface of one representative specimen of each GIC from the FS tests was examined using a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: The resin-modified GICs (RM GICs) exhibited much higher FS and DTS, not generally higher CS, often lower Knoop hardness and generally lower wear resistance, compared to the conventional GICs (C GICs). Vitremer (3M) had the highest values of FS and DTS; Fuji II LC (GC International) and Ketac-Molar (ESPE) had the highest CS; Ketac-Fil (ESPE) had the highest KHN. Ketac-Bond (ESPE) had the lowest FS; alpha-Silver (DMG-Hamburg) had the lowest CS. Four GICs (alpha-Fil (DMG-Hamburg), alpha-Silver, Ketac-Bond and Fuji II) had the lowest values of DTS, which were not significantly different from each other; alpha-Silver and Ketac-Silver had the lowest values of KHN. The highest wear resistance was exhibited by alpha-Silver and Ketac-Fil; F2LC had the lowest wear resistance. The C GICs exhibited brittle behavior, whereas the RM GICs underwent substantial plastic deformation in compression. The more integrated the microstructure, the higher were the FS and DTS. Higher CS was correlated with smaller glass particles, and higher KHN was found where there was a combination of smaller glass particles and lower porosity. Larger glass particle sizes and a more integrated microstructure contributed to a higher wear resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: The mechanical properties of GICs were closely related to their microstructures. Factors such as the integrity of the interface between the glass particles and the polymer matrix, the particle size, and the number and size of voids have important roles in determining the mechanical properties.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Mechanical property characterization of a novel directly-placed ceramic restorative material.

PURPOSE: To compare, in vitro, the mechanical properties of a directly-placed ceramic restorative material (Doxadent) to glass-ionomer (Fuji IX), hybrid composite control (Z250) and amalgam control (Tytin). METHODS: Diametral tensile strength (DTS), compressive strength (CS), and Vickers hardness number (VHN) were measured for 10 specimens per group (n = 480 total) with time (1 hour, 24 hours, 1 week, 4 weeks). CS and DTS specimens were cylinders (4 x 8 mm). VHN specimens were disks (9.5 x 1 mm). Specimens were prepared following manufacturers' instructions, stored in deionized water (37 degrees C), and tested in 100% humidity (23 degrees C). CS and DTS specimens were loaded to failure (Instron, CHS = 0.5 mm/minute). VHN discs were indented. Data were analyzed using ANOVAand Tukey's test (P < 0.05) for pairwise comparisons of group means at each time. RESULTS: In CS and DTS, DoxaDent was weakest (P < 0.05) for all testing times except Fuji IX DTS at 1- and 4-week intervals. For VHN, DoxaDent was harder than glass-ionomer, better than composite except at 1 hour and less than amalgam. Except for VHN for Z250, all values improved from 1-24 hours. Based on current in vitro results, this novel restorative material does not yet equal composite or amalgam CS or DTS.

Aluminum Compounds↗

PubMed1996

Physical properties of composites cured with conventional light or argon laser.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare diametral tensile strength (DTS), compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) of a hybrid and a microfill resin composite restorative material polymerized by an argon laser for 10 seconds (AL10) and 20 seconds (AL20) vs. a conventional visible light for 40 seconds (VL40). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five specimens of resin composite, Herculite XRV, shade A-2 and Durafill VS, shade B-2, were made for each set of physical properties tested, for a total of 18 groups and 90 specimens. ANSI/ADA Specification #27 for direct filling resins was used as the protocol for specimen preparation and physical properties testing. An argon laser at approximately 285 mW, 6 mm beam size, power density of approximately 1,000 mW/cm2, and a conventional visible light at approximately 470 mW, 13 mm beam size, power density of approximately 354 mW/cm2, were used to polymerize the composite. Samples were stored in water in light-proof containers at 37 degrees C for at least 7 days and then tested on a Zwick universal testing machine. Mean DTS, CS or FS (MPa) values were calculated for each group. RESULTS: Herculite XRV's physical properties were not significantly affected by light source or exposure time. Light source or exposure time had no significant effect on DTS for Durafill VS. Significantly lower FS was found for Durafill VS, when cured for 10 seconds with the argon laser compared to 20 seconds with the laser or 40 seconds with the conventional light. In addition, significantly lower CS was found for the Durafill VS when polymerized with the laser at 10 seconds compared to the conventional light at 40 seconds.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Prostaglandin E1 and recombinant bone morphogenetic protein effect on strength of hydroxyapatite implants.

Although combinations of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) are expected to provide potent alternatives to autogenous bone grafts, it is still anticipated that substances that act synergistically with BMP will be found because the inducing potential of purified BMP in bone is not strong enough. We already have shown that prostaglandin (PG) E1 has a strong and dose-dependent synergistic effect on the osteoinductive activity induced by recombinant human (rh) BMP and that it enhances osteoconduction even when used alone. In this study, porous HAP rods were treated as follows: (1) without PGE1 or rhBMP (control group); (2) with varying concentrations of PGE1; and (3) with varying concentrations of PGE1 combined with 1 microg of rhBMP-2. The rods were subperiosteally implanted on the cranial bone of rabbits to evaluate the effect of these treatments on the mechanical strength of the implanted HAP rods. The HAP rods were removed 3, 6, or 9 weeks after implantation and subjected to mechanical strength determinations. The control group (no addition of BMP to the rods) showed no significant increase in three-point bending strength or in compression strength compared to pre-implantation. On the other hand, PGE1 combined with rhBMP had a strong and dose-dependent effect on the mechanical strength of HAP, increasing it significantly, especially compression strength. PGE1 also increased mechanical strength even when used alone. Histological examination revealed that PGE1, whether or not it was combined with rhBMP, increased bone formation into the pores of HAP and consequently increased the mechanical strength of porous HAP.

Alprostadil↗

PubMed1997

Nondestructive determination of iliac crest cancellous bone strength by pQCT.

The close relationship between apparent bone density and compressive strength is well established. In clinical situations, histomorphometry and determination of the compressive strength on bone biopsies are destructive methods and require two separate biopsies from each patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether volumetric bone density measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) could be used as a nondestructive method for estimating trabecular bone strength of iliac crest bone biopsies, thereby allowing the same biopsy to be used for subsequent histomorphometry. Materials consisted of trabecular bone samples prepared from unilateral transiliac crest bone samples obtained at autopsy [total 95 specimens; 41 females (21-90 years) and 54 males (23-87 years)]. From these, the apparent density of the cancellous bone was evaluated by pQCT in a 1-mm-thick slice in the middle of the biopsy and also by ash density measurement. Bone strength was measured by compression test. A strong power relationship was found between density measured by pQCT and compressive strength (r = 0.93, p < 0.00001). Likewise, there was a strong power relationship between ash density and compressive strength (r = 0.97, p < 0.00001). A linear correlation was found between pQCT measurement and ash density (r = 0.98, p < 0.00001), indicating a very high accuracy for the pQCT measurement. In conclusion, pQCT provides a very good estimate of cancellous bone strength. This nondestructive assessment of strength of iliac crest bone biopsies thereby enables biomechanical information as well as histomorphometric measurements to be obtained from the same biopsy.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

[Study on the mechanical strength of the medial tibial condyle at the knee].

The purpose of this investigation was to disclose the detailed distribution of the compressive strength of the medial tibial condyle at the normal human knee. Specimens of cancellous bone were taken from 19 locations on the medial tibial plateaus. The compressive strength was measured by a testing machine of Instron type and compared with the ash weight. The compressive strength varied with the tested positions. The maximum strength was found in an area a little anterior to the center of the medial plateau. The strength was less in the center and decreased further in the exposed cartilage area other than the above two areas. The portion covered with meniscus showed the least strength. The ash weight was closely related to the compressive strength. These results indicate the functional adaptation of the internal structure of the subchondral bone to the load bearing. The changes in the compressive strength, according to age, were discussed. The 40-49 year age group showed the most strength, followed by the 20-39 year group. The compressive strength decreased considerably in the over 49-year group.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Characterization of Portland cement for use as a dental restorative material.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of fast-setting cement formulations based on Portland cement as dental core build-up materials using two different methods of testing compressive strength and evaluation of setting times. METHODS: Four fast-setting cements based on Portland cement and their four respective densified with small particle (DSP) mortars were tested for setting time, constitution of cement by EDAX, and compressive strength using International and British Standards. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was used as a control. RESULTS: All the fast-setting cements had a similar elemental composition to OPC and the setting times were less than 7 min. The compressive strength of OPC was different between the two methods (P<0.001). All the fast-setting cements tested showed no difference in compressive strength regardless of the method of testing at 1 and 7 days (P>0.05), but the cylinders showed a lower compressive strength at 28 days (P<0.05). The OPC DSP mortar showed poorer compressive strength than OPC (P<0.01) at all times for cube testing but not for cylinder testing, where no difference was observed. The fast-setting DSP mortars had a lower compressive strength at 1 day (P<0.005) with both methods. At later times, there was no difference between the cements and DSP mortars for the cubes. SIGNIFICANCE: The pure fast-setting cements set in <7 min and were not susceptible to changes in the compressive strength testing procedure at 1 and 7 days but at 28 days all the fast-setting cements had a significantly higher strength with the test using cubes (P<0.05). A reduction in strength was observed at 28 days in cylinder testing. Most of the cements tested did not show encouraging strengths, however, one of the prototype cements tested could be a prospective dental restorative material.

Aluminum Oxide↗

PubMed2003

Mechanical properties of oligomer-modified acrylic bone cement.

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement modified with an experimental oligomer filler, based on an amino acid of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline synthesized in the laboratory. The test specimens were tested either dry, or after being stored in distilled water or in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1 week and then tested in distilled water. The three-point bending test was used to measure the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the cement, and the compression tests were used to measure the compression strength and modulus. One test specimen from each group was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the nature of the oligomer filler in the polymethylmethacrylate-polymethylacrylate copolymer-based (PMMA-PMA/PMMA) polymer blend. In dry conditions, the flexural strength of the test specimens tested in air was 66 MPa, and the compression strength was 93 GPa (p<0.001) for the plain bone cement. For the test specimens including 20 wt% of oligomer filler, the flexural strength was 37 MPa, and the compression strength was 102 MPa(p<0.001) in dry conditions. The storage in wet conditions (in distilled water and the SBF) decreased the flexural strength of the test specimens with 20 wt% of oligomer filler (p<0.001) by 60% and the flexural modulus by 44% compared to the plain bone cement specimens stored in the same conditions. The reduction in compression strength in wet conditions was 32%, and that of the compression modulus was 30% (p<0.001). No significant differences were found between test specimens stored in distilled water or SBF (ANOVA, p<0.001). In the SEM examinations, random voids were observed in the oligomer-PMMA-PMA/PMMA polymer blend after water or SBF storage. The results suggest that both water and SBF storage decrease the mechanical properties of the PMMA-PMA/PMMA bone cement modified with oligomer, while at the same time, there was porous formation in the bone cement structure.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Preparation of briquettes from the Golden Horn bottom sediments by hydro-thermal agglomeration process.

The Golden Horn (GH) sediments, which consist mainly of clay, organic substances and heavy metals, are formed with the contribution of industrial and domestic wastes released in the Golden Horn Estuary. On account of their mineralogical and chemical composition, these sediments may be regarded as a suitable raw material for briquette production. In this study, the utilization of GH dredged bottom sediments was investigated for preparation of briquettes. Dried GH sediments were mixed with lime and sand in different percentages, moulded at various squeezing pressures and hardened under several steam pressure values by autoclaving. The briquettes produced through these different process conditions were tested for compressive strength according to the Turkish standards (TS705). It was found that variations in compressive strength were dependent on the amount of lime (Ca(OH)2) and sand (SiO2) added. Results show that the compressive strength increased with increasing lime and decreasing sand in the mixtures prepared for briquettes. It is concluded that briquettes with a compressive strength value of 294 kgf cm(-2) can be produced. This allows the GH sediments to be taken into account as a raw material in brick production, as far as compressive strength requirements are concerned. This possibility may represent an important way either for reducing environmental pollution or for recycling waste materials in industrial applications.

Calcium Compounds↗

PubMed2004

Mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements affected by curing methods.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the study was to assess the influence of externally applied 'command' set applications on the mechanical properties of several commercially available conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC). METHODS: Four different restorative GICs cements (Fuji IX FAST, Fuji IX, Ketac Molar Quick, Ketac Molar) were cured using three different methods, e.g. standard curing conditions (SC), ultrasonic excitation (UC) and by an external heat source (HC). The compressive strength of these samples was measured and the groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. A standard thermocouple (K-type) measured the temperature in GIC during curing. RESULTS: In general all experiments showed an increase in strength going from SC, UC to HC. Especially, the compressive strength of Fuji IX FAST and Ketac Molar increased by UC and HC compared to the SC values. The compressive strength of Fuji IX FAST as a function of time showed an increase in strength during 28d. There was a clear relationship between the temperature in the sample (SC<UC<HC) and the compressive strength of the GICs. SIGNIFICANCE: An increase in strength was found, especially at the early curing time. Enhanced material properties at early curing time can improve the survival rate of GICs in the clinical situation. Ultrasonic excitation can be used as a 'command' set method and improves the properties of GIC at early setting time.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

The influence of clinically induced variability on the distribution of compressive fracture strengths of a hand-mixed zinc phosphate dental cement.

OBJECTIVES: Conventional approaches to comparing dental cements use standard property tests under manufacturers' specified conditions. Zinc phosphate cements are supplied in powder/liquid form and manipulation frequently involves mixing the components by eye so a range of mixing ratios will inevitably occur in practice. Unfortunately, the physical, chemical, biological and mechanical properties of cements are known to be dependent on the mixing ratio. METHODS: Forty dental nurses prepared a series of three cement samples to a luting consistency they considered acceptable for use in practice. RESULTS: It was found that each dental nurse produced consistent cement mixes, although, the mixing ratios varied from 1.7 to 3.2 g/ml between nurses. The mean compressive strength, standard deviation and associated Weibull Moduli (m) of the cements were determined as a function of this mixing ratio range and showed considerable variation ranging from 33.5 +/- 3.2 MPa (m = 11.0) at 1.7 g/ml to 71.4 +/- 8.4 MPa (m = 8.6) at 2.6 g/ml and 42.5 +/- 10.0 MPa (m = 5.0) at 3.2 g/ml. SIGNIFICANCE: An analytical approach was adopted which facilitated an integrated analysis of the mixing ratio variability with the strength data. It was found for the test group of dental nurses that 25% of cement mixes produced would have achieved strengths below 40 MPa whilst strengths below the standard value were produced in at least 70% of mixes. These results indicate that a simple analysis of the properties of cements manipulated under optimum conditions, provides little information on the material characteristics obtained in practice because of clinically induced variability.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Mechanical properties of woven glass fiber-reinforced composites.

The aim of this investigation was to measure the flexural and compressive strengths and the corresponding moduli of cylindrical composite specimens reinforced with woven glass fiber. Test specimens were made by light-curing urethane dimethacrylate oligomer with woven glass fiber of 0.18-mm standard thickness. Tests were conducted using four reinforcement methods and two specimen diameters. Flexural strength and modulus of woven glass fiber-reinforced specimens were significantly greater than those without woven glass fiber (p < 0.01). Likewise, compressive strength of reinforced specimens was significantly greater than those without woven glass fiber (p < 0.01), except for specimens reinforced with woven glass fiber oriented at a tilt direction in the texture (p > 0.05). In terms of comparison between the two specimen diameters, no statistically significant differences in flexural strength and compressive strength (p > 0.05) were observed.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Investment strength as a function of time and temperature.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate and compare the compressive strength characteristics of selected investments and to determine if these change as a function of time and temperature after mixing. METHODS: Two phosphate-bonded investments and one gypsum-bonded investment were selected and 288 cylindrical specimens were fabricated (n = 9). Baseline compressive strength values were determined for each material at room temperature and compressive strength measurements were made for all materials at 700 degrees C, and at 872 degrees C only for phosphate-bonded investments. Each material was tested at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after mixing. Specimens were heated at 15 degrees C/min and heat soaked for 5 min in a burnout oven at the applicable testing temperature. They were transferred to a preheated chamber on an Instron testing machine and subjected to a compressive load at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min until failure. The resulting strength data are presented in MN/m2. RESULTS: The gypsum-bonded investment did not exhibit marked differences in strength as a function of either time or temperature. The phosphate-bonded investments, on the other hand, demonstrated considerable changes in compressive strength and differed in compressive strength characteristics at 700 degrees C and 872 degrees C respectively. CONCLUSIONS: At elevated temperatures, all materials approximated peak strength 2 h after initial mixing. At room temperature, the phosphate-bonded investments in this study were not significantly stronger than the gypsum-bonded investment material. However, they exhibited increased compressive strength as a function of time and temperature that was considerably higher than that exhibited by the gypsum-bonded investments.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

[Determination of normal temperature properties of refractory die material compatible with slip casting core of sintered titanium powder].

OBJECTIVE: The refractory die is the precondition for developing slip casting core of sintered powder. This study is to determine the normal temperature properties of the refractory die material compatible with slip casting core. METHODS: to mix the die material at five different ratios (8/1, 7.5/1, 7/1, 6.5/1, and 6/1) and measure their solidification time with self-manufactured Vicker's needle; to prepare five cylindrical specimens (phi 10 x 15 mm) in different drying time for determining their compressive strength, and then to let another five specimens fire at 1000 degrees C four times for measuring the residual compressive strength at room temperature. RESULTS: The setting time was 16.25 minutes (7.5/1), and the lower the powder-liquid ratio, the longer the setting time. The normal compressive strength was 25.32 MPa (drying 24 hours), while the longer the drying time, the higher the compressive strength achieved (P < 0.01). The residual compressive strength was 24 MPa. CONCLUSION: The normal temperature properties of the refractory die material meet the demand of slip casting core of sintered powder.

Compressive Strength↗

PubMed2006

Preparation and characterization of ceramic products by thermal treatment of sewage sludge ashes mixed with different additives.

The study of the ceramic characteristics of sludge ashes, alone or mixed with additives (kaolin, montmorillonite, illitic clay, powdered flat glass) includes characterization of additives, preparation of probes (dry or wet mixed), thermal treatment (up to 1200 degrees C, except melting or deformation) and control (densities, compressive strengths and water absorption). Thermal treatment increases the density and compressive strength of probes (both parameters go through maxima, with later decreases) and decreases the absorption of water. The densification is also revealed by the evolution of the ratio of decrease of volume/loss of mass. The maximum values of compressive strengths were obtained for 25% of illitic clay, montmorillonite and glass powder. Densification concerning probes with sludge ashes alone does not occur with kaolin. Experimental data were adjusted to exponential relationships between compressive strengths and densities for every composition, and also to a general equation for all probes. The apparent density obtained was adjusted to a non-linear dependence with temperature, leading to a maximum in density and permitting calculating the temperature of occurrence of this maximum. The adjustment was not possible for probes containing kaolin, requiring presumably higher temperatures to densify. Water absorption has low values for ashes or kaolin probes, intermediate values for illite and powdered flat glass probes and high values for montmorillonite probes. Excepting with kaolin, ceramic materials with better characteristics than sludge ashes without additives were obtained at lower treatment temperatures.

Aluminum Silicates↗

PubMed1991

Marginal adaptation of a restorative resin polymerized at reduced rate.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reduced rate of polymerization on the marginal adaptation of a composite resin inserted in dentin cavities treated with a simplified Gluma system. The effect on bonding strength to dentin and compressive strength was also investigated. The light intensity of the polymerization unit was lowered by the use of a transformer, and thus the rate of polymerization of the composite resin. When the resin was irradiated for 30 s at 110 V followed by 30 s at 220 V, the marginal adaptation was significantly improved. This condition resulted in acceptable values of bonding strength to dentin and diametral compressive strength. It is suggested that the reduced rate of polymerization may allow for increased flow of the material, decreasing the contraction stress in the filling.

Aluminum Oxide↗

PubMed2001

Material properties of trabecular bone structures.

The transplantation of human allograft for restoration and filling of cortical bone defects is well known. Our aim was an experimental investigation of the mechanical stability of the often used femoral head spongiosa depending on the caliber and extent of the allograft. To evaluate the orientation of the trabecular structures of the femoral head and relate this data to its mechanical properties, morphometric studies were combined with mechanical tests of cancellous bone specimens. The mechanical examination of the allograft was done following the compression test according to DIN 50106. We examined 36 human unfixed hip joint spongiosa cylinders with a height of 11 mm and a diameter of 24 mm. We took three specimens from each femoral head. We compressed the allograft at a constant velocity of 0.017 mm/sec. We calculated the maximum compression strength, the yield point and the Young's modulus. We also examined 12 parallelepipedic specimens with (17 x 17 x 51 mm) for morphometric analysis and loading in the direction of the primary compressive group (PCG), as well as perpendicular loading and at an angle of 45 degrees. We found divergent mechanical stabilities. None of the femoral heads showed comparable compressive strength. There was no position dependency of the strength of the samples. No relation between optical appearance and strength was found. We found a value for the lower compressive strength, which can be used for calculation as a basic value for safe constructions. Furthermore we tested the well known dependence of strength on the direction of the trabecular structure. We found a strong relationship between strength and load direction on the preferred direction of the trabecular structure. The sole recommendation resulting from our investigations is to rely on the lowest compressive strength for all preoperative planning. Relying on higher compressive strength by using the theoretical predicted areas of higher strength is hazardous since we found no correlation between position of sampling and strength. The size of our samples is important, because of the fact that different sizes of the samples might cause different failure mechanisms in the samples. The preparation of the femoral head spongiosa should be done according to the primary compressive group of the trabecular structure.

Aged↗