PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Computer Programs And Programming”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Computer program for central axis dose calculations for high energy photons.

A computer program is described for central axis dose calculations for 60Co and 6 MV photons. Fixed distance or isocentric calculations for regular or irregular fields can be performed. Corrections are made for wedges and blocking trays. Tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses are calculated from scatter-air ratios eliminating the need for empirical formulas. Calculated tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses for elongated fields agree to within 2 per cent with measured data, eliminating the need for tables of equivalent squares. Calculated values for irregular fields also agree to within 2 per cent with measured data.

Computers↗
PubMed1981

PaperChase: a computer program to search the medical literature.

This report describes PaperChase, a computer program that permits users to search medical literature by author's name, journal of publication, title word, or medical subject heading (MeSH term), as indexed by the National Library of Medicine. PaperChase was installed in the medical library of Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, with a data base of 400,000 references--nearly all the articles shelved there. During the first year of operation, 1032 medical students, house officers, practicing physicians, and other library users, without formal instruction or user's manual, conducted 8459 searches and displayed 399,821 references, 97,769 of which they selected for printing. Among users who conducted an initial search, 49 per cent returned to complete five or more searches, and 14 per cent returned to complete 20 or more. The large number of satisfied users and the low installation and operating costs suggest that PaperChase could be a valuable means of providing widespread computerized bibliographic retrieval.

Boston↗
PubMed1992

Development and validation of a computer program using Bayes's theorem to support diagnosis of rheumatic disorders.

A computer program has been developed to support the differential diagnosis of major rheumatic disease categories. Knowledge for the program was derived from the sensitivity and specificity of findings in a group of 1052 consecutive patients of a rheumatological outpatient clinic. Computer predictions based on two variations of Bayes's theorem were compared with 'gold standard' diagnoses in 570 test cases from the same clinic. The results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, but also that refinements of both the method of calculation and the knowledge are required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A computer program for studying blood gases in respiratory care.

We developed a computer program in a style of a game to help study blood gases in respiratory care. The program generates five simulated patients from a pool of 11. The player selects one patient, then the program calculates the patient's condition according to initial condition and selected treatment. Condition of the simulated patient may improve or deteriorate accordingly. Every two hours, the program display the data, requests the diagnosis and asks addition/change of treatment. The program then judges if diagnosis is correct. This process is repeated up to 48 hours. Finally a score and comments are displayed according to the performance of the patient and of the player. Students and young physicians used the original disk 312 times and more than 30 copies are distributed throughout the country. It is useful by itself as a self-teaching tool, but even more useful when combined with verbal teaching by instructors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Estimating enzyme kinetic parameters: a computer program for linear regression and non-parametric analysis.

An IBM computer program, WILMAN4, is described which calculates the estimates, Km, V and Km/V from initial velocity measurements according to one of four statistical methods. Three of these methods involve linear regression analysis using weights given by assuming: (i) constant absolute error (G.N. Wilkinson, 1961, Biochem J., 80, 324-332), (ii) constant relative error (G. Johansen and R. Lumry, 1961, C.R. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 32, 185-214) and (iii) an error function in between the above two cases. (A. Cornish-Bowden, 1976, Principles of Enzyme Kinetics, Butterworths Inc, Boston, Mass., pp. 168-193). The fourth method is a non-parametric procedure derived by Eisenthal and Cornish-Bowden (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 532 (1974) 268-272). Residuals are obtained by subtracting the experimental and the calculated velocities. Outliers, or residuals which are greater than two experimental standard deviations, can be identified and removed from the data set. If the sequence of positive and negative signs of the residuals is random as determined by a statistical probability calculation, the data set is assumed to obey the Michaelis-Menten equation.

Biometry↗
PubMed1988

GRAN: a computer program for the cluster analysis of a repertory grid.

A BASIC computer program is described for analysing individual repertory grids. The analysis results in a rearranged version of the grid, with similar constructs and similar elements grouped together. Element and construct similarities are assessed using single-link hierarchical cluster analysis. The program works with rating, ranked or dichotomous grids and copes with missing entries.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A computer program for hospital artificial nutrition].

In this study we present a computer program of artificial nutrition, designed with the aim of obtaining a useful and simple working tool, which simplifies the different steps to be taken when the need for artificial nutrition is indicated in a patient. It has been developed, by the authors, with the aim of organizing and improving the artificial nutrition at the level of our facility. This is a General Hospital with 300 beds, without a nutrition unit, and with an Intensive Care Unit which acts as a nutritional consultant for patients admitted to other departments. In our experience, it has proven to be of great use, with the following advantages: criteria of all the aspects referring to artificial nutrition have been unified (indications, requirements...), the time needed to calculate the requirements and make up the nutritional formula has been reduced, protocolization has been simplified, as well as the nutritional follow up, and it has allowed us to individualize the nutritional treatment, adjusting it to the evolutive changes of our patients.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1987

A computer program for variance function estimation, with particular reference to immunoassay data.

A computer program is described for estimating a simple one or two parameter variance function using approximate conditional likelihood. The inverse of the fitted function provides a smooth weighting function for use in subsequent manipulation of the data. The program is designed for immunoassays, where both the raw experimental observations, and the final results from data reduction, are well known to exhibit nonuniformity of variance, but it may also have application in other areas where the observations follow approximately normal distributions and a weighting function is required. Five variance function forms are optionally available as subroutines, and if necessary, one or more of these can be incorporated into existing software with trivial modification. The test of fit of the assumed function provides an objective criterion for detecting outliers, and the program includes automatic outlier exclusion as an option.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1985

Some readily available computer programs for special types of statistical analyses.

A list of readily available computer programs for analysis of different types of experimental data is compiled. Some of these programs have been tested by the author for accuracy, and yet several others need to be checked by the users against existing tables and documents. The errors, to the author's knowledge, have been pointed out. Many of these programs may be used as subroutines in analyzing data derived from experiments in cytogenetics as well as other fields.

Computers↗
PubMed1989

Use of the computer program EQUIL to estimate pH in model solutions and human urine.

The computer program EQUIL was designed to calculate relative supersaturations of solute components of common urinary stones. In an extended software version, quantitative consideration of charge balance for a priori or a posteriori pH estimation was added. The reliability of this computation was tested with hydrogen ion titration of buffer solutions containing HEPES [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperaizine-N'-ethanesulfonic acid] as well as samples of normal human urine. In the model solutions with HEPES, the difference between calculated pH values and the measured pH was smaller than 1.2% for any titration step within the buffer zone (pH 8.5-6.8). The pH values calculated for whole urine differed from the measured pH by 7% to 53%, and the calculated charge inbalance ranged from 2.6 to 9.6 mM. This net cation inbalance indicates that there is a need to account for other anionic components, including hippurate, amino acids, and isocitrate. In experimental solutions, charge balance calculations with EQUIL can be of great utility because they permit a priori estimation of pH or computation of the composition at a desired pH.

Buffers↗
PubMed1979

Computer programs for analysis of nucleic acid hybridization, thermal denaturation, and gel electrophoresis data.

Computer programs for the analysis of data from techniques frequently used in nucleic acids research are described. In addition to calculating non-linear, least-squares solutions to equations describing these systems, the programs allow for data editing, normalization, plotting and storage, and are flexible and simple to use. Typical applications of the programs are described.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A computer program for detection of segmental contraction abnormalities by the left ventricular cineangiogram.

A computer program which enables detection of segmental abnormalities of the left ventricular contraction was developed using the principles of Leighton et al. [Circulation 50 (1974) 121-127]. A film projector, a digitizer, a graphic display and a mini-computer are used. The end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) left ventricular silhouettes are traced from 30 degrees right anterior oblique cineangiograms projected on a screen of the film projector. The program determines semi-automatically both apexes and longitudinal axes of the left ventricle. Lines [(N-1) less than or equal to 60] are drawn perpendicular to longitudinal axes, dividing longitudinal axes into equal N segments, respectively. These perpendicular lines are extended to intersect ED and ES silhouettes at 2(N-1) points, respectively. The distances along each of 2(N-1) hemiaxes are defined as short axes [S-EDi and S-ESi, i = 1-2(N-1)]. Segmental wall contractions are expressed as a percentage of the distance from S-EDi to S-ESi, and displayed as a graph with normal values (mean +/- 2 SD). The presence and extent of segmental contraction abnormalities can be evaluated quantitatively by observing a percentage of segmental wall contractions. This program greatly facilitates a correct diagnosis in clinical use.

Cineangiography↗
PubMed1993

A computer program to calculate and design oligonucleotide primers from amino acid sequences.

A computer program to generate oligonucleotide sequences from peptide data is presented. The program, PrimerGen, reverse-translates a peptide string into its corresponding degenerate deoxyribonucleotide counterpart, and generates sequences of oligonucleotide molecules which can be synthesized and either used as probes for hybridizations or as primers in polymerase chain reactions.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1977

A computer program for comparing irregular two-dimensional forms.

A shape comparison of two forms requires a procedure that ensures comparability. A computer program has been written to compute a quantitative measure of shape differences between irregular bounded forms. The curve-fitting procedure, utilizing Fourier's series, is particularly well-suited for two-dimensional closed forms. The program provides several alternate methods to eliminate size difference, ensure a common or neutral center for superimposition and provide a rotational orientation which minimizes shape differences. The program contains numerous user-specified options which control input data transformations, algorithmic processing and output. The algorithmic processing provides: (1) generation of Fourier coefficients based on observed data, (2) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for positional orientation, (3) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for size standardization, (4) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for rotational orientation, (5) a cross-correlation technique which rotationally adjusts two superimposed forms to minimize the shape difference, and (6) various standard statistical measures.

Computers↗
PubMed1994

Warfarin 2.0--a computer program for warfarin management. Design and clinical use.

Warfarin 2.0 is a computer program that helps physicians optimize treatment of outpatients with warfarin. The main reason for its development was to achieve a good anticoagulation level, avoiding both undertreatment--which causes thromboembolic complications--and overtreatment--which causes hemorrhagic complications. The program was also designed to help educate the anticoagulated patient, standardize warfarin management and audit results of what had been done. The philosophy of continuous quality improvement was applied. Warfarin 2.0 is in clinical operation in the University Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay, and it has also been used since the end of 1993 in the Favaloro Foundation, Dept. of Hematology, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The results from the first 15 months of use in Montevideo showed an increase in the number of patients being followed (from 91 to 132) and the average number of visits per patient (from one visit every 10.6 weeks to one every 6.5 weeks): The frequency of visits has been in the internationally accepted ranges since the program was implemented. Better anticoagulation levels were achieved after an adjusting period. Unfortunately, the number of undertreated patients is still large, and a thorough analysis of the data is going to be undertaken to continue improving warfarin management.

Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1978

A computer program for the generalized chi-square analysis of competing risks grouped survival data (CRISCAT).

CRISCAT is a computer program for the analysis of grouped survival data with competing risks via weighted least squares methods. Competing risks adjustments are obtained from general matrix operations using many of the strategies employed in a previously developed program (GENCAT) for multivariate categorical data. CRISCAT computes survival rates at several time points for multiple causes of failure, where each rate is adjusted for other causes in the sense that failure due to thes other causes has been eliminated as a risk. The program can generate functions of the adjusted survival rates, to which asymptotic regression models may be fit. CRISCAT yields test statistics for hypotheses involving either these functions or estimated model parameters. Thus, this computational algorithm links competing risks theory to linear models methods for contingency table analysis and provides a unified approach to estimation and hypothesis testing of functions involving competing risks adjusted rates.

Actuarial Analysis↗