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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[How to improve use of emergency contraception by adolescents?].

OBJECTIVES: To give an overview of knowledge on emergency contraception (EC) and its utilization in the adolescent population, and to present the practical guidelines useful for EC prescription. METHODS: Review of the literature on EC and results of a survey on sexual behavior of 16-20-year-olds in Switzerland are used. RESULTS: Both estrogen-progestin and estrogen are used for EC. Condom breakage, lack of compliance in oral contraception and failure in contraceptive use are the main reasons for using EC. Sexually active adolescents are aware of CPC and 20% of girls have used it in Switzerland. However, insufficient information and low quality of services in emergency situation could be important barriers to the use of EC. DISCUSSION: and conclusion. Practical knowledge and information on EC must be disseminated among adolescents and both professional training and development of the quality of services have to provide better access to EC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Repeat induced abortions and contraceptive practices among unmarried young women seeking an abortion in China.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of repeated abortion and contraceptive use among unmarried young women seeking an abortion in China. METHODS: We used an anonymous self-administered questionnaire at abortion clinics in Beijing, Changsha, and Dalian from January to September 2000. RESULTS: Of 4547 unmarried young women seeking an abortion, 33.0% reported having had one previous induced abortion. Of those who had had more than one abortion, only 29.7% used a contraceptive method at their first sexual intercourse after the procedure; and of the 446 women who chose contraception, 41.3% used the traditional methods of withdrawal or rhythm. Although 65.0% of the young women had used condoms at least once, only 9.6% did so consistently and correctly; 47.7% of the current pregnancies were associated with nonuse of any contraceptive, and 52.3% were related to contraceptive failure. CONCLUSION: The rate of unmarried young women seeking repeated abortions was high in China on 2000. The rate of consistent condom use was low, and the rate of contraceptive failure was higher.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1982

Vaginal spermicides and outcome of pregnancy: findings in a large cohort study.

By the end of 1980, 5729 singleton planned pregnancies, 1552 singleton unplanned pregnancies, and 81 multiple pregnancies had been observed among the 17032 participants in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. The outcome of these pregnancies was investigated in relation to the use of vaginal spermicides. There was some suggestion that spermicide use might have a small adverse effect on the risk of congenital malformations, especially among infants conceived as a result of contraceptive failure. There was not, however, any evidence of any other adverse effect of spermicide use. In particular, the results provide strong evidence against the hypothesis that spermicide use has any appreciable effect on the risk of spontaneous abortion.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2000

The female condom.

BACKGROUND: The female condom has been available in numerous countries for some years. It was launched in Australia on March 8th, 2000 and is an important addition to the range of barrier contraceptives. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to provide an overview of the female condom to enable GPs and nurse practitioners to advise clients and provide information about its use. DISCUSSION: The female condom is an effective form of contraception. When used correctly it has a failure rate of about 5%, which compares favourably with other forms of barrier contraception. It is important that users are instructed on insertion, in particular the need to guide the penis into the condom. Evidence shows that it reduces the incidence of sexually transmitted infections. There may also be additional benefit in reducing wart virus and herpes transmission, as there is greater protection to the vulva and the base of the penis, when compared with the male condom. The female condom has high user acceptability, and offers advantages in terms of sensitivity and also ease of use by men with erectile dysfunction. It is the only barrier protection under a woman's control, giving protection to the vagina and vulva as well as the cervix.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive failure in the United States: revised estimates from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth.

It is estimated that only about half of all abortions occurring during the period covered by the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth were actually reported in the survey; thus, contraceptive failure rates calculated from these data are almost certainly inaccurate. An attempt to correct for the underreporting of abortion indicates that actual 12-month use-failure rates are more than one-third higher than those calculated without taking abortion underreporting into account, with rates ranging from six percent for the pill to 14-16 percent for the condom, diaphragm and rhythm and to 26 percent for spermicides. Patterns of contraceptive failure are similar to those found in earlier studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Acceptability evaluation of a natural rubber latex, a polyurethane, and a new non-latex condom.

After more than a century of reliance on latex condoms, male condoms fabricated from new materials are finally becoming commercially available to consumers. This study was an open label acceptability study that compared three lubricated condom products during vaginal intercourse: a natural rubber latex condom, a polyurethane condom, and a new non-latex (styrene ethylene butylene styrene, SEBS) condom. Fifty-four couples who were using condoms for birth control were enrolled in this three-way crossover study. Each couple tested three condoms of each type in a randomized sequence. Couples reported condom performance after each use and rated condom acceptability after use of three condoms of each type. At the completion of the study, participants selected their preferred condom type for overall acceptability, sensitivity, ease of use, appearance, and comfort. All three condom types had low clinical breakage and slippage rates (</= 3.3%) although the polyurethane condom did not perform as well in other measures of performance including unrolling, discomfort, stretching, bunching, and sliding along the penis during intercourse. None of the condom types were statistically preferred overall [males: natural rubber latex 37%, polyurethane 24%, new non-latex (SEBS) 37%, no preference 2%; females: natural rubber latex 33%, polyurethane 27%, new non-latex 37%, no preference 2%]. A statistically higher proportion of couples preferred both the natural rubber latex condom and the new non-latex condom above the polyurethane condom for ease of unrolling, and the natural rubber latex condom above the other condom types for perceived safety. Approximately two-thirds of both male and female participants preferred one of the two condoms made of synthetic materials suggesting that consumers will appreciate the availability of these products.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Vaginal ultrasound probe cover leakage: implications for patient care.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of probe contamination following transvaginal ultrasonography. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University Infertility Center. PATIENT(S): Women undergoing transvaginal ultrasonography. INTERVENTION(S): One physician obtained 840 consecutive transvaginal ultrasonograms over nine months. Latex condoms were used to cover the probe. Following examination, the condoms were removed and the probe was wiped with a germicidal disposable cloth and left to air dry for 5 minutes. Condoms were filled with water and examined for leaks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Number of perforations and distance from condom tip. RESULT(S): Seventeen (2%) of 840 condoms leaked. The mean distance from the tip to the point of leakage was 10.6 cm +/- 2.8 (mean +/- SD; range, 7-14). Sixty-five percent of the leaks were < or = 10 cm from the tip. In several instances, two leaking condoms were found within a few examinations of each other. No visual contamination of the probe was noted. CONCLUSION(S): Although only 2% of condoms leaked, 65% were at distances that could have led to probe soiling intravaginally. While no body fluids were grossly visible, microscopic contamination was still possible. Since perforations were noted in close, and even consecutive scans, this study underscores the need for routine probe disinfection between examinations.

Body Fluids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A guide to the management of one-piece urinary sheaths.

Urinary sheaths are a treatment option for the management of urinary incontinence but unfortunately their use is not widespread. They are available as one- and two-piece systems, but the one-piece sheath is more commonly used. Adele Brodie outlines the assessment process that should be followed before selecting a sheath. She also offers practical tips for applying a sheath and coping with problems.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1978

An evaluation of male contraceptive acceptance in rural Ghana.

To evaluate the effect of male contraceptive acceptance on fertility, the Danfa Family Planning Project in rural Ghana studied a sample of its male family planning acceptors. The findings show that half of the survey respondents accepted foam for use by their partners and half accepted the condom. The continuation rate (69 percent at 12 months) and use-effectiveness rate (80 percent at 12 months) reported by men were higher than those reported by women program acceptors. It is felt that men can play a significant role in affecting fertility through their influence on a couple's choosing to use contraception and as a result of their motivation to obtain contraception and see that it is used. It is urged that increasing emphasis be placed on providing family planning services for men in African programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Contraception: from accessibility to efficiency.

BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread use of medical contraception in France, the prevalence of abortion remains stable. A cross-sectional population-based survey was designed to study the characteristics of current contraceptive use in France, the different types of contraceptive failure, and the reasons reported for not using contraception. METHODS: A representative sample of 14 704 French households was randomly selected from the telephone directory. All women who in the last 5 years had had an abortion or whose last pregnancy was unintended were selected (n = 1034), whilst a fraction (n = 1829) of the other women were randomly selected. Altogether, 2863 women answered the questionnaire. RESULTS: Only 2.7% of the women aged 18-44 years who did not wish to conceive and were sexually active did not use any contraception. However, 33% of pregnancies were estimated to be unplanned, of which 50% ended in an abortion. A total of 65% of the reported unplanned pregnancies occurred among women using contraception (21% the pill, 9% IUD, 12% condoms, 23% other method). The main reasons given for these contraceptive failures were the misuse of the methods or the failure of the partner to withdraw. Reasons for not using any contraception go beyond a simple lack of information. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of-and the reasons mentioned for-contraceptive failure show a misadaptation between women's contraceptive needs and the method they use. Improving the training of family planning providers remains a major goal to ensure that women use a contraceptive method that fits their social and sexual lifestyle.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2002

Condom use errors and problems among college men.

BACKGROUND: An essential yet understudied aspect of condom use is whether they are used correctly. GOAL: The goal of the study was to comprehensively evaluate condom use errors and problems reported by heterosexual college men (N = 158). STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey, involving a 3-month recall period, was conducted. RESULTS: Of the 158 participants, 60% did not discuss condom use with their partner before sex; 42% reported they wanted to use condoms but did not have any available; 43% put condoms on after starting sex; 15% removed condoms before ending sex; 40% did not leave space at the tip; 30% placed the condom upside down on the penis and had to flip it over; and 32% reported losing erections in association with condom use. Nearly one-third reported breakage or slippage during sex. Few participants reported errors related to lubrication, storage, and reusing condoms. Higher error scores were associated with breakage/slippage rather than with consistency of condom use. CONCLUSION: Condom use errors were common, and error scores were associated with breakage and slippage. Increasing the focus on correcting potential user failures may be an important public health strategy.

Condoms↗
PubMed2005

Performance of the Reality polyurethane female condom and a synthetic latex prototype: a randomized crossover trial among South African women.

OBJECTIVE: This multisite, randomized, crossover trial comparing the performance of the Reality female condom (FC1) with a new synthetic latex prototype (FC2) was conducted in Durban, South Africa. METHOD: In total, 276 women were enrolled and 201 women completed the study. Altogether, 1910 FC1 condoms and 1,881 FC2 condoms were used. RESULTS: Total breakage was 0.73% in FC1 and 0.85% in FC2 (95% confidence interval, -0.64 to 0.87). The number of clinical breakages (those that could result in a pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection) was similar for each condom type (FC1, n=9; FC2, n=8). Incorrect penetration (penis between condom and vaginal wall) was 1.26% and 0.64% for FC1 and FC2, respectively. Outer ring displacements (outer ring pushed into the vagina partially or fully) were comparable for both condoms (FC1, 3.14%; FC2, 2.98%). Slippage (condom came out of the vagina) was rare and reported in 0.37% or less of devices used. Total clinical failure was 5.24% in FC1 and 4.3% in FC2. CONCLUSION: The FC1 and FC2 performed comparably within this trial.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Is today's condom better than its reputation?].

In a statistical sample of 500 unwanted pregnancies surprisingly the share of women whose partners used a condom was not higher than the share of IUP-users (considering the relative frequency of use of both methods). This result was the motivation to investigate once more the use of the condom. After a short description of the history, the production, and the testing methods a discussion follows of the frequency of its use. In many countries the frequency of using the condom lies between that of hormonal oral contraceptives and the IUP. Today the reliability of the condom is higher than described in medical textbooks. In statistics of the seventies the failure rate is no more than 3 unwanted pregnancies in 100 years of usage. Harmful side effects or contraindications are not known. Therefore in cases of incompatibility or refusion of hormonal oral contraceptives reflections of the doctor on useful alternative methods of contraception should include the recommendation of the condom.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗
PubMed2004

The impact of inaccurate reporting of condom use and imperfect diagnosis of sexually transmitted disease infection in studies of condom effectiveness: a simulation-based assessment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of condoms in reducing sexually transmitted disease (STD) infection risk has been debated in the face of equivocal epidemiologic evidence. We assessed the potential magnitude of bias in condom effectiveness studies resulting from inaccurate reporting of condom use behavior and misdiagnosis of STD infection status. GOAL: The goal of this study was to illustrate the magnitude of bias in condom effectiveness studies in the presence of inaccurate condom use reporting and diagnostic misclassification. STUDY: We used probabilistic simulations to mimic plausible outcomes for hypothetical prospective and retrospective condom effectiveness studies subject to both inaccurate reporting of the participants' true condom use and diagnostic error. The simulations were conducted by generating a series of binomial (yes, no) random variables corresponding with STD infection status and accurate diagnosis of infection. RESULTS: The simulation results illustrate that failure to address reporting and diagnostic errors can lead to a substantial bias in studies of condom effectiveness. This bias resulted in a roughly 25% to 30% reduction in the probability of detecting a true 2-fold reduction of infection risk resulting from using condoms. CONCLUSION: Inaccurate reporting of condom use and reliance on imperfect diagnostic tests can substantially bias observable measures of condom effectiveness. The potential for these biases should be addressed in the design and analysis of effectiveness studies.

Bias↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of condom breakage during human use with performance in laboratory testing.

This paper combines results from a study of the determinants of condom quality and use conducted by The Population Council in two countries in the Caribbean with results from a condom breakage study conducted by Family Health International (FHI) in the United States. The studies, conducted two years apart, compared the breakage rates of condoms from the same lot during human use to their performance in laboratory test results. Breakage rates of 12.9% for Barbados, 10.1% for St. Lucia and 6.7% for the United States compared to passing ASTM laboratory tests suggest that existing laboratory tests as used with the current pass/fail standards are either not sufficiently sensitive or not well-defined to reliably predict condom performance during human use. The study also suggests that user behaviors and practices may be a factor in condom breakage. If the condom is to be an effective method against unplanned pregnancy and STD/HIV infection, and if consumer confidence is to be retained, condom breakage during sexual intercourse must be reduced.

Barbados↗
PubMed1980

Cocaine intoxication: massive oral overdose.

Massive cocaine intoxication is manifested by central nervous system stimulation (restlessness, tremors, convulsions) and then depression (respiratory and cardiovascular failure). A young man presented with new seizures and eventual development of status epilepticus, respiratory failure, and cardiovascular depression. Investigation revealed ingestion of cocaine-filled condoms which had ruptured in the gastrointestinal tract. Smuggling of illicit drugs via the oral-fecal route may lead to severe physiologic derangements if the container ruptures.

Adult↗