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PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of Dilazep on F10 cells in vitro.

Experiments on F10 cell growth, colony ability, cell adhesion and ultramorphology at SEM have been performed. The effect of Dilazep (DIL) has been compared with that of well known modulating agents such as Flunarizine (FLU) and Verapamil (VER) on cells cultured in high Ca++ medium (HCM) and in low calcium medium (LCM). While in HCM there is no difference among the three drugs, FLU and VER had a stronger effect on cell growth inhibition in LCM. Cell adhesion to the growth substratum, evaluated by the technique of spontaneous detachment in culture medium, is reduced in DIL treated cells in comparison to the controls.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[Immunofluorescent studies with IBR/IPV virus on cell culture].

The anti IBR/IPV virus (FITC labelled) conjugate was prepared from the bull's hyperimmune serum according to the method applied in CVL Weybridge for preparation of anti-Swine-Fever Conjugate (anti genital strain of virus). The conjugate was titrated using Calf Kidney primary monolayers grown on coverslips in Leighton tubes and inoculated with "Oxford" and "Carmarthen" strains of IBR/IPV virus. The conjugate was active for the first strain in dil. 1:16 and for the second in dil. 1:8. The specificity of reagent was checked both with strains of IBR/IPV viruses and other Herpesviruses: Aujesky Disease and Bovine Mammalitis and heterological conjugates (TGE, HCV). The morphological changes of infected cells and development of specific fluorescence were studied against the increase of extracellular viral titres. The time of appearance of specific fluorescence following inoculation of cells with a low, specially selected virus cell multiplicity ratio = 0.22 was 12-16 hours p.i. which corresponded to viral liter of fluid 1.0 [- log TCID50/-0.1 ml]. The visible CPE occurred at 32-36 hours after infection. The possibility of application of the above-mentioned conjugate to immunofluorescent studies with cells infected by IBR/IPV virus was confirmed.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Bidirectional fluorescent labelling techniques for the developing and regenerating visual system.

Fluorescent dyes like RITC or Dil (282) are convenient and highly efficient labelling substances for investigating developing and regenerating neurons. Either dye can be taken up by cell bodies and transported in an anterograde direction, resulting in a complete outlining of the axons and their growth cones. Additionally the dyes can be transported in a retrograde direction, resulting in labelling on the cell bodies and their dendrites. These dyes have several features in common, for instance their poor solubility in aqueous buffers, the absence of neurotoxicity and the long time persistence in the filled neurons. Dil can in particular be used for the staining of neurons post-mortem. These dyes have also been used to address several questions concerning fiber growth and pathfinding during embryogenesis of the visual system, and during the period of axonal regeneration of adult retinofugal fibers.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Specific routing of retinal ganglion cell axons at the mammalian optic chiasm during embryonic development.

During development of the mammalian CNS, axons encounter multiple pathway choices on their way to central target structures. A major pathway branch point in the visual system occurs at the optic chiasm, where retinal ganglion cell axons may either enter the ipsilateral or the contralateral optic tract. To investigate whether embryonic mouse retinal ganglion cell axons, upon reaching the optic chiasm, selectively grow into the correct pathway, developing retinal ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled using either 1,1'-dioctadecyl- 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) or fluorescent microspheres placed into the optic tract on one side. The distribution of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells in the embryo was then examined and compared to that of the adult animal. Results show that axon routing at the chiasm is already extremely adult-like as early as embryonic day 15 (E15), shortly after retinal axons arrive at the chiasm. [Retinal ganglion cell neurogenesis = E11-E18 (Drager, 1985); birth = E21.] Throughout the development of this pathway, routing errors are infrequent and are on the order of only about 3-8/1000 retinal ganglion cells. Thus, embryonic retinal ganglion cell axons do not project randomly at the optic chiasm but instead appear to be highly specific in their choice of pathway. To learn how correct pathway choices are made, retinal axons were retrogradely labeled with Dil and their trajectories at the optic chiasm were reconstructed. Results show that ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting axons are highly intermixed as they enter the chiasm region but selectively grow into the correct pathway. For example, a contralaterally projecting axon near the entrance of the ipsilateral optic tract will turn and bypass this pathway and grow towards the midline to head into the contralateral optic tract. Similarly, axons far away from the ipsilateral optic tract frequently turn abruptly at right angles to enter the ipsilateral tract, directly crossing over contralaterally projecting axons heading to the opposite side. The sorting out of intermixed ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting retinal axons into the appropriate optic tracts strongly suggests the presence of specific guidance cues at the optic chiasm during embryonic development. Together, results from this study demonstrate that the pattern of axon projection at the adult mammalian optic chiasm is gradually built upon a highly specific pattern of axon routing laid down early during development.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Effects of Ca2+ agonist and antagonists on cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration: studies on Ca2+ channels in rat parotid cells.

1. Effects of Ca2+ agonist and antagonists on cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i)were studied using quin2. 2. Nicardipine (NIC), diltiazem (DIL) and verapamil (VER) had no effect on the rise in [Ca2+]i evoked by carbachol. Methoxamine-elevated [Ca2+]i was inhibited by VER but not by NIC and DIL. 3. All Ca2+ antagonists tested produced a decline of [Ca2+]i elevated by isoproterenol to the resting level. 4. The addition of 30 mM K+ gradually elevated [Ca2+]i in normal and Ca2+-free media, but it did not increase 45Ca2+ uptake into cells. BAY K 8644 did not increase [Ca2+]i. 5. We suggest that voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels are lacking and that at least 2 distinct receptor-operated Ca2+ channels exist in rat parotid cells.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗

PubMed1989

[Analysis of binding and absorption of native and modified low density lipoproteins by human liver cells in primary culture].

The binding and uptake of native low density lipoproteins (LDL) and malondialdehyde treated (MDA) LDL by human hepatocytes in primary culture has been analyzed. Indirect immunofluorescent technique and lipoproteins labeled with fluorescent dye 3.3 dioctadecylindocarbocyanine (Dil) were used. Practically all culture cells have binding sites for native LDL which visualized in a form of separate granules on the cell surface. The binding sites for MDA LDL were found only on some (5%) cells culture that differed from hepatocytes in shape and size. Like other cells of culture hepatocytes internalized native Dil-LDL and acquired brightly specific fluorescence.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1989

Characterization of two factors enhancing choline acetyltransferase activity in cultures of purified rat motoneurons.

Motoneurons from E14 rat embryos have been retrogradely labeled with the carbocyanine derivative dil and purified 12-fold by centrifugation on a density gradient made of Nycodenz, as assessed by the increase in CAT activity per cell and in the percentage of dil-labeled cells. A 20- to 36-fold purification was achieved by the microdissection of the labeled lumbar motor columns followed by density-gradient centrifugation. Motoneurons were then purified to near homogeneity by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In certain experiments, motoneurons were purified by a novel cell-sorting procedure that only uses light-scatter parameters and does not necessitate retrograde labeling. In cultures of motoneurons enriched by centrifugation, muscle-conditioned media (CM) had only a marginal effect on the overall neuronal survival but increased up to 10-fold the number of labeled motoneurons surviving after 7 d in culture. CAT activity per culture was quantitatively stimulated to the same extent, suggesting that the increase in CAT activity caused by CM mostly reflected better survival of motoneurons. In cultures of motoneurons purified by cell sorting, CM increased both survival and CAT expression per motoneuron. We have partially purified 2 factors from CM that stimulate CAT activity per motoneuron 2- to 3-fold without affecting their survival. One of these factors is probably identical to the factor involved in the cholinergic/noradrenergic choice of sympathetic neurons (Fukada, 1985).

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Similar mechanism of various lupus anticoagulants.

Potent lupus inhibitors from various patients were mixed with platelet free normal plasma and were compared in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), dilute prothrombin time (dil. PT), kaolin clotting time (KCT), contact product clotting time (CPCT), and Russell viper venom clotting time (RVVCT) tests. In the last three tests platelets and platelet lipid substitutes were avoided to enhance the sensitivities of these tests for the lupus anticoagulant. Correlations between the KCT and the other tests were mostly good, indicating that different lupus inhibitors functioned by a similar mechanism. There was no significant trend between particular clinical symptoms and individual coagulation test combinations. The KCT was found to be the most sensitive test for the lupus inhibitor, followed by the CPCT, RVVCT, dil. PT and APTT tests. Activated platelets tended to correct the APTT lupus inhibitor defect in all except the strongest inhibitor cases.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗

PubMed1994

N-type Ca2+ channels are located on somata, dendrites, and a subpopulation of dendritic spines on live hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

In the nervous system the influx of Ca2+ orchestrates multiple biochemical and electrical events essential for development and function. A major route for Ca2+ entry is through voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). It is becoming increasingly clear that the precise contribution VDCCs make to neuronal function depends not only upon their specific electrophysiological properties but also on their distribution over the nerve cell surface. One location where the presence of VDCCs may be critical is the dendritic spine, a structure known to be the major site of excitatory synaptic input. On spines, VDCCs are hypothesized to play an essential role in signal processing, learning, and memory. However, direct evidence for the presence of VDCCs on spines is lacking. Attempts to examine the distribution of VDCCs, or indeed any other components, on spines have been hampered since the size of many spines is close to the limits of resolution of conventional light microscopy. Using a new, biologically active, fluorescein conjugate of omega-conotoxin (Fl-omega-CgTx), a selective blocker of N-type VDCCs, and confocal microscopy, we have mapped the distributions of N-type VDCCs on live CA1 neurons in rat hippocampal slices. VDCCs were found on somata, throughout the dendritic arbor, and on dendritic spines in all hippocampal subfields. A comparison of three-dimensional reconstructions of structures labeled by Fl-omega-CgTx with those outlined by 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (Dil) or Lucifer yellow confirmed the presence of N-type VDCCs on dendritic spines. However, spine frequency on dendrites labeled with Fl-omega-CgTx was much lower than the spine frequency on dendrites labeled with Lucifer yellow or Dil, suggesting that some spines lack N-type VDCCs. These results offer the first direct evidence for the localization of any voltage-dependent channel on dendritic spines. The presence of N-type VDCCs on dendrites and their spines argues that these channels may participate in the generation of active Ca2+ conductances in distal dendrites, and is consistent with a role for spines as specialized compartments for concentrating Ca2+.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Modular organization of the pontine nuclei: dendritic fields of identified pontine projection neurons in the rat respect the borders of cortical afferent fields.

Cortical afferents transferring information destined for the cerebellum terminate in the pontine nuclei (PN) in a divergent and patchy fashion. We investigated whether the form of dendritic fields of pontine projection neurons which are postsynaptic to the cortical afferents are related to this patchy pattern. To this end we used a triple combination of (1) retrograde labeling (injection of Fluorogold into the brachium pontis), (2) anterograde labeling [injection of Dil into cortical areas A17 and Sml(forelimb)], and (3) subsequent intracellular fills of identified projection neurons (Lucifer yellow) in slightly fixed slices of pontine brainstem. In 64 projection neurons whose somata were located within 160 microns of the border defined by cortical afferent fields, most of the dendritic trees were found to respect the border. Strikingly, proximal dendrites which were oriented toward the border often bent in order to avoid the boundary. This observation was supported by a quantitative analysis. It revealed that overlap areas of dendritic fields with the neighboring compartment were significantly smaller than those of hypothetical, radially organized dendritic fields of the same size, indicating that the dendritic fields are indeed confined to single compartments. In a second series of experiments, double injections of the anterograde tracers Dil and DiAsp into adjacent sites within one cortical area (A17 or Sml) were made in order to test if the topology of the cortical map is preserved within individual pontine compartments. This, however, does not seem to be the case, since the terminal fields displayed a complex pattern of overlap and nonoverlap rather than a consistent shift of terminal fields expected in the case of preserved topology. The results of the present study are consistent with the view that pontine modules independently process information from different parts of individual cortical areas. We suggest that this characteristic property of the corticopontine projection system might be the morphological basis of the well established fact that somatotopically continuous sensory maps in the cortex are transformed into maps at the level of the cerebellar cortex, showing a fractured somatotopy.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1995

The first retinal axons and their microenvironment in zebrafish: cryptic pioneers and the pretract.

The initial development of the optic tract was studied with light and electron microscopy in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Intraocular injections of the fluorescent marker, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (dil), labeled retinal axons and growth cones anterogradely, and injections of dil into the optic chiasm labeled retinal ganglion cells retrogradely. Labeled tissue was photoconverted and examined electron microscopically. The ventronasal retinal quadrant produced the first growth cones. They were the first growth cones in the optic stalk. The leading retinal growth cones, typically 4-10 in number, advanced alongside the tract of the postoptic commissure but rarely sent filopodia into it and never wrapped its axons. Instead, the retinal growth cones followed a pretract, a subpial region that was morphologically distinct from its surroundings and extended out in front of the leading growth cones, presaging the optic tract. Thus, the retinal growth cones, previously thought to be followers of preexisting axons, are actually cryptic pioneers whose proximity to the earlier axons masks their pioneering nature. We suggest that cryptic pioneers and pretracts are probably common elsewhere in the nervous system.

Aging↗

PubMed1995

Long aboral projections of Dogiel type II, AH neurons within the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig small intestine.

Enteric AH neurons, with multipolar Dogiel type II morphology, project around the circumference of the intestine to myenteric ganglia, the submucosa and mucosa. Using retrograde labeling in vitro, intracellular recording, dye filling and immunohistochemistry, the projections of these neurons along the intestine were studied. When the retrograde tracer, Dil, was applied to the myenteric plexus, labeled nerve cell bodies were located up to 111 mm orally but only 13 mm aborally, demonstrating a marked difference in the lengths of projections up and down the small intestine. Of labeled nerve cell bodies located 2-110 mm orally, 43% had Dogiel type II morphology and of these, 70% were immunoreactive for calbindin, a calcium binding protein exclusive to Dogiel type II neurons. Intracellular filling with neurobiotin revealed several long circumferentially directed nerve fibers and short, filamentous dendrites; thus these were "dendritic" Dogiel type II neurons. This class accounts for approximately 3-4% of all myenteric neurons, and about 10% of all Dogiel type II neurons. Intracellular recordings revealed AH cell characteristics, with long afterhyperpolarizations following their action potentials, pronounced slow excitatory synaptic inputs and a lack of fast excitatory synaptic inputs. Antidromic action potentials could be evoked from the Dil application site in some cells, confirming their aboral projection. This is the first account of a major aboral projection of AH/Dogiel type II neurons and suggests an important role in aborally directed reflexes in the intestine.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1994

Reversal effects of several Ca(2+)-entry blockers, neuroleptics and local anaesthetics on P-glycoprotein-mediated vincristine resistance of L1210/VCR mouse leukaemic cell line.

The ability of several Ca(2+)-entry blockers, neuroleptics and local anaesthetics to depress the P-glycoprotein-mediated resistance to vincristine was studied in vitro using the L1210/VCR cell line. This cell line was obtained by long-term adaptation of the L1210 mouse leukaemic cell line on vincristine and showed an overexpression of P-glycoprotein and accompanying multidrug resistance (MDR) which was defined as a cell resistance to several cytostatics such as vincristine, vinblastine and actinomycin D. Efficiency of the drugs applied to reverse this resistance was as follows: for Ca(2+)-entry blockers: verapamil (VER) > or = galopamil (GAL) > flunarizine (FLU) >> diltiazem (DIL) > nimodipine (NIM) > or = nifedipine (NIM); for neuroleptics: trifluoperazine (TFP) > chlorpromazine (CHP) > thioridazine (TRD) > perphenazine (PER); for local anaesthetics: carbanilate-Ca7 > cinchocaine (CIN) >> carbanilate-Ca3 > articaine (ART) > carbanilate CAO > lidocaine (LID). Quaternary cabanilate derivatives (Ca7Q and Ca3Q) with permanent positive charge were found to be unable to reverse the vincristine resistance of L1210/VCR cells. No reasonable correlation between the ability of calcium-entry blockers (DIL, VER, GAL, NIF, NIM and FLU) to reduce the viability of L1210/VCR cells growing in the medium supplemented with vincristine and their reported affinity to the L-type of calcium channel was observed. On the other hand, significant positive correlations were observed between both the inhibitory action of local anaesthetics on propagation of action potential in rat sciatic nerve and the ability of drugs to interact with calmodulin and the ability of the respective drug to reverse the resistance of L1210 cells to vincristine.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗

PubMed1994

Axons of early generated neurons in cingulate cortex pioneer the corpus callosum.

The internal capsule and corpus callosum are the two major efferent axonal pathways of the mammalian neocortex. Previous studies have shown that the first cortical axons to grow through the internal capsule, the pathway from cortex to its subcortical targets, are extended by subplate neurons, which are the earliest generated neurons in the neocortex. Here, we characterize the origin of the first axons to project through the other major efferent pathway of the cortex, the midline corpus callosum, which connects the two cortical hemispheres. Using anterograde Dil tracing, we show that cortical axons first cross the midline through the nascent corpus callosum at E17. Retrograde Dil labeling from medial cortex at E18 reveals that these axons originate from a discrete group of neurons in medial (presumptive cingulate) cortex. These early callosal cells have complex morphologies with highly branched dendrites and later appear to take on a pyramidal form characteristic of callosal neurons in deep layers of cingulate cortex. 3H-thymidine birthdating demonstrates that these cells are predominantly generated on E14, making them among the earliest generated neurons in this cortical region. Injections of retrograde tracers in one cortical hemisphere at late embryonic or early postnatal ages result in substantial numbers of neurons labeled in the ipsilateral subplate, but only a few neurons labeled in the contralateral subplate. Thus, subplate neurons do not pioneer or ever project in significant numbers through the corpus callosum. We conclude that the two major efferent pathways from cortex, the corpus callosum and the internal capsule, are pioneered by developmentally and spatially distinct populations of early generated cortical neurons.

Aging↗

PubMed1996

A flow cytometric competition technique for measuring interaction of LDL with cellular LDL-receptors applied to patients with mutant (Arg3500-->Gln) apolipoprotein B.

We report our experience with a method to evaluate binding and uptake in cells of low density lipoprotein (LDL) from heterozygous patients with familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB-LDL) and LDL from normolipidemic subjects (nonFDB-LDL). The method is based on competition for binding/uptake in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-transformed lymphocytes or COS cells overexpressing an LDL-receptor transgene between fluorescently labeled LDL and the unlabeled LDL of interest, and measurements are by flow cytometry. With EBV-lymphoblasts, the ability of FDB-LDL to displace fluorescent LDL ("Dil"-LDL) from cells at 4 degrees C (binding) was reduced to approximately 1/3 of normal. Displacement of "Dil"-LDL by FDB-LDL from cells at 20 degrees C (binding/uptake) was reduced to less than 1/2 of normal. Similar results were obtained with COS cells. Freezing of serum to -80 degrees C for 24 hours did not affect results, and we could discriminate between binding/uptake of FDB-LDL and nonFDB-LDL prepared from serum that had been stored at -80 degrees C for three months.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Polychlorinated biphenyls increase fatty acid desaturation in the proliferating endoplasmic reticulum of pigeon and rat livers.

1. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are abundant and persistent pollutants in the ecosystem. Commercial mixtures (e.g. Aroclor 1254) can contain up to 80 different isomers and congeners, many of which accumulate in biological systems by the ingestion of PCB-contaminated lipid components of food chains. 2. Commercial mixtures of PCB induce, in hepatic microsomal membranes in vivo, a variety of different forms of the cytochrome P-450 components of enzyme systems involved in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, and can also induce the proliferation of this membrane. Since these microsomal enzyme systems share a number of the requirements of microsomal fatty acid desaturases, we have investigated whether the induction by PCB in vivo of cytochrome-P-450-linked enzymes in the proliferating hepatic microsomal membrane of the pigeon and the rat is accompanied by increased proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids in this membrane. 3. The most striking changes observed 120 h after treating pigeons and rats with 1.5 mmol Aroclor 1254/kg body mass were 2.2-fold and 1.6-fold increases, respectively, in the proportion of arachidonic acid in the hepatic microsomal membrane. When the effects of this treatment on the proliferation of this membrane and increase in liver mass are taken into account, the amount of arachidonic acid in the total microsomal membrane of pigeon and rat livers increased 6.7-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively. 4. These changes were accompanied by very significant increases in pigeons and rats of the concentration of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, and in the activity in microsomal protein of a wide range of cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme involved in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. 5. This effect of PCB, of increasing in vivo the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids of hepatic microsomal membrane, appears to be a novel finding, and does not seem to have been investigated for other drugs and xenobiotics. Preliminary results have shown that the effect is accompanied by substantial increases in the total activity of delta 6 and delta 5 microsomal fatty acid desaturases converting 18:2 (9, 12) (linoleic acid) to 20:4 (5, 8, 11, 14) (arachidonic acid) [Borlakoglu, J.T., Dils, R.R., Edwards-Webb, J.D. & Walker, C.H. (1988) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 16, 1072]. 6. It is postulated that there is a significant link between increased fatty acid desaturation and the induction of cytochrome-P-450-linked enzymes, and this is discussed in terms of the mechanisms involved in the metabolism of foreign compounds.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Internalization of indium-labeled LDL through a lipid chelating anchor in human pancreatic-cancer cells as a potential radiopharmaceutical for tumor localization.

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) labeled with indium via a lipid-chelating agent, the bis(stearylamide) of diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid (L), were evaluated as a potential radiopharmaceutical (111In-L-LDL) for tumor localization by studying their internalization in human pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-1). Using Dil-LDL (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate-LDL), this cell line was shown to bind human LDL with a high-affinity saturable component and a low-affinity non-saturable (40%) component. The single saturable high-affinity binding site had a KD of 27.5 +/- 2.1 micrograms/ml and a maximal binding of 610 +/- 7.5 ng/ml protein. Electron-microscopic examination of the In-L-LDL particles revealed the peripheral distribution of the electron-dense indium atoms at the outer surface of LDL. The modified LDL were then shown to be internalized by the cells. After conjugation of In-L-LDL to colloidal gold to follow the different stages of internalization, electron-microscopic examination showed that the In-L-LDL gold conjugates were stuck to the external sheet of the plasma apical and microvilli membrane, into earlier and later endosomes and into multivesicular bodies, suggesting the penetration of the In-L-LDL particles into lysosomal vacuoles. The observation of In-L-LDL-gold conjugates in deep-seated cytoplasm suggests that LDL could be employed as a drug-transport vehicle for targeting cytotoxics or radionuclides close to the cell nucleus.

Carbocyanines↗

PubMed1997

Inaccurate projection of rat soleus motoneurons: a comparison of nerve repair techniques.

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the degree to which soleus motoneurons find their appropriate target following crush and transection injuries to the sciatic nerve, and 2) to determine whether repair of a transected nerve with a silicone tube leads to greater specificity of reinnervation and recovery of muscle function than the standard epineurial suture repair method. Sixty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of three sciatic nerve injury groups: crush injury, transection with epineurial suture repair, or transection with a silicone tube repair. The degree to which soleus motoneurons were able to find their appropriate target following a sciatic nerve injury was examined using a double labeling dye technique in which the original soleus motor pool was labeled with fast blue and reinnervating motoneurons were labeled with Dil. Soleus motoneurons were able to find their appropriate target following a crush injury. The accuracy of reinnervation following a transection injury and repair, however, was relatively poor. Only 14% of the original soleus motoneurons found the correct target following a transection injury. Repair of a lesioned nerve with a silicone tube and a 5-mm gap as opposed to epineurial sutures did not increase the specificity of reinnervation or the degree of muscle recovery.

Animals↗