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PubMed1999

Antimicrobial activity of SCH27899 (Ziracin), a novel everninomicin derivative, tested against Streptococcus spp.: disk diffusion/etest method evaluations and quality control guidelines. The Quality Control Study Group.

To combat the increasing rates of penicillin resistance among pneumococci and viridans group streptococci, new Gram-positive active agents are needed to avoid the overuse of vancomycin. SCH27899 is an everninomicin derivative with strong activity against glycopeptide-resistant enterococci, oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, and penicillin-resistant streptococci. This study tests the in vitro activity of SCH27899 against 304 strains of streptococci and evaluates the quality of the agar dilution, broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and Etest methods for this antimicrobial agent. Quality-control (QC) ranges for SCH27899 are also proposed. SCH27899 broth microdilution MICs among the penicillin-susceptible and -resistant streptococci tested ranged from < or = 0.008-0.5 microgram/mL. Organism groups with their respective MIC90s were as follows: Streptococcus pneumoniae (100 strains) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (70 strains), 0.12 microgram/mL; Streptococcus bovis (10 strains), 0.25 microgram/mL; and viridans group streptococci (124 strains), 0.5 microgram/mL. Etest SCH27899 MICs correlated well with broth microdilution MICs (92% +/- one log2 dilution, 98% +/- two log2 dilutions). Agar dilution SCH27899 MICs correlated well with broth microdilution MICs, but a shift toward slightly higher agar dilution MICs was attributed to difficulties in reading trailing endpoints with this method. Three concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 micrograms) of SCH27899 were used for the disk diffusion method with small inhibition zone diameters (range, 11 to 19 mm) and limited variation between diameters (+/- 2 mm) as a result, both products of this compound's high molecular weight and poor diffusion through agar mediums. Proposed control ranges for SCH27899 when testing S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 from a nine-center (30 tests per center) quality-control trial are < or = 0.016 to 0.032 microgram/mL for Etest, and 0.008 to 0.032 microgram/mL for broth microdilution tests from an earlier study. Because of the limited diffusion ability and bacteriostatic nature of SCH27899, MICs should be read at 80% of inhibition with agar in vitro systems (Etest, agar dilution), and the disk diffusion method is not recommended.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of E test, disk diffusion and broth microdilution to establish tentative quality control limits and review susceptibility breakpoints for two aerobic actinomycetes.

A single laboratory study was carried out to compare E Test with broth microdilution and disk diffusion to establish tentative quality control ranges for Nocardia asteroides ATCC 19247 and Rhodococcus equi ATCC 6939 against a panel of eight antimicrobial agents. Reproducibility testing was performed on 12 consecutive days to establish tentative quality control ranges. A total of 36 clinical strains of the Nocardia asteroides complex and 5 Rhodococcus strains were used in the study. Both candidate control strains and clinical strains grew well on cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton agar. Adequate growth occurred at 48 to 72 h for the Nocardia isolates and 24 to 48 h for Rhodococcus. A standardized primary inoculum of 5 x 10(4) CFU/mL was used for performance of E Test and disk diffusion for the Nocardia isolates. Tentative population-based error rates were calculated using current breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae for E Test compared with disk diffusion for the 36 clinical strains of Nocardia species. Significant very major error rates were observed for imipenem (22%) and minor error rates varied from 2.7% to 50%. These methods require more extensive validation before definitive breakpoint criteria can be established.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed2002

Antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid analysis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated in Taiwan.

Sixty Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) strains from pigs in Taiwan were examined. Serotyping revealed that these belonged to serovars 1 (n=53), 2 (n=3), and 5 (n=4). Agar disk diffusion susceptibility testing of the isolates showed 55 (92%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents. Six resistance patterns were observed. Ampicillin-chloramphenicol-flumequine-nalidixic acid-streptomycin-sulfonamide/trimethoprim-tetracycline was the most common multi-resistance pattern. Minimal inhibitory concentration of 14 antimicrobial agents was determined. The isolates were highly susceptible to ceftiofur and trimethoprim in vitro. Isolates were resistant to streptomycin, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid. All isolates were examined for the presence of plasmids using the alkaline lysis method. Forty three (72%) isolates had four plasmid bands with an approximate sizes of 3.5, 4.3, 5.8 and 6.0 kb; 12 (20%) had three bands at 3.5, 4.3 and 5.2 kb, and 5 (8%) had no plasmid bands. Antimicrobial resistance plasmids were detected in resistant strains of App. Three antimicrobial resistance plasmids were transformed into E. coli DH5 alpha. pTMY1 (4.3 kb) encoded a streptomycin kinase and a dihydropteroate synthase; pTMY2 (6.0 kb) encoded ROB-1 beta-lactamase and aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase; pTMY3 (5.2 kb) encoded only ROB-1 beta-lactamase. The 4.3 kb plasmid was sequenced and consisted of 4242 bp with 42.9% GC content. The 4.3 kb plasmid DNA sequence was 98% homologous to a plasmid previously isolated from Pasteurella haemolytica.

Actinobacillus Infections↗

PubMed1999

Implications of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides have been reported from Japan (multiple strains), the United States (four strains), and Europe (France, the UK and Spain) and the Far East (Hong Kong and Korea). The isolates from the US, France, and strain Mu50 from Japan, demonstrate vancomycin MICs of 8 microg/mL by broth microdilution testing and appear to have developed from pre-existing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. The strain from the UK and other parts of Europe appears heteroresistant to vancomycin and has MIICs in the 1-2 microg/mL range. Many of the isolates with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides have been associated with therapeutic failures with vancomycin. Although nosocomial spread of the glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) strains has not been observed in US hospitals or in Europe, spread of GISA strains has apparently occurred in Japan. Laboratory studies have indicated that the disk diffusion test, the Stoke's method, and several automated methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing do not detect GISA strains. The requirement to choose from a relatively small number of acceptable techniques for screening may well influence the ability of laboratories to conduct surveillance for these organisms. Finally, the isolation of such strains in three geographically distinct regions suggests that this phenomenon will continue to occur worldwide.

Forecasting↗

PubMed2006

Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and patterns of penicillin resistance in young children in Fiji.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about nasopharyngeal carriage and the patterns of antibiotic resistance of pneumococci in Pacific nations. We set out to document pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and associated risk factors, antimicrobial resistance and serotypes in healthy children in Fiji. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of healthy children aged 3-13 months was conducted. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were collected from each child and processed according to standard methods. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disk diffusion and confirmed by E-testing. Serotyping was performed by the Quellung reaction. RESULTS: Of 440 consecutive NP swabs taken, 195 were S. pneumoniae-positive (carriage rate 44.3%). Higher rates were found in the indigenous Fijian population. Penicillin non-susceptibility was found in 11.4% of isolates, with one isolate demonstrating high-level resistance. Cotrimoxazole resistance was common (20.3%) and no isolates were chloramphenicol-resistant. Multi-drug resistance was uncommon. The commonest serotypes were 6A (13.2%), 23F (8.3%), 19F (7.4%) and 6B (6.2%). Thirty per cent were included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), 54.3% if cross-reacting strains were included. Being indigenous Fijian or having symptoms of acute respiratory infection were independent risk factors for carriage. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumococcal NP carriage is common in Fijian children. Penicillin resistance has been documented for the first time in Fiji and, as a result, first-line treatment for meningitis has been altered. Being indigenous Fijian is a risk factor for disease, although the reasons for this are unclear. A low proportion of carriage serotypes are covered by the existing 7-valent PCV.

Carrier State↗

PubMed2003

Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine and ovine mammary glands.

The activity of selected antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus was determined with the agar disk diffusion test to determine the diameter of the zone of inhibition and the E-test for determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The 92 S. aureus strains used in this study were isolated from bovine (n = 76) and ovine (n = 16) intramammary infections. Four antibiotics, which are frequently used in mastitis therapy were chosen: penicillin-G, ampicillin, kanamycin, and cephalexine. The fifth compound (oxacillin) was used to detect methicillin-resistant S. aureus, but no such strains could be found. According to the evaluation criteria, 65.2 (penicillin) to 93.5% (kanamycin, cephalexine) S. aureus strains were susceptible to the antibiotics tested. Ovine S. aureus strains reveal a lower resistance rate than bovine isolates. Comparison of the results of the two methods of susceptibility testing shows, with exception of penicillin and ampicillin, satisfactory agreement. Analyzing the results of the MIC endpoints and the zone diameter values, very major errors, according to the error rate bounded method of Metzler and DeHaan, occurred at an error rate of 3.3% for penicillin and 3.8% for ampicillin.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed2000

Antimicrobial susceptibility and species identification for clinical isolates of enterococci.

In order to describe the susceptibility patterns and determine the identities of Enterococcus spp. isolated at a regional teaching hospital in Taichung during the period from June through November 1998, 96 clinical isolates of enterococci were collected for further analysis. Major sources of these isolates included urine, wound, and pus. Species identification was performed using the API 20 Strep system and supplemental tests. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six antimicrobial agents were determined by E-test for each isolate. Disk diffusion tests were also performed and the results were compared with those reported by the clinical laboratory. Because gentamicin susceptibility tests showed inconsistent results in many isolates, MIC determinations by the microbroth dilution method were also performed for these isolates. All isolates were tested for beta-lactamase production using the chromogenic method. The results showed that Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently encountered species (86.5%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (7.3%), Enterococcus avium (5.2%) and Enterococcus casseliflavus (1.0%). The MIC90 of ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin for total isolates were 1, 3, 2, 0.25, 1, and more than 1024 microg/mL, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The same rate of resistance (3.1%) was found to penicillin, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin in all isolates. There were 50 (52%) and 48 (50%) isolates with high level streptomycin and gentamicin resistance, respectively. The MIC90 of ampicillin and penicillin for E. faecium were significantly higher than those for other species (96 and > 256 vs. < or = 1 and < or = 3 microg/mL, respectively); in fact, ampicillin or penicillin-resistance was only found in E. faecium. No organism was found to produce beta-lactamase. There were 29 isolates showing discrepant results between the study findings and clinical laboratory report for gentamicin susceptibility. Most isolates (27/ 29) reported as susceptible to gentamicin by the clinical laboratory showed a high level gentamicin resistance by MIC determinations. The inconsistent results may be due to discrepancy in interpretations for heterogeneous resistance, bias in selecting colonies for the disk diffusion test, or variation in the quality of Mueller-Hinton agar used. The results suggest that any pure isolates growing some colonies within the inhibition zone should be considered as gentamicin resistant even if the zone diameter is equal or greater than the susceptible breakpoint. In order to obtain accurate results, the gentamicin MIC should be determined by the dilution method for enterococcal isolates that yield intermediate inhibition zones or zones just above the susceptible limit.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMed2004

Screening of selected indigenous plants of Lebanon for antimicrobial activity.

The objective of this study is to test in vitro the antimicrobial efficacy of 39 water and 39 methanol extracts derived from different parts of 27 indigenous wild plant species that have been commonly used in Lebanese folk medicine. The antimicrobial efficacy was determined using the single disk diffusion method, with 10 and 20 microl load extract volume per disc. Nine test microorganisms were used namely, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteria, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Only one water extract out of 39 derived from whole plant of Alchemilla diademata showed an antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The percentage of test organisms that were susceptible to 10 most efficacious methanol plant extracts (20 microl/disc) were as follows: Achillea damascena whole plant (88.8%), Anthemis scariosa flower (88.8%), Cirsium sp. whole plant (88.8%), Centaurea ainetensis flowers (88.8%), Hieracium sp. whole plant (88.8%), Origanum libanoticum whole plant (99.9%), Ranunculus myosuroudes whole plant (88.8%), Nepata curviflora leaf (88.8%), Nepata curviflora stem, and Verbascum leptostychum flower (99.9%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined on plant extracts that showed high efficacy against the test organisms. The chance to find antimicrobial activities was more apparent in methanol rather than water extracts of the same indigenous plants of Lebanon, with higher antimicrobial activities in 20 microl methanol extract-discs in comparison to that present in the 10 microl discs (P < 0.05).

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1984

Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from Louisiana dogs.

Disk diffusion susceptibility tests were done on 1,178 clinical strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) isolated from dogs during a 7-year period. Relative decreases of 7% to 33% were found in the percentages of CPS sensitive to 8 antimicrobics. Relative percentages of CPS sensitive to 9 other antimicrobics were increased or decreased less than 5%. Sensitivity to the beta-lactam antibiotics showed the least relative change. Regression analysis demonstrated that the greatest change in percentage sensitivity of CPS occurred to gentamicin and cephalothin and the least change occurred to penicillin and ampicillin. Recent canine clinical isolates of CPS, specifically identified as Staphylococcus intermedius (n = 109), were uniformly sensitive to novobiocin, amikacin, tobramycin, spectinomycin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Twenty-two isolates were also sensitive to 17 other antimicrobics. Eighty-seven isolates were resistant to 1 or more antimicrobics tested. Resistance was most common to sulfonamides, penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin. Differences in susceptibility results between S intermedius and unspecified CPS were not statistically significant.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Clarithromycin and amoxicillin susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from adult patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer in Italy.

Helicobacter pylori strains, isolated from 100 gastric biopsies from 49 previously untreated adult patients with endoscopy and histology-confirmed gastric or duodenal ulcer, were tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. Strains were isolated from biopsies of 75.5% (37 of 49) patients before therapy and of 13.5% after therapy. Clarithromycin and amoxicillin susceptibility testing was performed on pretreatment and posttreatment strains by using the agar disk diffusion method and E-test, a quantitative technique for the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. All strains (n = 53) were susceptible to amoxicillin by the two methods. Three strains of 34 (8.8%) patients were resistant to clarithromycin: two by both methods and one by E-test (MIC > 2 microg/ml). E-test, although more expensive than the disk diffusion method, is easy to perform and is a reliable method for testing H. pylori susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in human isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Sicily.

The authors have studied the antimicrobial susceptibility of 1073 clinical isolates of various genera of Enterobacteriaceae (collected during the period July-December 1988) to ampicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, imipenem, gentamicin, amikacin, netilmicin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method. Of 1073 tested bacteria, 704 (65.6%) produced beta-lactamase detectable by nitrocefin test. The highest percentage of resistant strains occurred with ampicillin (70%) followed by piperacillin (24%) and cefotaxime (19%). Lower percentages of resistant strains were found for gentamicin (10%), aztreonam (8%), netilmicin (7%), norfloxacin (5%) and amikacin (4%). Two percent of the strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 0.5% to imipenem. The incidence of resistance in Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., E. coli and Proteus sp. was compared to that found among 872 strains isolated during July-Dec. 1984. In all the Enterobacteriaceae, mainly Enterobacter sp., the increase in the resistance was high for ampicillin, piperacillin and cefotaxime and lower for gentamicin.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMed1985

Evaluation of the BIOGRAM antimicrobial susceptibility test system.

BIOGRAM is an antimicrobial susceptibility test system for the determination of MICs from the standard disk diffusion test zone diameters. The system was challenged with 511 recent clinical isolates of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria, staphylococci, and enterococci. Results were compared with those obtained with the broth microdilution method. Appropriate control organisms were included with each test series. A total of 10,085 organism-drug combinations were evaluated. BIOGRAM demonstrated an overall correlation of 95.9% with the reference broth microdilution method.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1995

Ability of commercial and reference antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods to detect vancomycin resistance in enterococci.

We evaluated the abilities of 10 commercially available antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and four reference methods (agar dilution, broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and the agar screen plate) to classify enterococci correctly as vancomycin susceptible or resistant using 50 well-characterized strains of enterococci. There was a high level of agreement of category classification data obtained with broth-based systems (Sceptor, MicroMedia, Pasco, and Sensititre), agar dilution, and an antibiotic gradient method (E test) with data obtained by reference broth microdilution; no very major or major errors were seen, and minor errors were < or = 6%. Increased minor error rates were observed with disk diffusion (12%), Alamar (16%), Uniscept (16%), and conventional (overnight) MicroScan panels (16%). The errors were primarily with Enterococcus casseliflavus strains and organisms containing the vanB vancomycin resistance gene. Very major error rates of 10.3 and 20.7% were observed with Vitek and MicroScan Rapid (MS/Rapid) systems, respectively; however, only the MS/Rapid system produced major errors (13.3%). On repeat testing of discrepant isolates, the very major error rate with the Vitek system dropped to 3.4%, while the very major error rate with the MS/Rapid system increased to 27.6%; major errors with the MS/Rapid system were not resolved. Many of the commercial systems had only 4 dilutions of vancomycin, which resulted in up to 84% of values being off scale (e.g., Uniscept). Of the methods tested, most conventional broth- and agar-based methods proved to be highly accurate when incubation was done for a full 24 h, although several of the tests had high minor error rates. Automated systems continued to demonstrate problems in detecting low-level resistance.

Automation↗

PubMed2002

Influence of mucin on the activity of the antiseptic Lavasept against Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: Lavasept, containing the polymeric biguanide polyhexanide, may be effective against Staphylococcus aureus colonizing the nasal mucosa. To obtain basic data on its suitability for that purpose, its antimicrobial activity was examined in the presence of mucin. METHODS: A disk diffusion test was applied using Mueller-Hinton agar, and disks soaked with a therapeutic and a 10-fold higher concentration of Lavasept. Commercially available mucin preparations from porcine stomach were added to the test system. Reference strains and 20 clinically isolates of S. aureus, and reference strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans were tested. RESULTS: Supplementation of the test medium with 1% mucin completely abolished the activity of disks loaded with the therapeutically used concentration of the antiseptic. The neutralizing effect of mucin occurred with all test strains. CONCLUSIONS: The inactivation of Lavasept by mucin may hamper a reliable clearance of nasal S. aureus carriage.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2004

[Antibiotic sensitivity of Corynebacterium amycolatum].

C. amycolatum strains belongs to opportunistic bacteria considered as etiological factors of hospital infections. It's usually handled as a human natural flora, so antibiotic sensitivity is not checked. There's a few reports relative to antibiotic sensitivity of C. amycolatum in the world literature. So, we decided to examine antibiotic sensitivity of isolated strains. The 70 of C. amycolatum strains isolated from clinical samples from patients hospitalised at Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny in Bydgoszcz were analysed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the strains was performed by means of a disk diffusion method. 28.6% of analysed strains were susceptible to penicillin and 38.6% to ampicillin. Susceptibility to another 16 antibiotics was from 40.0% for ceftazidime to 64.3% for ceftriaxone. Penicillinase was not produced by analysed strains. We stated higher percentage of strains susceptible to combinations of penicillin with inhibitors than to penicillin and ampicillin. The most strains were susceptible to quinupristin-dealfopristin, linezolid and glycopeptide antibiotics but resistance to mupirocin. 35.7% analysed strains were multiresistance; there were resistance to beta-lactams (approximately 100%), lincosamides (96.0%), macrolides (92.0%) and quinolones (92.0%). Multiresistant strains were the most frequently isolated from wound swabs (60.0%) and mainly came from patients treated at the departments of general surgery (28.0%) and vascular surgery (16.0%).

Acetamides↗

PubMed2005

Spread of a single clone Acinetobacter baumannii strain in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Turkey.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen, especially in immunocomprimised patients and those hospitalized in intensive care units. After the first isolation of A. baumannii strains from the bronchial aspirates of two patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of our hospital as a pure culture, screening studies were performed to define possible source(s). A. baumannii strains isolated from bronchial aspirates and blood cultures of the patients in ICU were collected as a possible part of the outbreak. A total of 23 screening samples collected from equipment (7), hands (4) and gloves (2) of the staff, and from ten different body regions of the patients in the ICU were cultured. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates was performed by the standardized disk-diffusion method. All isolates were subtyped by antibiogram, arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing methods. A total of 26 A. baumannii strains including eight clinical and 18 screening isolates were identified. All isolates were susceptible only to meropenem, tobramycin, and imipenem. There was at least a 96% resistance rate to the other antibiotics tested. Antibiogram typing showed that 24 of the 26 isolates were epidemiologically related, two were unique. AP-PCR yielded two types, one of which had 21 isolates, the other had five. PFGE fingerprinting revealed that all isolates were clonally related, including four closely related and 22 indistinguishable strains. Based on the results of PFGE which has been accepted as a reference method it can be concluded that A. baumannii strains isolated from our intensive care unit originated from a single type of strain.

Acinetobacter Infections↗

PubMed1988

Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp isolated from feline skin lesions.

Swab specimens obtained from skin lesions of 45 cats were cultured bacteriologically for staphylococci. Thirty-two staphylococcal isolates were recovered from 30 cats and were biotyped, using biochemical tests contained in a staphylococcal identification system. Of 23 isolates considered coagulase-positive, 16 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 5 as S intermedius, and 2 as S hyicus. Of 9 isolates considered coagulase-negative, 6 were identified as S simulans, 2 as S epidermidis, and 1 as S xylosus. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on all staphylococcal isolates, using a disk-diffusion method. Staphylococcal isolates were susceptible to clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, cloxacillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to penicillin G, ampicillin, and tetracycline was frequent.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of canine Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from veterinary clinical specimens.

Sixty-six Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from canine clinical specimens were tested for susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents by the Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method and a commercial microdilution system. All isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, methicillin, and vancomycin. Resistance to ampicillin, penicillin G, and tetracycline was frequent. There was an overall 87% agreement of results from the disk diffusion and microdilution methods for 10 antimicrobial agents. There was greater than or equal to 94% agreement between the 2 methods for 7 antimicrobics; discrepancies were minor.

Animals↗