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PubMedDate not supplied

Aldosterone-to-renin and cortisol-to-adrenocorticotropic hormone ratios in healthy dogs and dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism.

In dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism, hypocortisolism and hypoaldosteronism usually are present, but these deficiencies also may occur in isolated forms. The diagnosis is commonly made by measuring plasma cortisol concentration before and after stimulation with ACTH, thereby ignoring aldosterone. In search of an alternative approach that would include assessment of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production, 2 pairs of endocrine variables were measured: (1) plasma concentration of cortisol and ACTH, and (2) plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity. In addition, the cortisol-to-ACTH ratio (CAR) and the aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) were calculated. Reference intervals were established in a population of 60 healthy dogs. In these dogs, CAR ranged from 1.1 to 26.1 and ARR ranged from 0.1 to 1.5. The variables were compared with those of 22 dogs with spontaneous primary hypoadrenocorticism. Plasma concentration of cortisol and ACTH in both groups of dogs overlapped, whereas CAR did not. Similarly, plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity overlapped, whereas ARR did not. These observations indicate that measurement of these endogenous variables (in one blood sample) allows the specific diagnoses of primary hypocortisolism and primary hypoaldosteronism.

Adrenal Insufficiency↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Histopathological, radiographic, and arthrographic comparison of the biceps tendon in normal dogs and dogs with biceps tenosynovitis.

In dogs surgically treated for biceps tenosynovitis, the most common histopathological findings were fibrosis and collagen degeneration (n=13), synovial villous or vascular hyperplasia (n=10), lymphocytic-plasmacytic infiltrates (n=10), cartilaginous metaplasia (n=8), and ischemic necrosis (n=5). Degree of histopathological changes was associated with degree (p equals 0.000), but not duration (p equals 0.543), of lameness. Furthermore, there was no association between histopathological changes and age or radiographic and arthrographic findings. Cartilage metaplasia was the only histopathological finding in both affected tendons (8/18) and normal control dogs (13/13). Age and size of the control dogs were not determined; however, since all these dogs were clinically normal, fibrocartilaginous metaplasia can be present as an incidental finding in the biceps tendon of origin in dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[Electrophoretic studies of dog's semen plasma in both fertile and sterile dogs].

Filter-paper electrophoretic partition of the semen plasma of fertile dogs showed the presence of three fractions. These fractions arranged themselves from the starting line solely in the direction of the negative pole; as compared with an electrophoregram of the dog blood serum, they placed themselves in the area of gamma-globulins. Electrophoretic partition of the semen plasma of dogs with fecundity disturbances also showed the presence of three fractions, whose migration path and protein concentration are identical with those found in the semen plasma of fertile dogs. It should be added that ejaculate samples obtained from old dogs with azoospermia did not partition into the fractions mentioned above. In such cases, only one fraction was observed at a certain distance from the starting line, becoming diffuse towards the cathode.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[The leukocyte status of surviving dogs as compared to dogs dying from parvovirus infections].

The white blood picture was examined in 135 dogs with parvovirus disease during the course of the illness. 91 dogs survived, 44 died. The surviving dogs showed higher mean total leucocyte, neutrophil, and eosinophil counts whereas the mean lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts on the first day of the disease were lower in those dogs which survived than in those ones which died later. Increasing lymphocyte and monocyte counts appear to be a favourable prognostic sign. The older the dogs, which fell ill, were, the more favourable the prognosis turned out.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. 11. Canine leishmaniasis: successful experimental transmission from dog to dog by the bite of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 (author's transl)].

As part of a study of visceral leishmaniasis in the Cévennes in southern France, an infection was transmitted from dog to dog by the bite of a single sandfly, Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921. The role of this species as a vector, suspected from earlier studies, is, therefore, confirmed. Twenty female sandflies, which had engorged on a naturally infected dog 23 +/- 2 days previously were put with a healthy dog which, after an incubation period of 15 months, developed viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis. In dissections of the sandflies immediately after contact with the experimental dog, it was found that only one had engorged. All of 17 sandflies dissected had midgut infections: 10 of these also had infections in the pharynx. The engorged specimen additionally had parasites in the proboscis, a condition thought by many workers to be necessary for the parasite to be transmitted by bite.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and the dog as experimental hosts of Ehrlichia canis.

Adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks efficiently transmitted Ehrlichia canis to susceptible dogs for 155 days after detachment as engorged nymphs from a dog in the acute phase of ehrlichiosis. Adult ticks that had similarly engorged on a dog in the chronic phase of ehrlichiosis failed to transmit E canis to susceptible dogs. Infected but unfed adult ticks may be of greater importance than the chronically infected carrier dog as a natural reservoir of E canis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. III. III. Microflora of the skin of dogs with chronic eczema.

The microflora of the skin was studied in 10 dogs with chronic eczema without clinical signs of secondary infection (Table I). The skin surface was swabbed at 7 different sites, making a total of 70 swabs, 25 of which were taken from visibly inflamed areas and 45 from apparently unaffected skin (Table II). Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis, micrococci, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and Acinetobacter spp. were found consistently. Ten different Gram-negative bacteria, 3 different Gram-positive bacteria, and 2 yeasts were found to occur sporadically (Table III). Compared to a group of 10 healthy dogs a more prolific growth of aerobic microorganisms, a greater number of sites carrying Staph. aureus, and a higher recovery of Gram-negative transients were found in dogs with eczema (Table IV--VII). Within the group of dogs with eczema the growth of Staph. aureus was significantly heavier from eczematous skin areas than from clinically normal skin (Table VIII). In dogs with non-infective dermatitides the colonization of the skin by potentially pathogenic microorganisms may have to be considered in the clinical handling of these diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1 incompatibility in a previously sensitized dog.

An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction resulting from dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1.1 incompatibility developed in a dog previously sensitized to DEA 1.1 by a transfusion 3 years earlier. The dog developed fever, pigmenturia, and lethargy, and its PCV did not rise as expected. The donor blood was type DEA 1.1 positive, whereas the recipient's blood was type DEA 1.1, DEA 1.2, and DEA 7 negative. A major crossmatch was later found to be strongly incompatible. Studies of the recipient's plasma revealed a specific anti-DEA 1.1 alloantibody of the IgG class with high hemolysin and agglutinin activity. Such acute hemolytic transfusion reactions can be avoided by crossmatching previously transfused dogs and by using dogs that are type DEA 1.1 negative (and preferably also type DEA 1.2 and DEA 7 negative) as blood donors.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1997

Aseptic loosening of the femoral implant after cemented total hip arthroplasty in dogs: 11 cases in 10 dogs (1991-1995).

Aseptic loosening of the femoral implant (ALFI) was diagnosed in 10 dogs that had undergone cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA). One dog had bilateral ALFI. Loosening developed at the stem-cement interface a mean of 30 months after THA. The most common clinical sign was intermittent subtle or non-weight-bearing lameness. On radiographs obtained after THA, the distal stem tip was in contact with the cortical endosteum in all dogs. Radiographic changes at the time of diagnosis of ALFI included asymmetric periosteal reaction along the femoral diaphysis (n = 11), radiolucent zone at the stem-cement interface (6), altered implant position (4), and femur fracture (1). Surgical revision resulted in a good or excellent outcome in 9 dogs. In 1 dog, the implant became infected. In another, aseptic loosening recurred. Aseptic loosening of the femoral implant was significantly more common when initial positioning of the implant resulted in contact between the distal tip of the implant and cortical endosteum than when there was no contact.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Comparison of gastrointestinal pH in dogs and humans: implications on the use of the beagle dog as a model for oral absorption in humans.

Gastrointestinal pH as a function of time was recorded for 4 beagle dogs and 10 human subjects using radiotelemetric pH measuring equipment. Results indicated that in the quiescent phase, gastric pH in the dogs (mean = 1.8 +/- 0.07 SEM) was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than in humans (1.1 +/- 0.15). No significant difference in the time for the pH monitoring device to empty from the stomach was noted for the two species (99.8 +/- 27.2 min for dogs, 59.7 +/- 14.8 min for humans, p greater than 0.05). The fasting intestinal pH in dogs was consistently higher than in humans, with an average canine intestinal pH of 7.3 +/- 0.09 versus 6.0 +/- 0.14 for humans. The implication of these observations for extrapolation of drug absorption data from dogs to humans are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole administered intravenously to dogs and orally as tablet and solution to humans and dogs.

The single-dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of three ketoconazole formulations were evaluated using HPLC in five healthy human volunteers and six male mongrel dogs. The human volunteers received 400 mg po of ketoconazole as tablet (Ktab) and solution (Ksol) formulations. The dogs received 400 mg po of Ktab and Ksol, and 376 mg iv of an intravenous dose (Kiv). In humans the AUC value for Ksol (62.21 +/- 21.2 microgram X h/ml; mean +/- SD) was significantly greater than for Ktab (50.0 +/- 15.2 micrograms X h/ml; p less than 0.05). Peak serum concentrations (Cmax), time to peak serum concentrations (tmax), t1/2, and the terminal elimination rate constant (kel) did not differ between Ktab and Ksol. This suggests that the administration of Ksol may be a useful alternative to dosage increases in situations where low bioavailability of ketoconazole in tablet form is suspected. The mean systemic clearance (CLs) of Kiv in dogs was 2.74 +/- 1.10 mL/min/kg, the volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 0.72 +/- 0.28 L/kg, and the half-life was 2.7 +/- 1.6 h. Considerable variability was seen in the AUC of ketoconazole, particularly with the oral preparations. The absolute bioavailability of Ktab was 0.50 +/- 0.38, which did not differ statistically from that of Ksol, 0.56 +/- 0.23. The Ksol showed less variability in AUC, Cmax, and F values than did Ktab, and two dogs with low bioavailability with Ktab (0.04 and 0.07) had substantially greater bioavailability with Ksol (F = 0.96 and 0.57, respectively). Evaluation of Kiv in dogs confirms decreased bioavailability from orally administered tablet formulations of ketoconazole.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1992

CNQX binding to non-NMDA glutamate receptors in canine cerebro-cortical crude synaptosomal membranes: pharmacological characterization and comparison of binding parameters in dogs with congenital portosystemic encephalopathy and control dogs.

The pharmacological profile and binding characteristics of the non-NMDA antagonist of glutamate receptors [3H]6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), were investigated in triton-washed crude synaptosomal membranes prepared from canine cerebral cortex. [3H]CNQX binding was inhibited by various glutamate agonists and antagonists, the rank order of potency being CNQX greater than alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) = quisqualate = kainate greater than glutamate. Two binding sites for [3H]CNQX were apparent when non-specific binding (NSB) was defined with unlabelled CNQX. In contrast, when NSB was defined with saturating concentrations of unlabelled AMPA and kainate, only one binding site was identified which corresponded to the high affinity site identified when CNQX was used to define NSB. No physiologically relevant differences were found in binding parameters for [3H]CNQX membranes from dogs with congenital portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE) when compared with control dogs. The affinity constant (Ki) of AMPA displacement of [3H]CNQX binding was not significantly different in PSE dogs compared with control dogs. These results suggest that the antagonist site on cortical non-NMDA receptors is not perturbed in dogs with congenital PSE.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of the dog Agouti gene and a nonagoutimutation in German Shepherd Dogs.

The interaction between two genes, Agouti and Melanocortin-1 receptor ( Mc1r), produces diverse pigment patterns in mammals by regulating the type, amount, and distribution pattern of the two pigment types found in mammalian hair: eumelanin (brown/black) and pheomelanin (yellow/red). In domestic dogs ( Canis familiaris), there is a tremendous variation in coat color patterns between and within breeds; however, previous studies suggest that the molecular genetics of pigment-type switching in dogs may differ from that of other mammals. Here we report the identification and characterization of the Agouti gene from domestic dogs, predicted to encode a 131-amino-acid secreted protein 98% identical to the fox homolog, and which maps to chromosome CFA24 in a region of conserved linkage. Comparative analysis of the Doberman Pinscher Agouti cDNA, the fox cDNA, and 180 kb of Doberman Pinscher genomic DNA suggests that, as with laboratory mice, different pigment-type-switching patterns in the canine family are controlled by alternative usage of different promoters and untranslated first exons. A small survey of Labrador Retrievers, Greyhounds, Australian Shepherds, and German Shepherd Dogs did not uncover any polymorphisms, but we identified a single nucleotide variant in black German Shepherd Dogs predicted to cause an Arg-to-Cys substitution at codon 96, which is likely to account for recessive inheritance of a uniform black coat.

Agouti Signaling Protein↗

PubMed2000

Chromosome identification and assignment of DNA clones in the dog using a red fox and dog comparative map.

We have developed a novel method for identifying dog chromosomes and unambiguously mapping specific clones onto canine chromosomes. This method uses a previously established red fox/dog comparative chromosome map to guide the FISH mapping of cloned canine DNA. Mixing metaphase preparations of the red fox and dog enabled a single hybridization to be performed on both species. We used this approach to map the chromosomal locations of twenty-six canine cosmids. Each cosmid contains highly polymorphic microsatellite markers currently used by the DogMap project to compile the canine linkage map. All but two cosmids were successfully assigned to subchromosomal regions on red fox and dog chromosomes. For eight cosmids previously mapped on dog chromosomes, we confirmed and refined the canine chromosomal assignments of seven cosmids and corrected an erroneous assignment regarding cosmid CanBern1. These results demonstrate that the red fox and dog comparative chromosome map can greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of chromosomal assignments of canine genetic markers by FISH.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Dog bite wounds in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 196 cases.

The age, type, etc., time of injury, body areas injured, treatment modalities and mortality rates were reviewed in 185 dogs and 11 cats that were bitten by dogs. Male dogs were more frequently bitten than females, and small dogs (< or = 10 kg) were not only the most common victims but also were more likely to suffer multiple injuries. Mortality occurred only in cases with thoracic or abdominal injuries. Exploratory thoracotomy, performed in some of the cases presented with penetrating thoracic injury, did not prove to alter prognosis. Cats are not as frequently bitten as dogs, and are often younger than the mean age of cats in the overall hospital population.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Intestinal permeability testing using lactulose and rhamnose: a comparison between clinically normal cats and dogs and between dogs of different breeds.

In the experiment reported here, the lactulose/rhamnose urinary excretion test was used to compare intestinal permeability between four breeds of healthy adult dogs and a group of healthy adult cats. A significant difference in permeability was found between dogs and cats (P <0.001) and between different breeds of dogs (P <0.005). The range of urinary lactulose/rhamnose ratios in the dogs in this study (0.07-0.61) was wider than previously reported (0.03-0.12). The mean value for dogs was 0.19. The range in cats was 0.41-1.25 and the mean 0.52. The results of this study suggest that breed or some other factor such as environment, diet or sexual status as well as species should be taken into account when assessing intestinal permeability using the lactulose/rhamnose urinary excretion test.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Adipokine gene expression in dog adipose tissues and dog white adipocytes differentiated in primary culture.

Obesity and its associated disorders are increasing in companion animals, particularly in dogs. We have investigated whether genes encoding key adipokines, some of which are implicated in the pathologies linked to obesity, are expressed in canine adipose tissues. Using RT-PCR, mRNAs encoding the following adipokines were detected in dog white adipose tissue: adiponectin, leptin, angiotensinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, IL-6, haptoglobin, metallothionein-1 and 2, and nerve growth factor. The adipokine mRNAs were present in all fat depots examined. Fractionation of adipose tissue by collagenase digestion showed that each gene was expressed in mature adipocytes. The mRNA for TNFalpha was not evident in adipose tissue, but was detected in isolated adipocytes. Fibroblastic preadipocytes from gonadal white fat were differentiated into adipocytes in primary culture and adipokine expression examined before and after differentiation (days 0 and 11, respectively). Each adipokine gene expressed in dog white adipocytes was also expressed in the differentiated cells. These results demonstrate that dog white adipose tissue expresses major adipokine genes, expression being in the adipocytes. Investigation of adipokine production and function will provide insight into the mechanisms involved in obesity-related pathologies in dogs and serve as a model for the related human diseases.

Adipocytes↗

PubMed1970

Colony inhibition of fibroblasts from chimeric dogs mediated by the dogs' own lymphocytes and specifically abrogated by their serum.

Nine canine irradiation chimeras were studied between 173 days and 7.5 years after 1200 to 1500 r of total body irradiation and transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow. Skin fibroblasts from chimeras and normal dogs were tested for colony inhibition by exposure to sera and peripheral blood lymphocytes from both chimeric and normal dogs. Lymphocytes from the chimeric dog were found to inhibit colony formation by its "own" fibroblasts while lymphocytes from other chimeras or from normal dogs did not. Serum from the chimera specifically abrogated this inhibitory effect. These results indicate that the immunological "tolerance" of the chimeric dog is mediated in vivo by blocking serum factors.

Animals↗