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PubMed1988

The influence of muscle interstitial volume on K+-induced heart rate drive in rats.

During exercise heart rate is influenced by reflexogenic drives which are elicited by receptors situated in the interstitial space. Since the structure of interstitial tissue is complex (e.g. fixed negative charges of glycosaminoglycans), the situation in the immediate surrounding of the receptors might differ from the free fluid phases of blood or lymph in which the concentrations of stimulating substances are usually determined. Physiological variations of the interstitial structure may be due to changes in interstitial volume induced by exercise or the hydrostatic effects on body fluids. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the interstitial volume on the relationship between heart rate and K+ stimuli applied through the muscle blood vessels. The calves of 12 male Wistar rats were artificially perfused and separated from the rest of the body with the sciatic nerve remaining intact. In these preparations the heart rate (HR) responses to low (4 mM) and high (8 mM) potassium concentrations were determined at different interstitial volumes. Expansion of the interstitial volume was obtained by reducing the colloid-osmotic pressure of the perfusate. The combination of intracellular oedema and mechanical limitation of total volume expansion (tapeing) was utilized to decrease the interstitial volume. When switching between the low and high potassium concentrations, significant heart rate responses could be observed only with reduced interstitial volume. It is suggested that the interstitial structure surrounding the muscular receptors modifies the relationship between heart rate response and the K+ stimuli determined in blood or lymph.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The drug-crime nexus in a community sample of adults.

The authors tested several theories using prospective data to explain the associations between drug abuse and crime in a community sample of 470 adults. Polydrug problems in early adulthood predicted both criminal behavior and polydrug problems in adulthood. Consequences of drug problems as a young adult included arrests and convictions for drug-related offenses, property damage, and driving under the influence of other drugs. Predictors of later polydrug problems included thefts, driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs, arrests and convictions for drug-related offenses, and a lack of support for drug problems. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Lung reduction surgery in severe COPD decreases central drive and ventilatory response to CO2.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) improves ventilatory function in selected patients with severe COPD. The reasons for the observed benefits include the following: increased elastic recoil, improved airflow, and lesser dynamic hyperinflation and decreased lung volumes. We reasoned that these changes could also alter respiratory drive. METHODS: Respiratory central drive was prospectively assessed using the mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1), and the P0.1 response to increasing CO2 (P0.1/PETCO2 [end-tidal CO2 pressure]), in eight sequential patients before and 3 to 5 months after LVRS. Results were compared with those from 13 control subjects. RESULTS: LVRS decreased total lung capacity from 7.44+/-1.8 L to 5.92+/-1.3 L (p<0.05) and residual volume from 4.97+/-1.5 L to 3.56+/-1.1 L (p<0.05). It also significantly improved FEV1 from 0.85+/-0.26 L to 0.99+/-0.26 L (p<0.05). Baseline P0.1 (3.4+/-1.8 vs 1.4+/-0.4 cm H2O, p<0.01) and P0.1/PETCO2 (0.24+/-0.07 vs 0.11+/-0.04 cm H2O/mm Hg, p<0.05) were higher in patients than in control subjects. After LVRS, P0.1 decreased from 3.4+/-1.8 to 1.3+/-0.75 cm H2O (p<0.01) and P0.1/PETCO2 from 0.24+/-0.07 to 0.16+/-0.06 cm H2O/mm Hg (p<0.05). These postoperative values were similar to those of control subjects. There were no correlations between changes in the factors known to influence central drive (PaO2, PaCO2, age, weight, height, FVC, and FEV1) and changes in P0.1. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that decreased ventilatory drive should be added to the list of benefits of LVRS, and may help explain the symptomatic improvement reported by many patients after this surgery.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in divers and non-divers: effects of posture and immersion.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects on respiratory drive of two factors, one mechanical (lung volume) and one chemical (sensitivity to hypercapnia), that are involved in determining the breath-hold duration (BHD). Functional residual capacity was measured by helium dilution with the subject seated in air, seated in water and in the prone position in water. Hyperoxic hypercapnia rebreathing (Read's method) was carried out under identical environmental conditions to assess the effects of CO2 pressure on respiratory centre output by measuring ventilation, mean inspiratory flow and occlusion pressure. Sixteen healthy volunteers were tested. 8 trained divers and 8 non-divers. Functional residual capacity decreased for the postures seated in water (30.8%-34.8%) and for prone position in water (20.3%-20.9%) when compared to the posture seated in air (P<0.0001), all subjects pooled. No difference was found between groups. The slopes of the linear regression, which characterised the sensitivity to CO2 and were determined with the rebreathing tests, revealed differences between the two populations (ventilation: P < 0.0001; mean inspiratory flow: P < 0.05). No difference was found for occlusion pressure or between the different postures. These results confirmed a lower sensitivity to CO2 for trained divers. This adaptation was shown to decrease respiratory centre activity at the origin of the breath-hold breaking point. The immersion, did not influence respiratory drive, despite a decrease in lung volumes. The authors suggest that these findings may be explained by a specific apnoea training and a pronounced bradycardia in immersion.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Cell phone use and visual attention.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate how much cell phones and just speaking (similar to speaking to someone in the car vs a hands-free cell phone task) interfere with visual attention skills as might be required in a driving situation. Influence of cell phones on attention has been noted but little research has been completed. Licensed adult drivers were divided into three groups (ns = 15) with all subjects taking the Connors Continuous Performance Test II. Group 1 performed without any distractions: those in Group 2 performed with someone in the same room talking to them: Group 3 engaged in a cell phone conversation during the task. Overall, there were substantial differences among groups on all variables, but primarily between the control group and the two experimental groups. While the cell phone group had lower mean scores than the talking group overall, the differences were not significant. Thus, while cell phones were distracting to visual attention functions on the Connors task, they were not more distracting than a similarly active conversation without a cell phone.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Fetal heart rate and uterine contraction during automobile driving.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of automobile driving in the third trimester of pregnancy on fetal heart rate and uterine contraction. METHODS: Twenty-nine pregnant women with singleton pregnancies after 28 weeks of gestation were monitored using a portable cardiotocogram during driving, and the results obtained before and after driving were compared. RESULTS: Baseline fetal heart rate and its variability, as well as periodic fetal heart rate patterns, showed no abnormal patterns during car driving. Automobile driving in late pregnancy was not a reinforcement factor for uterine activity. Maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate showed no specific characteristic or adverse change during driving. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that automobile driving in the third trimester of pregnancy has no adverse influences on either pregnant women or fetuses.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1999

Evolutionary feedback: a new mechanism for stasis and punctuated evolutionary change based on integration of the organism.

This paper argues that organisms are integrated, holistic systems whose phenotypic traits and genes interact with each other and natural selection. More than this, organisms are feedback systems. I introduce the term integration of the organism to refer to this idea that organisms are such interacting systems. Integration of the organisms is a major reason why most mutations are deleterious, and why the larger a mutation's effect, the greater the probability that a mutation will be deleterious. Yet, it is also why macromutations can occasionally be adaptive. Such adaptive mutations of large effect, an example of which is neoteny, must be coordinated with the generic system and ontogeny of the organism. Integration of the organism and the ability of both the phenotype and genotype to influence and interact with natural selection means a species can undergo sequential evolution, a term I coin in this paper to refer to a change in a trait causing a change in selection on a second trait, which leads to a change in the second trait, which in turn causes a change in selection on a third trait, changing it, and so on. Sequential evolution can sometimes result in closed feedback loops, in which a trait farther down the sequence affects a trait earlier in the sequence of traits. I call this process evolutionary feedback. Both sequential evolution and evolutionary feedback can sometimes cause punctuated evolutionary change. Evolutionary feedback can also act as a mechanism for stasis. Hence, evolutionary feedback is a mechanism for punctuated equilibrium. I propose that species to a large extent influence, even drive, their own evolution. This, of course, is not to suggest they do so willfully or consciously. It is proposed that there are three mechanisms for punctuated evolutionary change; these are described. Examples of and evidence for sequential evolution and punctuated evolution by evolutionary feedback are presented.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1982

[Systems theory analysis of the chemical regulation of respiration with regard to its multidimensional character].

The chemical control of respiration provides for the maintenance of energy and substance equilibrium primarily and for the homoeostatic stability of the chemical blood parameters secondarily. Based on results having been obtained from an appropriate state space model some findings on respiration can be reproduced. In addition to the true qualitative reflecting the steady state at work performance, the contribute of separate chemical drives to the whole ventilation are represented correctly, suggesting the unneccisity of any additional specific work drives. Nervous influences of ventilation besides of its chemical control are not suitable to guarantee its controllability, they represent only disturbances mobilizing it. Coupled organ systems take part on transmitting primary afferent information about the chemical condition of the total metabolism, which proved to be necessary and sufficient for the chemical control activity.

Homeostasis↗
PubMed1996

Detection and quantification of lorazepam in human hair by GC-MS/NCI in a case of traffic accident.

A traffic accident caused by a man who declared that he was driving under influence of drugs (Temesta), led our laboratory to develop a procedure for the detection and the quantification of lorazepam in human hair. The method involves decontamination of hair with dichloromethane, incubation in Soerensen buffer (pH 7.6) in the presence of lorazepam-d4, liquid-liquid extraction with diethylether-chloroform (80:20, v/v) at pH 8.4, derivatization by silylation and detection by GC-MS/NCI. The increasing concentrations of lorazepam from the end to the roots of a 16-cm-long hair strand (i.e. 31 pg/mg, 40 pg/mg and 49 pg/mg) proved that the driver had taken the drug over a long period of time.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

Dynamics of a novel pathogen in an avian host: Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches.

In early 1994, a novel strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)--a poultry pathogen with a world-wide distribution--emerged in wild house finches and within 3 years had reached epidemic proportions across their eastern North American range. The ensuing epizootic resulted in a rapid decline of the host population coupled with considerable seasonal fluctuations in prevalence. To understand the dynamics of this disease system, a multi-disciplinary team composed of biologists, veterinarians, microbiologists and mathematical modelers set forth to determine factors driving and influenced by this host-pathogen system. On a broad geographic scale, volunteer observers ("citizen scientists") collected and reported data used for calculating both host abundance and disease prevalence. The scale at which this monitoring initiative was conducted is unprecedented and it has been an invaluable source of data for researchers at the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology to track the spread and magnitude of disease both spatially and temporally. At a finer scale, localized and intensive field studies provided data used to quantify the effects of disease on host demographic parameters via capture-mark-recapture modeling, effects of host behavior on disease and vice-versa, and the biological and genetic profiles of birds with known phenotypic characteristics. To balance the field-based component of the study, experiments were conducted with finches held in captivity to describe and quantify the effects of experimental infections on hosts in both individual and social settings. The confluence of these various elements of the investigation provided the foundation for construction of a general compartmentalized epidemiological model of the dynamics of the house finch-MG system. This paper serves several purposes including (i) a basic review of the pathogen, host, and epidemic cycle; (ii) an explanation of our research strategy; (iii) a basic review of results from the diverse multi-disciplinary approaches employed; and (iv) pertinent questions relevant to this and other wildlife disease studies that require further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Driving actin dynamics under the influence of alcohol.

The actin cytoskeleton plays a pivotal role in regulating neuronal development and activity, and dysregulation of actin dynamics has been linked to impaired cognitive function. In this issue of Cell Rothenfluh et al. (2006) , and Offenhäuser et al. (2006) show that actin dynamics can also affect the cellular and behavioral responses of flies and mice to alcohol.

Actins↗
PubMed1990

The multiple partnership. Scientist, university, agency, and government.

In the United States a large and significant percentage of scientific effort is carried out in universities and financed by government and private agencies. The partnership between universities and research support agencies relies on individuals representing their scientific organizations, their universities, and their agencies. These individuals deal with the ideas, the proposals, and advocacies that push and shape the programs that ultimately become established. The organizational and political realities that drive and influence this partnership are described in a way that highlights the ensuing richness, diversity, and the sometimes wasted efforts that characterize American science. Present-day science advocacy in the United States is placed in perspective as it is compared with an ideal, advocacy-free system and to other systems that have existed historically.

Child Development↗
PubMed1987

Results of an open clinical trial of brofaromine (CGP 11 305 A), a competitive, selective, and short-acting inhibitor of MAO-A in major endogenous depression.

In an open clinical trial the authors treated 18 hospitalized patients suffering from endogenous depression with brofaromine (CGP 11305A), a competitive, selective, and short-acting inhibitor of type A monoamine oxidase (MAO). Four patients were defined as good responders, as they had a final HAMD score of between 0 and 7 points. Four patients were judged as improved, with final HAMD scores of between 8 and 15 points, while the remaining eight patients failed to respond (final HAMD score greater than or equal to 16 points). The major observations were a beneficial influence on drive in most patients, while paranoid symptoms worsened markedly, rendering the substance contraindicated in psychotic depression. Brofaromine appears to be safe and well tolerated and largely free of side effects. As objectified by the tyramine pressor test, dietary restrictions during brofaromine treatment require less stringency than is the case with conventional MAO inhibitors. The specificity of brofaromine to inhibit deamination is limited to MAO-A, since no reduction in platelet MAO activity was measurable. Sleep EEG recordings in a subset of patients reveals that the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is significantly reduced during brofaromine treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Osmosensor and osmoregulator properties of the betaine carrier BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum in proteoliposomes.

The secondary glycine betaine uptake system BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum was purified from Escherichia coli membranes in strep-tagged form after heterologous expression of the betP gene and was reconstituted in E. coli lipids. BetP retained its kinetic properties (V(max) and K(m) for betaine and Na(+)) as compared with intact cells. The influence of driving forces (Na(+) gradient and/or electrical potential) on betaine uptake was quantified in proteoliposomes. BetP was effectively regulated by the external osmolality and was stimulated by the local anesthetic tetracaine. A shift of the optimum of osmotic stimulation to higher osmolalities was linearly correlated with an increasing share of phosphatidyl glycerol, the major lipid of the C. glutamicum plasma membrane in the E. coli lipid proteoliposomes. This finding correlates with results demonstrating an identical shift when betP was expressed in E. coli instead of C. glutamicum. These data indicate that (i) BetP comprises all elements of osmosensing and osmoregulatory mechanisms of betaine uptake, (ii) osmoregulation of BetP is directly related to protein/membrane interactions, (iii) the turgor pressure presumably plays no major role in osmoregulation of BetP, and (iv) the regulatory properties of BetP may be related to the physical state of the surrounding membrane.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1987

Natural selection and Y-linked polymorphism.

Several population genetic models allowing natural selection to act on Y-linked polymorphism are examined. The first incorporates pleiotropic effects of a Y-linked locus, such that viability, segregation distortion, fecundity and sexual selection can all be determined by one locus. It is shown that no set of selection parameters can maintain a stable Y-linked polymorphism. Interaction with the X chromosome is allowed in the next model, with viabilities determined by both X- and Y-linked factors. This model allows four fixation equilibria, two equilibria with X polymorphism and a unique point with both X- and Y-linked polymorphism. Stability analysis shows that the complete polymorphism is never stable. When X- and Y-linked loci influence meiotic drive, it is possible to have all fixation equilibria simultaneously unstable, and yet there is no stable interior equilibrium. Only when viability and meiotic drive are jointly affected by both X- and Y-linked genes can a Y-linked polymorphism be maintained. Unusual dynamics, including stable limit cycles, are generated by this model. Numerical simulations show that only a very small portion of the parameter space admits Y polymorphism, a result that is relevant to the interpretation of levels of Y-DNA sequence variation in natural populations.

Biometry↗
PubMed2002

Influence of controlled reaming on fat intravasation after femoral osteotomy in sheep.

This study assessed the influence of driving speed and revolution rate per minute of two reamers on femoral intramedullary pressure increases and fat intravasation. The AO and Howmedica reamers were tested in four groups with different combinations of driving speed and revolution rate per minute in both femurs in a sheep model. The 24 animals were exposed to hemorrhagic shock after midshaft osteotomy and were resuscitated before reaming of both femoral shafts. Controlled reaming was performed at 15 and 50 mm/second driving speed with 150 and 450 revolutions per minute. Fat intravasation and intramedullary pressure were measured by transesophageal echocardiography, Gurd test, and a piezoelectric gauge, respectively. Low driving speed and high revolutions per minute with the smaller cored reamer led to lower intramedullary pressure changes. The same reaming parameters led to greater pulmonary stress during surgery of the second side. Reaming with a smaller cored reamer and modified reaming parameters leads to a lower increase in intramedullary pressure and reduces the amount of fat intravasation. Primary reamed intramedullary nailing should be done after resuscitation at a low driving speed and high revolutions per minute with a smaller cored reamer to minimize the risk of pulmonary dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Inertial effects on mechanically braked Wingate power calculations.

PURPOSE: The standard procedure for determining subject power output from a 30-s Wingate test on a mechanically braked (friction-loaded) ergometer includes only the braking resistance and flywheel velocity in the computations. However, the inertial effects associated with accelerating and decelerating the crank and flywheel also require energy and, therefore, represent a component of the subject's power output. The present study was designed to determine the effects of drive-system inertia on power output calculations. METHODS: Twenty-eight male recreational cyclists completed Wingate tests on a Monark 324E mechanically braked ergometer (resistance: 8.5% body mass (BM), starting cadence: 60 rpm). Power outputs were then compared using both standard (without inertial contribution) and corrected methods (with inertial contribution) of calculating power output. RESULTS: Relative 5-s peak power and 30-s average power for the corrected method (14.8 +/- 1.2 W x kg(-1) BM; 9.9 +/- 0.7 W x kg(-1) BM) were 20.3% and 3.1% greater than that of the standard method (12.3 +/- 0.7 W x kg(-1) BM; 9.6 +/- 0.7 W x kg(-1) BM), respectively. Relative 5-s minimum power for the corrected method (6.8 +/- 0.7 W x kg(-1) BM) was 6.8% less than that of the standard method (7.3 +/- 0.8 W x kg(-1) BM). The combined differences in the peak power and minimum power produced a fatigue index for the corrected method (54 +/- 5%) that was 31.7% greater than that of the standard method (41 +/- 6%). All parameter differences were significant (P < 0.01). The inertial contribution to power output was dominated by the flywheel; however, the contribution from the crank was evident. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the inertial components of the ergometer drive system influence the power output characteristics, requiring care when computing, interpreting, and comparing Wingate results, particularly among different ergometer designs and test protocols.

Adult↗