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PubMedDate not supplied

Circulation and migration in third world settings: a comparison in Ecuador.

This study is concerned with circulation, defined as temporary and repetitive migration that lacks any declared intention of a permanent or long-lasting change in residence. "The first section of the paper reviews pertinent circulation literature. Attention then turns to describing circulation and migration patterns in Ecuador, and identifying relationships between these patterns and regional differentials in economic development, both through cartographic and statistical analyses. A summary and conclusions comprise the last section."

Americas↗

PubMed1979

Migration and urbanization in Ecuador: a view from the coast.

"The present study takes a regional view of urbanization and migration in coastal Ecuador, and presents field data collected [in 1970 and 1971] in the port city of Manta. This study seeks to account for various national and international influences that work to shape conditions in Manta, and on the coast generally, and to specify and account for patterns of socieconomic inequality, particularly as they relate to migration and urbanization."

Americas↗

PubMed1987

[Selectivity of rural migrants from the Sierra of Ecuador].

"This paper examines characteristics of recent rural-urban out-migrants leaving households in the Sierra of Ecuador. A large, household survey focussing specifically on migration is utilized, allowing detailed crosstabulations by sex and origin-destination combination and providing information about migrants generally not found in more generic surveys or censuses. Differences are noted between migrants and non-migrants in basic demographic characteristics, reasons for migrating, and economic activities prior to and subsequent to moving. Differences in the characteristics of migrants moving between various types of place of origin and place of destination are also noted." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗

PubMed1988

Policy aspects of development and individual mobility: migration and circulation from Ecuador's rural Sierra.

"Individual out-migration and out-circulation from Ecuador's rural Sierra during the period 1974-1982 are jointly examined to identify differences in each process. Personal attributes operate similarly, but place characteristics associated with development do not. Particular attention is given to land reform policies and related occurrences as forces of regional change, which in turn affect population movements. Also highlighted is the importance of place knowledge, particularly in drawing substantively informed conclusions from statistical analyses of data with broad geographic coverage."

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Agrarian change and labour migration in the Sierra of Ecuador.

"Among the effects produced in the Sierra of Ecuador by the programme of land reforms launched in 1964 was a reduction in the incomes from small-scale farming. At the same time, the growth of productive employment in urban areas was insufficient to provide round-the-year work to the fast growing army of jobseekers. Analysis of the agrarian structure and migration patterns before and after 1964 suggests that it was primarily this combination of circumstances that produced a pronounced shift towards short-term rather than permanent migration, thereby providing industry and services with the labour they needed while avoiding the disadvantages of severe urban overpopulation."

Agriculture↗

PubMed1995

The uprooting of people, migration, and labor force experiences: Ecuador 1982 and 1990.

"Moving beyond traditional theories of migration, this paper considers how actual economic, socio-political, and natural events impacted uprooting of people in Ecuador since the 1950s. Major eras of economic growth and economic devolution are represented by Census data for 1982 and 1990. Through these, individual labor force experiences of migrants and stayers, and gender differentials within each group, are considered. Uprooting of people persists forty to fifty years after events initiating its occurrence, and differentially impacts each population group. Gender differentials are noticeably significant among occupational sectors of employment, less so for economic sectors. Predominance and continual growth of informal activities also is apparent, a trend which impacts women more strongly." (SUMMARY IN GER)

Americas↗

PubMed1976

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease originating in Ecuador.

A case of hepatic veno-occlusive disease manifested by massive ascites is described in a 35-year-old female. She had consumed an herbal tea containing a Crotalaria plant species for 6 months prior to evaluation. Inferior vena cava and hepatic veins were patent by angiography. Liver biopsy showed histological changes typical of hepatic veno-occlusive disease, consisting of centrilobular congestion and sublobular hepatic vein obstruction. Complete clinical, biochemical, and histological recovery was documented 1 year after ingestion of the brew was discontinued. This is the first case known to be reported from Ecuador and the first to be diagnosed in the United States.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Entomological evaluation by pool screen polymerase chain reaction of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in Ecuador following mass Mectizan distribution.

The prevalence of infected and infective black flies was estimated by pool screen polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification in the three river basins in Ecuador endemic for onchocerciasis. Mass distribution of ivermectin (Mectizan) resulted in dramatic declines in the prevalence of infected and infective flies. In the Rio Santiago river basin, no infections were detected, suggesting that transmission had ceased. The ratio of infected to infective flies in Simulium exiguum was 10-fold lower than the corresponding ratio for Simulium quadrivittatum, suggesting that S. exiguum is a more-competent vector for Onchocerca volvulus than S. quadrivittatum. However, the prevalence of infective flies in the two species was not different, suggesting that S. quadrivittatum may play an important vectorial role where it is the dominant human-biting species. The data demonstrate that pool screen PCR is an efficient way to monitor transmission in areas subject to control, and to certify an area as free of O. volvulus transmission.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Developmental biology in Ecuador: a 30-year teaching experience.

Developmental biology has been taught at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, in Quito for 30 years by the author. The experience of teaching development is described within the broader context of science in Latin America. It is recognized that developmental biology is poorly represented in research and teaching in this part of the world. The teaching of developmental biology to Ecuadorian students contributes to their intellectual training, by helping them to integrate concepts derived from various branches of biology. Moreover, the highly conserved molecular mechanisms of development provide extraordinary examples of the unity of biology, and many complex biological processes can be more easily grasped when studying embryos.

Developmental Biology↗

PubMed1953

DDT in the prevention of plague in Ecuador.

There was no satisfactory solution to the plague problem until the advent of DDT, which made it possible to break one of the links in the chain of spread of the disease. DDT has been used in Ecuador since 1946 with great success, particularly in the control of rural plague; it is systematically applied every four months in areas considered to be plague foci. Wherever possible, it is used in the form of 10% dusting-powder, although emulsions and solutions of DDT are also used.Since 1950, however, there have been indications, confirmed by experiments and by information from Brazil, that generations of DDT-resistant fleas are breeding. This creates a serious problem requiring close study if a solution is to be found and if one of the most effective weapons for plague-control is not to be rendered useless.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[On a new species of sand flea from Ecuador and tungiasis, a problem of Public Health in many developing countries].

The authors recently described a new species of sand flea (genus Tunga) occurred in goat, sheep, cow, pig and man, in the Andean village of S.ta Isabel (Ecuador) and named Tunga trimamillata. Its most important morphological characteristics are: slightly larger dimensions than T. penetrans, both in male and female; presence on the anterior extremity of gravid female of three rounded humps surrounding head and thorax; length of the first segment of maxillary palpi which is longer than each of the other three. The importance of this parasite is due to the fact that it can cause the same damages as T. penetrans both in humans and domestic animals, with conseguent walking difficulties and local or generalized infections. For breeders, economic losses can be remarkable. Tungiasis is a serious problem of Public Health in many countries of Latin America and Subsaharian Africa, and it can be considered in these localities as an indicator of underdevelopment and poor hygiene conditions.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Community participation as a strategy of hypertension control in a health district of Ecuador].

The results of a program for the treatment and control of arterial hypertension in a rural community of the northern area of Ecuador are reported through the voices and the posters used for patients education, by nurses and health promoters (non professional representatives of the community, with a nursing role) of the district. The steps of the program, from the awareness of the problem because of its high impact on mortality; to the organization of the screening for hypertension of 4284 adults (half of the local adult population); to the systematic collection of data on mortality are described. One of the strategies adopted is the discussion of patients' stories with the local communities: the death of a young patient who refused the treatment and died had a strong influence in convincing at risk patients to enter the program. Treatments were available for 1 dollar a month. Nurses and community health promoters have a pivotal role in guaranteeing pressure control and in identifying at risk patients with the help of community adapted risk tables. From the analysis of data of the first 18 months of follow-up some improvements can be observed: grade II hypertensive patients shifted from 34% to 25%; grade III from 35% to 29%. Lack of compliance with the drug therapy is still one of the main problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Limnology of high mountain tropical lake, in Ecuador: characteristics of sediments and rate of sedimentation].

Equatorial high mountain lakes are a special type of lake occurring mainly in the South American Andes as well as in Central Africa and Asia. They occur at altitudes of a few thousand meters above sea level and are cold-water lakes (< 20 degrees C). Relatively little is known about them. A long-term limnological study was therefore undertaken at Lake San Pablo, Ecuador, to analyze the basic limnological processes of the lake, which has a tendency for eutrophication. Sediment quality of San Pablo Lake is given under consideration of horizontal and vertical distribution using sediment cores. Significance of sediments for eutrophication process of lakes is demonstrated using phosphorus concentration of sediments as well as the phosphorus retention capacity of the sediments by ratio Fe/P. Dating of the sediments is done using 137Cs and 210Pb, but the activity of 137Cs in the sediment was very low nearly at the detection level. Sedimentation rate is determined to be 3.5 mm/year and the sediment cores represent about 110 years. P concentration of the sediments is high (approximately 5 g/kg dry substance), and P retention capacity by Fe is insufficient (Fe/P = 4). The sediment quality did not change significantly during the past decades, and the trophic state of San Pablo Lake was already less or more eutrophic 110 years ago. The contamination of the lake sediments by heavy metals is insignificant.

Altitude↗

PubMed2004

Major concerns in developing countries: applications of the Precautionary Principle in Ecuador.

Ecuador is a Latin American country with one of the biggest biodiversities. At the same time, social and environmental problems are also big. Poverty, political and social problems as well as questions like old transport systems, imported hazards from industrialized countries and lack of information and weak health care systems are the framework of this situation. The most common problems are the use of heavy metals in many activities without safety and health protection, a low technological oil production during two decades, intensive use of pesticides in agriculture, and some other chemical risks. A limited capacity to develop prevention strategies, reduced technical and scientific skills, and the absence of a reliable information and control system, lead to a weak response mechanism. The Precautionary Principle could help to stimulate prevention, protection and to have a new tool to improve the interest in environment and health problems. Reinforcing the presence of international organizations like the World Health Organization or the International Labour Organization, establishing bridges among scientific organizations from developed and developing countries and introducing the Precautionary Principle in the legislation and daily practices of industry and agriculture could lead to an improvement in our environment and health.

Developing Countries↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori among the child population of Ecuador].

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies among the children population of Ecuador and the possible relation with the presence of recurring gastrointestinal symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children randomly selected from different geographical areas were included and the presence of serum antibodies was tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The gastrointestinal symptoms between patients with serum antibodies and those without serum antibodies were analyzed, excluding children who had not been treated for intestinal parasites before. RESULTS: A total of 257 children was studied, with a mean age of 8.3 years (age range between 6 months and 16 years). A seroprevalence of 63.03% was found, the most affected being the children from the Andes mountains, in the range 0 to 4 years old. A significant relation was found between the presence of anti-Hp antibodies and symptoms (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies among the Ecuadorian children, related with the presence of recurring gastrointestinal symptoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Preliminary observations on Mycobacterium spp. in dairy cattle in Ecuador.

This study evaluated bovine tuberculosis in Mejia canton, a major dairy cattle production region in Ecuador. Randomly selected cattle (1,012 from 59 farms) classified according to herd size were tested by the single tuberculin test (STT). Sixty days later, positive reactors were tested again by the comparative tuberculin test (CTT). In addition, tissue samples from two STT-CTT-positive reactors detected on a farm were obtained in a local slaughterhouse and analyzed bacteriologically. A total of 4.24% of the cattle were positive in the STT and 3.85% were positive in the CTT, with the highest number (7.95%) in large herds versus 3.4% in medium herds and 0.3% in small herds. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes and lungs of one animal. A 16S ribosomal RNA-based polymerase chain reaction confirmed culture results and differentiated mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis. This study confirms the zoonotic importance of tuberculosis in Ecuadorian dairy cattle with herd size likely to be a crucial parameter in the prevalence of the disease. The implementation of a national control program is necessary and should be based on the detection of positive cattle by STT in combination with CTT.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Onchocercacidal effect of three drug regimens of amocarzine in 148 patients of two races and both sexes from Esmeraldas, Ecuador.

The objective of this multidisciplinary clinical investigation was to test whether amocarzine was absorbed effectively and safely in patients of two races and either sex infected with Onchocerca volvulus while living in the holoendemic area of Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. The prerequisite for a systemic onchocercacidal effect is the regular absorption of orally administered amocarzine. Single dosing after overnight fasting proved to produce irregular absorption of amocarzine, although some microfilaricidal effect was achieved. A pilot study with repeated low dose and postprandial administration of amocarzine showed a regular and predictable absorption with acceptable tolerability and a microfilaricidal effect lasting up to one year post-therapy. Since amocarzine and its major N-oxide metabolite are coloured agents, urine colorimetry was used to assess the urinary excretion of the N-oxide qualitatively. For the postprandial drug regimens plasma concentrations of amocarzine and its metabolite were determined at two selected time points in patients of two races and either sex; the results showed no major differences. Excision of onchocercal nodules was performed four months post-therapy. The pooled results of the histologic analysis of 100 patients with the same drug regimen read under blinded condition showed that 65% of the adult female worms were dead, 20% necrobiotic and 15% alive. The male worms were fewer and mainly necrobiotic. Control worm populations in Esmeraldas without chemotherapy showed that on the average 81.5% were alive and 18.5% dead. Amocarzine was also microfilaricidal producing a reduction of skin dwelling microfilariae to about 10% of the initial value within the first week after start of therapy and lasting for half a year at a 20% level. The reduction of ocular microfilarial was slower and reached 35-40% after one year. The general tolerability was acceptable to good. Reversible dermal reactions were usually mild and peaked as a rash in 57% of the patients on day 6. No prohibitive ocular intolerance was observed. Mild and reversible dizziness peaked on day 4 in 74% of patients. A positive reversible Romberg sign was found in 12 patients on day 4. Amocarzine, the first oral micro- and macrofilaricidal agent administered as a low dose repeat regimen (3 mg/kg twice daily and postprandial for three consecutive days) can be recommended for oral onchocercacidal therapy in adult patients. Clinical trials in juveniles should be encouraged.

Absorption↗

PubMed1991

The prevalence of the retrocuspid papilla among three indigenous groups of patients. Study of the subjects in Ecuador, Honduras and Nicaragua.

The retrocuspid papilla (RCP) is a soft well circumscribed nodule located lingually to the mandibular cuspid on the gingival tissue surface. The RCP is observed more frequently in young children and regresses or disappears with age. Little information is available in the literature on this structure. The prevalence of the RCP is discussed as it relates to its distribution among three groups of Latin American patients: those of southern Ecuador, northeastern Honduras and eastern Nicaragua. The distribution by age, sex, symmetry and gingival position is evaluated. Based on the analysis of the results, it was determined that: the RCP is most prevalent in under-five age group at a relative frequency of 25 per cent; its prevalence decreases progressively with age; it is present significantly more often among females in the Honduras group; a unilateral distribution is more frequent than a bilateral distribution, except for the Nicaragua group, where a bilateral distribution prevails; and it is most frequently located on the attached gingiva as compared to free gingiva and mucosa. The clinical significance of the RCP resides in the fact that it may simulate pathological gingival conditions from which it must be differentiated.

Adolescent↗