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PubMed2005

Ethical issues in funding orphan drug research and development.

This essay outlines the moral dilemma of funding orphan drug research and development. To date, ethical aspects of priority setting for research funding have not been an issue of discussion in the bioethics debate. Conflicting moral obligations of beneficence and distributive justice appear to demand very different levels of funding for orphan drug research. The two types of orphan disease, rare diseases and tropical diseases, however, present very different ethical challenges to questions about allocation of research funds. The dilemma is analysed considering utilitarian and rights based theories of justice and moral obligations of non-abandonment and a professional obligation to advance medical science. The limitations of standard economic evaluation tools and other priority setting tools used to inform health policy decision makers on research funding decisions are outlined.

Drug Evaluation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Code of ethics.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Ethics, Pharmacy↗
PubMed2001

Pharmacist-patient relationship development in an ambulatory clinic setting.

We investigated the pharmacist-patient relationship, conceptualizing its interpersonal constructs and dynamics using social exchange principles. The constructs of felt indebtedness (FI), collaborative willingness (CW), interpersonal relationship quality (IRQ), medication use beliefs (MUBs), and critical interpersonal incidents (CII) between pharmacist and patient were proposed, measured, and modeled. Patient responses were collected using interviews and mail surveys in 2 pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinics. Higher IRQ levels predicted greater FI toward and CW with pharmacists (p < .01). MUBs predicted CW with IRQ mediating the association (p < .01). Patients reporting positive CII gave higher IRQ ratings and expressed greater FI (p < .05). Findings suggested that patients' perceptions of their pharmacists, and not their therapy, may lead to increased interpersonal exchange and patient collaboration in care.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Ethical ideology and product confidence: future pharmacists' attitudes toward generic drug substitution.

The impact of generic drugs on the prescription drug market has received widespread attention in the health care and marketing disciplines. Most research to date has focused solely on market factors' effect on pharmacists' attitudes toward generic drug substitution, and little attention has been given to individual factors. The present study extends previous research using Multiple Discriminant Analysis to ascertain the importance of ethical ideology and product confidence on pharmacists' attitudes toward future generic drug substitution across a salient set of market factors. The findings suggest that these individual factors are important in profiling pharmacists' disposition toward making a generic substitution in the future.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug use in sports: a veritable arena for pharmacists.

OBJECTIVE: To describe opportunities and obligations for pharmacists regarding doping control in sports, and to present information and resources on drugs and dietary supplements that are popular among athletes for performance enhancement. DATA SOURCES: Sports medicine journals and articles in English obtained from Medline (1966 through June 2003) using the search terms doping in sports, drugs in sports, dietary supplements, sports, amphetamine, stimulants, ephedrine, ephedra, caffeine, anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, darbepoetin, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and creatine. Information was also obtained from sports-governing agencies, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the International Olympic Committee. STUDY SELECTION: Studies and reports that were credible and scientifically sound that evaluated the ergogenic effects of drugs and dietary supplements. DATA EXTRACTION: By the author. DATA SYNTHESIS: Pharmacists can participate in doping control programs in a number of ways. Pharmacists also have an obligation when counseling, advising, and treating athletes to help them avoid banned substances. Athletes use a host of drugs for their performance-enhancing effects, many of which are banned by major sports-governing bodies. Myriad dietary supplements are marketed to athletes, claiming to have ergogenic effects. Some of these popular supplements have proven performance-enhancing effects, while others do not. Adverse effects of these drugs and dietary supplements are discussed. CONCLUSION: A variety of drugs and dietary supplements have proven performance-enhancing effects in athletes. However, many of these substances have adverse effects and are banned by various sports-governing organizations. Pharmacists can play a key role in participating in doping control programs, and can prevent athletes from inadvertently consuming a banned substance.

Dietary Supplements↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New Mexico pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward prescribing oral emergency contraception.

OBJECTIVE: To describe New Mexico pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward the prescribing of oral emergency contraception (EC) in their practices. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: New Mexico in January through March 2004. POTENTIAL PARTICIPANTS: New Mexico pharmacists. INTERVENTIONS: Questionnaire containing 74 items. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Mean scores were calculated for individual knowledge items, overall knowledge scores, and attitude/belief items. Knowledge and attitude/belief scores were compared across demographic variables using t tests, ANOVA, and chi-square analyses. RESULTS: Of 1392 deliverable questionnaires, 555 (40%) were returned and 523 (38%) were usable; 136 contained written comments. Pharmacists had overall knowledge scores of 71.2% +/- 11.3%. Pharmacists who had participated in a state-approved EC prescribing training program and had time in their practice setting to prescribe EC had significantly higher knowledge scores. Mean scores indicated that pharmacists have positive attitudes and beliefs toward prescribing EC. Overall, 40% of respondents indicated that they would like to become certified to prescribe EC. Pharmacists who agreed that they would like to be certified to prescribe EC were significantly more likely to be male, non-Hispanic, non-Christian, to have liberal or moderate political views, and to indicate that they had employer/manager approval, time, and privacy in their practice setting to prescribe EC. CONCLUSION: New Mexico pharmacists have positive attitudes/beliefs toward EC prescribing; however, their knowledge in this area is average. Although religious, moral, and political views influence pharmacists' willingness to prescribe EC, factors such as education and practice environment must be addressed if more pharmacists are to accept this EC prescriptive authority.

Contraception, Postcoital↗