Between complacency and panic.
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Air Pollution↗
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Results for “Environment Design”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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[Problems in the operation and maintenance of technical housing appliances].
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Air Conditioning↗
[Basic principles of the hygiene regulation of intrahospital environmental quality].
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Air Pollution↗
Tetanus in the adult: intensive care and management experience with 233 cases.
Over a period of 10 years, 233 adult patients were treated for severe tetanus in this ICU. Criteria of severity, clinical patterns, and a detailed plan of treatment are outlined. The authors emphasize that such treatment implicates the permanent availability of trained personel in handling cardiorespiratory emergencies as well as prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance in a specially designed environment (ICU). The form of therapy described herein seems to be the best currently available management regime, inasmuch as it can be expected to reduce significantly the notoriously high mortality associated with severe tetanus. Although this therapy is very expensive and time consuming, this is the price to be paid when the life of one of these patients is endangered. Complications are usually bizarre and unexpected. The authors found a high incidence of infectious respiratory complications, probably related to a change in the tracheal flora secondary to antibiotic therapy and a less than ideal care of tracheostomies. Unexpected cardiac arrest was the most common cardiovascular complication and also the most common cause of death; in the majority of these cases, a satisfactory explanation for this complication was not found, but it could have been related to overactivity of the autonomic nervous system.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Prevalence of chronic diseases in school children reported by their parents].
OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of chronic diseases reported by parents among a random population of Dutch children. Furthermore, to establish how often these children visited a physician because of a chronic disease, and used drugs for its treatment. SETTING: Dordrecht and environs. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: In the school year 1990-1991, all 8689 parents of school children summoned for a periodical health check by the school doctor or school nurse were sent a questionnaire together with the notification. With the aid of a list of criteria it was determined for every child during the periodical health check if the diseases, if any, were serious, if the children were being treated for them and if they used medication. RESULTS: The response to the questionnaire amounted to 98.3%. Of the children examined, 21.3% according to the parents suffered from one or more chronic diseases, 3.7% to a major extent. Of the group with one or more chronic diseases, 25.2% were monitored by the family doctor, 10.5% by the paediatrician, 18.6% by various other specialists and 4.5% by a homeopathist. Of the population as a whole, 10.1% used medication because of one or several of the chronic diseases; this accounted for 47.4% of the group with one or several chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic diseases in school children reported by the parents is so high that it should be given attention in post-graduate education and public health information.
Child↗
[Is general screening for anemia and iron deficiency justified in nursing infants?].
OBJECTIVE: To establish the necessity of anemia and iron deficiency screening in breast-feeders in our environment. DESIGN: A crossover study, after data collection from case records. SETTING AND PATIENTS: 93 children of 18 and 24 months living in a urban area. All of them are included in the Healthy Breast-feeder Programme of the Health Center of Teruel city. INTERVENTIONS: Detection in venous blood of hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, transferrin saturation and ferritin in serum. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We founded a 1.1% of anemia with iron deficiency and a 3.4% of latent iron deficiency. We detected a total of 5.4% cases of iron deficiency. We didn't find any statistical significance when comparing the haematic values among children who had received different kinds of milk nor in relation with the time in which they got it. We didn't find either any differences when comparing such values among those who had received iron prophylaxis and those in which this treatment was not considered necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore we suggest selective iron prophylaxis for risk groups and laboratory studies only in those with evident signs of anemia or iron deficiency.
Age Factors↗
[Upper digestive tract hemorrhage; an assessment in the Amsterdam region].
OBJECTIVE: To inventory diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and the value of endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in Amsterdam and environs. DESIGN: Descriptive. SETTING: Eight hospitals in and around Amsterdam. METHOD: For 3 months all patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage were recorded. The total group consisted of 132 patients. RESULTS: The group included 81 men and 51 women, the mean age was 63 years. Prior to the symptoms, 44% had used acetylsalicylic acid, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or oral anticoagulants. Diagnostic endoscopy was performed in 85% within 24 hours. The most frequent diagnosis was ulcerative disease (48%). Medication was given to 86% of the patients, 20% underwent endoscopic (injection) therapy and only 17% were operated on. Recurrent haemorrhage was seen in 24%, overall mortality was 6%. CONCLUSION: Ulcerative disease is still the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Medication is still more or less routinely administered, despite lacking proof of efficacy.
Adolescent↗
Requirement for vitamin A in long-term culture of human cornea.
PURPOSE: To develop an in vitro model for the study of vitamin A functions in the cornea by determining the morphologic responses to its absence and to the addition of varying concentrations in long-term (21-day) human organ culture. METHODS: Donor corneas were cultured for 21 days in an air-liquid environment designed to maintain normal corneal morphology in long-term culture. Corneas were graded by light microscopy and were further analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Epithelium of human corneas cultured in the absence of vitamin A for 21 days showed characteristics of vitamin A deficiency: multilayering of squamous cells, bundling of tonofilaments to form keratofibrils, increased desmosomes, and loss of microplicae on the surface cells. The cells responded to the addition of vitamin A in concentrations ranging from 5 x 10(-9) to 5 x 10(-6) M. At the lowest concentration, cell differentiation and morphology appeared normal. Cells developed secretory morphology at higher concentrations of vitamin A, with intracellular vesicles, basement membrane overproduction, and reduced cell-cell and cell-substrate attachments. Keratocytes and endothelial cells showed increased intracellular vacuoles in the presence of higher concentrations of vitamin A. CONCLUSIONS: Cultured adult human corneas showed primary, dose-related responses to vitamin A in the absence of inflammatory, neuronal, or humoral factors. The epithelium was most sensitive to the absence of vitamin A and showed a dose-related response to additional vitamin A. All corneal cell layers showed morphologic changes at the highest concentration of vitamin A used.
Adult↗
Prison deprivation and protein nutritional status of inmates of a developing community prison.
OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the protein nutritional status of inmates of a small prison, in the light of a changing serum protein pattern in the environment. DESIGN: Survey of prison inmates. SETTING: A male prison and low social class hospital workers. SUBJECTS: 81 inmates and 62 randomly selected controls, of which 42 of the former and 28 of the latter were further randomly selected. METHODS: Nutritional and confinement history were obtained by a questionnaire, Weights and heights were measured and serum and urine samples collected for protein estimations. RESULTS: The prisoners were confined for 229.1 (SD 210.1) days. 48.1% had BMI < 20 kg/m2 compared to 28.6% of controls (p = 0.04). Their diet was predominantly carbohydrate. Mean total serum protein was 81.5gm/L (6.1) (95% CI = 79.3-83.5) (prisoners); 88.7 gm/L (8.1) (95% CI = 85.7-91.7) (controls). Serum globulin was 44.9 gm/L (6.3) (95% CI = 42.9-46.9) (prisoners); 55.4 gm/L (8.2) (95% CI = 52.3-58.5) (controls) (p <0.001 respectively). More prisoners than controls had severe hypo- albuminaemia (p =0.001). All values were lower in those awaiting trial compared to convicted inmates. Total protein and albumin weakly correlated with duration of confinement (r = -0.23 and -0.15, respectively). CONCLUSION: The study suggest that the prisoners might be undernourished with lower serum proteins than controls, within an average of seven months confinement. The picture appears worse in those awaiting trial and with prolonged duration of confinement.
Adolescent↗
NANDA nursing diagnoses identification and validation in a neonatal unit.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the problems nurses encounter in a Neonatal Unit and adapt them to the corresponding NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) diagnostic categories for their validation in our environment. DESIGN: A Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was developed to identify the problems that nurses detect and solve. Identified problems were catalogued with their corresponding diagnostic label using the NANDA diagnostic taxonomy. A concordance study was carried out between two observers, using the Kappa coefficient. RESULTS: During the study period, 36 different NANDA diagnostic categories were identified for use. From these, 5 have been validated with an excellent or good concordance (K > 0.70) and 2 with an average concordance (0.70 > K > 0.40). The remaining categories did not occur with enough frequency during the study period to apply statistical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic categories validated in our Unit occur frequently, are easily identified by the nurses, and can be used in patient care plans. Non-validated categories may become valid in subsequent studies.
Humans↗
[Familial aggregation of blood pressure over 17 years in children and young adults].
UNLABELLED: Familial aggregation of blood pressure is well known although its causes remain controversial. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the presence of a familial aggregation for blood pressure and body mass index over a 17-year period, in order to evaluate the importance of a primary prevention strategy beginning in familial environment. DESIGN AND METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study was constructed from two cross-sectional surveys 17 years apart: 1,032 individuals, of both sexes, aged 5 to 24 years were seen in the initial study, and their parents whenever possible. Correlation coefficients and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyse the relationship between parents and children. RESULTS: The correlation between parents' and children BP are: systolic BP-0.34 (p < 0.01) and diastolic BP 0.19 (0.05); and for the anthropometric variables are: height-0.29 (0.01); weight-0.41 (p < 0.01); ponderal index -0.21 (p < 0.05); tricipt skinfold-0.21 (p < 0.05). All the coefficients are statistically significative. The variance of children's SBP and DBP explained through a stepwise regression analysis was 47%. The children's weight, skinfold, ponderal index, and parents' SBP and DBP were accepted by the model. CONCLUSION: The relation between BP and obesity variables suggest that a large proportion of familial aggregation for BP may be explained by aggregation for obesity, still after 17 years.
Adolescent↗
Type and amount of environmental information in urban scene--basic study on the design of intelligence environment.
Signs have gained importance as an information mechanism that supports the urban activities in signage, and projects are being actively launched in cities. Urban spaces are already filled with multitudes of signs including directories and signboards, calling for organization of signage as a system and not merely as a collection of individual signs. As a first step for tackling with the objectives, the present study noted the type and amount of environmental information presented in the realm of pedestrians. Our study included (1) investigating the type and amount of information available in the streets including underpass; (2) classifying and organizing signs according to the content of information; and (3) analyzing the relation between different types of information, between situations and signs, and continuity of the signs of the same type. The study revealed that there was a (1) deviation in information offered at various spots on a pedestrian route; (2) multitudes of advertisements and installations other than signs were placed at the same spot using the same method as the public signs; and (3) there were qualitative lack of signs despite many signs in the investigated area. The study thus indicated a need for cross-sectional environmental design for information in place of sign designs and delineates several basic requirements for it.
Environment Design↗
Interface design for health care environments: the role of cognitive science.
An important challenge in the development of computer-based health care environments is the design of effective user interfaces. In this paper we consider a number of aspects of interface design related to the study of human-computer interaction from a cognitive perspective. It is argued that user interfaces must be designed with consideration of the information requirements, cognitive capabilities and limitations of the end users. Greater concern for fundamental research in design of user interfaces is also needed to complement short-term goals and approaches to improving user interfaces. Towards these objectives, several emerging trends are beginning to have an important impact in the design of health care interfaces. This includes the recognition of the need for iterative design and evaluation of user interfaces, applying theoretical frameworks and methods from cognitive science. An understanding of distributed as well as individual cognition will also become critical in the development of effective user interfaces as access to health care systems becomes increasingly widespread.
Cognition↗
Designing better physical environments for today's nurses.
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Facility Design and Construction↗
Environment for poultry.
The design of controlled environment systems for poultry is discussed. The requirements are reviewed by considering the responses of the birds to environmental factors and some practical methods of achieving the responses are described.
Animals↗
Protected environments in cancer chemotherapy: design and function of a large unit.
The construction of a new hospital building permitted the design of a new protected environment unit. The design and operating procedures of this unit are described. Microbiological monitoring has been conducted using air sampling, floor sampling, and settling plates. Microbial contamination is substantially lower in the protected environment unit than in comparable locations elsewhere in the hospital.
Air Microbiology↗
Role of mechanical environment and implant design on bone tissue differentiation: current knowledge and future contexts.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate published evidence related to bone reactions to varying loading regimens and the impact of implant design on bone tissue differentiation. DATA AND SOURCES: The literature was searched for original research articles relating effect of mechanical environment on bone tissue and effects of implant design on bone biomechanics and marginal bone reactions using MEDLINE and manual tracing of references cited in key papers otherwise not elicited. STUDY SELECTION: Current literature on biomechanics of bone and dental implants as main focus and pertinent to key aspects of the review. CONCLUSIONS: Implant design influences force transmission characteristics in peri-implant bone, but not the time-dependent marginal bone reactions. Mechanical signals affect bone tissue differentiation. Therefore, it is essential to control biomechanical loads on implants to maintain osseointegration and/or to promote early bone-implant interface healing.
Animals↗
Application of a suite of 16S rRNA-specific oligonucleotide probes designed to investigate bacteria of the phylum cytophaga-flavobacter-bacteroides in the natural environment.
We designed a panel of four 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes specific for bacteria of the phylum cytophaga-flavobacter-bacteroides (CFB). Probes CF319a and CF319b are targeted to members of the flavobacteria-cytophaga group and the genus Porphyromonas, whereas probe BAC303 has a target region characteristic for the genera Prevotella and Bacteroides within the bacteroides group. The probe FFE8b was developed for species-specific hybridizations with Flavobacterium ferrugineum. All probes were designed by computer-assisted sequence analysis and compared to all currently accessible 16S and 23S rRNA sequences. The oligonucleotides were further evaluated by whole-cell and non-radioactive dot-blot hybridization against reference strains of the CFB phylum and other major lineages of Bacteria. The newly developed probes were used together with other higher-order probes to analyse the structure and community composition in complex environments. In activated sludge samples, members of the flavobacteria-cytophaga group were revealed by in situ hybridization as important constituents of sludge flocs and characteristic colonizers of filamentous bacteria. By application of fluorescent probe BAC303, members of the genera Bacteroides and Prevotella could be visualized without prior cultivation as an important part of the human faecal microflora.
Bacteroides↗