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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Lung volumes in swimmers performing different styles of swimming.

The alteration of lung volumes in swimmers performing different strokes was the theme of the present study. The study was carried out due to lack of knowledge regarding the lung volumes of different strokers. As the energy expenditure, O2 consumption rate, body movements, viz. arm and leg movements differ with each stroke, the lung function status and mechanics of breathing in swimmers has to cope up with the stroke techniques. Lung volumes, viz. VC, FVC, FEV1 and RVind decrease from resting condition to after swimming performance in freestyle swimmers and butterfly stroke swimmers. The primary reason for the decline in lung volumes after exercise bout, found out from several reports is that it may be due to the fatigue of respiratory muscle. When lung volumes of different swimming strokers were compared with age and height matched controls a higher lung volume were observed in swimmers performing different strokes. Higher breath holding ability of swimmers may facilitate the increase in the strength of respiratory musculature. This may have lead to higher lung volumes in swimmers. From the results of different strokers of swimmers, it is clear that lung volumes differ with respect to the stroke technique employed by the swimmer. Here the age and height, training duration of the swimmers performing different strokes were almost matched, so it is more or less clear that lung volumes are influenced by different swarming strokes. The results of the study can be utilised for the selection trials of swimmers. The study outlines the need for research work in swimmers to be more specific with regard to strokes than generalizing swimmers of different strokes as a category together.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Dislocation of the knee.

The complications of knee dislocations may be disastrous and must be anticipated. In most series, a 25 to 30 per cent incidence of arterial damage is reported. If the artery is not repaired, the incidence of amputation can be up to 72.5 per cent. The popliteal artery should be evaluated and vascular repair performed as needed. This must be completed within a 6 to 8-hour period after injury for optimal results. Peroneal nerve injuries are common, and permanent neurologic damage may result. The neurovascular injury should be well documented both at the time of injury and in the preinjury state. After all problems affecting limb survival are solved, open repair of all ligamentous injuries is recommended to provide ligamentous stability and congruity of the joint. Prior to performing the procedure, a surgeon must have a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the knee. Rehabilitation techniques and early postoperative motion are important for guiding the injured patient through the immediate and late postoperative period.

Braces↗

PubMed1979

[Surgical treatment of chondromalacia patellae according to Maquet/Bandi--indication, technique, results (author's transl)].

Degenerative changes of the femoropatellar joint are being observed increasingly more often. These may be due to various disturbances of the gliding movement and gliding plane. The article describes the clinical and x-ray symptoms and the therapy; in most cases, additional surgery will be necessary besides antepositioning according to the technique described by Bandi.--Follow-up examinations of 32 patients showed that in 28 of 35 surgically treated knee joints, a positive influence had been exercised on the complaints, load capacity and walking distance.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The clinical biomechanics of scoliosis.

Removal of the posterior elements will allow increased correction of axial deformity, in scoliosis. The clinician may take advantage of the creep and relaxation characteristic of the tissues to improve efficiency of correction. Axial loading has been shown theoretically to be more efficient for the more severe curves, (greater than 53 degrees) and transverse loading more efficient for the less severe curves (less than 53 degrees). Combined loading is always more efficient than either type alone. The Milwaukee brace can be just as effective as a cast in resisting deforming forces in scoliosis. Removal of axillary supports or thoracic pads or not wearing the brace when recumbent reduces the effectiveness of the Milwaukee brace. The strength of the thoracid lamina is a limiting factor in the amount of forces that may be applied to correct the deformity; 30 kilopond (65.8 lb) is the upper limit of this force. Coughing or buckling can apply dangerously high forces with the Harrington rod. Greater surgace contact of the hook to the lamina and small increments between notches on the rod may increase the tolerance limits of the system. Compression rods on the convex side probably add little or no correctional value. The Dwyer technique is biomechanically sound and effective and has the additional advantage of applying asymmetrical loads to the epiphyseal plates.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2006

Muscle blood flow and oxygenation measured by NMR imaging and spectroscopy.

Tissue perfusion and oxygenation in many organs can be evaluated by various NMR techniques. This review focuses on the specificities, limitations and adaptations of the NMR tools available to investigate perfusion and oxygenation in the skeletal muscle of humans and animal models. A description of how they may be used simultaneously is provided as well. 1H NMR spectroscopy of myoglobin (Mb) monitors intramyocytic oxygenation. It measures the level of deoxy-Mb, from which Mb concentration, Mb desaturation/resaturation rates, muscle oxygenation changes and intracellular partial oxygen pressure (pO2) can be calculated. Positive and negative blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrasts exist in skeletal muscle. BOLD contrasts primarily reflect changes in capillary-venous oxygenation, but are also directly or indirectly dependent on muscle blood volume, perfusion, vascular network architecture and angulation, relative to the main magnetic field. Arterial spin labelling (ASL) techniques, having high spatial and temporal resolution, are the methods of choice to quantify and map skeletal muscle perfusion non-invasively. Limitations of ASL are poor contrast-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to movement; however, with the introduction of specific adaptations, it has been proven possible to measure skeletal muscle perfusion at both rest and during exercise. The possibility of combining these NMR measurements with others into a single dynamic protocol is most interesting. The 'multiparametric functional (mpf) NMR' concept can be extended to include the evaluation of muscle energy metabolism simultaneously with 31P NMR or with lactate double quantum filtered 1H NMR spectroscopy, an approach which would make NMR an exceptional tool for non-invasive investigations of integrative physiology and biochemistry in skeletal muscle in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Changes in health status and attitude due to sports with rheumatic disease patients].

A six-months sports programme had been implemented to analyze the impact of movement, play and sports on the physical situation of persons having rheumatism, their mental well-being and attitudes towards sporting activities. 41 patients participated in the programme, attending training sessions in a fitness studio once a week. The sports programme contained general endurance training, functional and strengthening exercises, elements of gymnastics and play, as well as relaxation techniques. The following assessment tools were used: Measurement of Patient Outcome (MOPO) scales, sports questionnaire, and the STEP test. It was found that participants' health status, both physical and mental, had been influenced in a positive manner, with proof being provided of reduced levels of anxiety, depression, and pain. Moreover, attitudinal changes toward sports appear to have resulted, suggesting persistent motivation to engage in sporting activity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

[The neurophysiological basis of exercise physical therapy in patients with central hemiparesis].

According to everyday experience in rehabilitation, stroke patients suffering from central hemiparesis physiotherapy is efficacious in reducing the degree of motor impairment. This paper describes the various therapeutic techniques used in the traditional physiotherapeutic concepts (Rood, Bobath, Brunnstrom, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, Vojta) and their basic neurophysiological mechanisms, as far as they are known today. Furthermore, the significant role of treating impaired sensation and perception for movement execution is discussed and various therapeutic concepts (traditional sensibility training, methods according to Affolter and Perfetti, forced use) are described.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗

PubMed2005

[Entrapment neuropathies of the arm].

Compression-induced damage to the peripheral nerves can cause persistent, mostly exercise-related intensified pain syndromes. In the presence of brachialgia, compression neuropathies must always be considered when rendering the differential diagnosis, whether in the scapular region (e.g. suprascapular syndrome) in the elbow (e.g. supinator syndrome) or the hand (carpal tunnel syndrome, distal ulnar tunnel syndrome). Knowledge of neuroanatomy, detailed history of pain and provocative movements and a targeted examination technique including the findings of provocative testing will usually lead to an accurate diagnosis. Focal neural damage, its exact localization and degree of severity can all be confirmed by the targeted use of electroneurography and needle myography. These procedures will also allow a prognostic estimation and provide information about whether surgical therapeutic procedures are indicated.

Arm↗

PubMed1995

The effectiveness of a pendulum swing for the development of leg strength and counter-movement jump performance.

Various training devices have been developed to facilitate 'plyometric' training, one such device being the 'pendulum swing'. To assess the effectiveness of the pendulum swing, the results of a 3 week training programme using a combination of pendulum swing and weight-training exercises were compared to those of a weight-training programme. Subjects were assigned to one of two groups (n = 9) for weight-training only or for combined pendulum and weight-training. Both groups performed the same number of exercise repetitions. Measurements of isometric knee and hip extension-flexion, 1-RM squat weight, maximum jump height and power for a counter-movement jump were taken pre-training, 2 days after the end of the programme and 2 weeks after the end of the programme. The data were analysed using two-way MANOVA and MANCOVA techniques. Both methods showed significant (P < 0.05) increases in knee and hip extension strength. Hip and knee flexion strength increased only for the weight-trained group. Counter-movement jump height increased for both groups (weight-trained, P < 0.05; combined, P < 0.01). Maximum power increased only for the combined group (P < 0.05). When the pre-training scores were used as a covariate, the weight-trained group showed a greater increase in hip flexion and extension strength and knee flexion strength than the combined training group (P < 0.05). The combined group showed the greatest increase in knee extensor strength. It is concluded that the pendulum system induces a training effect which could be used to supplement weight-training for improving vertical jump performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Self-report benefits of Tai Chi practice by older adults.

Older persons who are willing to begin exercise programs are often not willing to continue them. At the Atlanta FICSIT (Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques) site, individuals aged 70+ were randomized to Tai Chi (TC), individualized balance training (BT), and exercise control education (ED) groups for 15 weeks. In a follow-up assessment 4 months post-intervention, 130 subjects responded to exit interview questions asking about perceived benefits of participation. Both TC and BT subjects reported increased confidence in balance and movement, but only TC subjects reported that their daily activities and their overall life had been affected; many of these subjects had changed their normal physical activity to incorporate ongoing TC practice. The data suggest that when mental as well as physical control is perceived to be enhanced, with a generalized sense of improvement in overall well-being, older persons' motivation to continue exercising also increases.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The elderly patient with burns: treatment considerations.

When therapists treat elderly patients with burns, they should ask themselves several questions: Am I treating elderly patients with burns "just like other patients with burns?" Am I assessing the patient's joint mobility and strength as critically as I should? Am I ensuring that further tissue trauma is avoided by instructing the nursing staff in turning/transfer techniques? Am I routinely monitoring heart rate and blood pressure? Am I requiring repetition and practice of exercises before the patient's discharge? Is my patient safe to function in the environment to which he or she is being discharged? Most physical changes in the elderly population are attributed to the aging process but often are due to diminished movement disorders arising from poor physical fitness and disuse. The "slowdown" in the older adult may result from a lack of appropriate movement practice and failure to receive reinforcement for activity. Regardless of age, physiological challenges result in enhanced functional status. Training for a specific skill increases performance in that skill just as strength training increases strength. Practice or repetition of a task improves movement and response time for that task. Appropriate physical training programs for the elderly can (1) counterbalance age-associated declines in work capacity and physical performance; (2) maintain and improve range of motion, strength, flexibility, balance, and endurance; and (3) reduce the disability of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems that may result in decreased risk of falls and accidents. Practice of a task and maintenance of physical fitness helps ensure a high level of motor performance and speed as a person grows older. One is never too old to exercise!

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1997

Reversal of antagonists: effect of elbow extension strength and endurance.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reversal of elbow antagonists designed to facilitate the extensors relative to agonist-only contractions of the extensors, while using a protocol previously demonstrated to result in an increase in strength through motor learning. DESIGN: Two-group convenience sample composed of healthy subjects. SETTING: Clinic research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty-eight healthy women without a history of upper extremity injury or neurologic disorder. MEASUREMENTS: Elbow extension strength and endurance were measured during maximal effort isometric reversal of the elbow antagonists (experimental group) and elbow extension only (control group) resistance exercise. Biceps brachii short head (BBS), triceps brachii lateral head (TLAT), and triceps brachii long head (TLNG) electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured concurrently. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups for either elbow extension strength, BBS, TLAT, or TLNG EMG activity. The experimental and control groups exhibited a significant linear (p < .01) and quadratic (p < .01) increase in baseline strength of 5.2N.m (30.5%). EMG activity from each muscle group increased linearly (p < .01) across all test sessions. Similar results were observed for elbow extension strength and biceps and triceps EMG activity during fatigue testing. CONCLUSIONS: The reversal of antagonists technique was not superior to agonist-only resistance exercise, nor did it interfere with the acquisition of muscular strength or endurance through motor learning.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Kinematic evaluation of the back in the sport horse with back pain.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Earlier studies have developed a clinical tool to evaluate objectively the function of the equine back. The ability to differentiate horses with back pain from asymptomatic, fully functioning horses using kinematic measures from this tool has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To compare the kinematics of the back at walk and trot in riding horses with back dysfunction to the same parameters in asymptomatic sport horses. METHODS: The kinematics of the back in 12 horses with impaired performance and back pain were studied at walk and trot on a treadmill. Data were captured for 10 sees at 240 Hz. Range of movement (ROM) and intravertebral pattern symmetry of movement for flexion and extension (FE), lateral bending (LB) and axial rotation (AR) were derived from angular motion pattern data and the results compared to an earlier established database on asymptomatic riding horses. RESULTS: At walk, horses with back dysfunction had a ROM smaller for dorsoventral FE in the caudal thoracic region (T13 = 7.50 degrees, T17 = 7.71 degrees; P<0.05), greater for LB at T13 (8.13 degrees; P<0.001) and smaller for AR of the pelvis (10.97 degrees; P<0.05) compared to asymptomatic horses (FE-T13 = 8.28 degrees, FE-T17 = 8.49 degrees, LB-T13 = 6.34 degrees, AR-pelvis = 12.77 degrees). At trot, dysfunctional horses had a smaller (P<0.05) ROM for FE at the thoracic lumbar junction (T17 = 2.46 degrees, L1 = 2.60 degrees) compared to asymptomatic horses (FE-T17 = 3.07 degrees, FE-L1 = 3.12 degrees). CONCLUSIONS: The objective measurement technique can detect differences between back kinematics in riding horses with signs of back dysfunction and asymptomatic horses. The clinical manifestation of back pain results in diminished flexion/extension movement at or near the thoracic lumbar junction. However, before applying the method more extensively in practice it is necessary to evaluate it further, including measurements of patients whose diagnoses can be confirmed and long-term follow-ups of back patients after treatment. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Since the objective measurement technique can detect small movement differences in back kinematics, it should help to clinically describe and, importantly, objectively detect horses with back pain and dysfunction.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Incorporating nerve-gliding techniques in the conservative treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with cubital tunnel syndrome and to illustrate novel treatment modalities for the ulnar nerve and its surrounding structures and target tissues. The rationale for the addition of nerve-gliding techniques will be highlighted. CLINICAL FEATURES: Two months after onset, a 17-year-old female nursing student who had a traumatic onset of cubital tunnel syndrome still experienced pain around the elbow and paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution. Electrodiagnostic tests were negative. Segmental cervicothoracic motion dysfunctions were present which were regarded as contributing factors hindering natural recovery. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES: After 6 sessions consisting of nerve-gliding techniques and segmental joint manipulation and a home exercise program consisting of nerve gliding and light free-weight exercises, a substantial improvement was recorded on both the impairment and functional level (pain scales, clinical tests, and Northwick Park Questionnaire). Symptoms did not recur within a 10-month follow-up period, and pain and disability had completely resolved. CONCLUSIONS: Movement-based management may be beneficial in the conservative management of cubital tunnel syndrome. As this intervention is in contrast with the traditional recommendation of immobilization, comparing the effects of both interventions in a systematic way is an essential next step to determine the optimal treatment of patients with cubital tunnel syndrome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Validity of the simultaneous heart rate-motion sensor technique for measuring energy expenditure.

PURPOSE: To determine the validity of the simultaneous heart rate-motion sensor (HR+M) technique for estimating energy expenditure (EE) by comparing it with indirect calorimetry. In addition, we examined the validity of the flex heart rate (FlexHR) method to estimate EE. METHODS: Ten participants (4 men: 26.7 yr +/- 1.5, and 6 women: 26.5 yr +/-3.3) performed arm and leg work in the laboratory for the purpose of developing individualized HR-oxygen uptake (VO2) regression equations. Participants completed physical tasks in a field setting while HR, VO2, and motion sensor data were collected on a near-continuous basis for 6 h. Accelerometers, one on the arm and one on the leg, were used to discriminate between upper- and lower-body movement. HR was used to predict EE (METs) from the corresponding laboratory regression equation. Predicted values (METs) were compared with measured values (METs) obtained via a portable metabolic measurement system. RESULTS: The simultaneous HR+M technique showed a significantly stronger relationship with VO2 (R2 = 0.81, SEE = 0.55 METs) in comparison with the FlexHR method (R2 = 0.63, SEE = 0.76 METs) (P < 0.001). The FlexHR method significantly overestimated measured minute-by-minute EE (P < 0.001), whereas the simultaneous HR+M technique did not. The simultaneous HR+M technique accurately reflected time spent in resting/light, moderate, and hard activity, whereas the FlexHR method underpredicted time spent in resting/light activity (P = 0.02) and overpredicted time spent in moderate activity (P = 0.02). The simultaneous HR+M technique also accurately estimated total 6-h EE. CONCLUSION: The simultaneous HR+M technique is an accurate predictor of EE during free-living activity and provides a valid measure of the time spent in various intensity categories.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Interstitial muscle lactate, pyruvate and potassium dynamics in the trapezius muscle during repetitive low-force arm movements, measured with microdialysis.

AIM: Local muscle metabolic responses to repetitive low-force contractions and to intense static contractions were studied by microdialysis in humans. METHODS: Microdialysate and electromyography (EMG) were sampled from the trapezius muscle, mixed venous blood samples were taken and perceived exertion was rated (0-9) before and during 20 min of standardized repetitive arm movement (REP), 60 min recovery (R1), and 10 min 90 degrees sustained arm position (SUS) at 20% maximum voluntary contraction, followed by 60 min recovery (R2) in six healthy male participants (28-33 years). RESULTS: Average muscle activity was 8 +/- 2% of EMGmax-RMS (mean +/-SEM) during REP and 22 +/- 5% of EMGmax-RMS during SUS. Perceived exertion increased from 0 to 3.2 +/- 0.5 during REP and from 0 to 8.5 +/- 0.3 during SUS. During REP interstitial muscle lactate increased from 2.1 +/- 0.2 to 2.9 +/- 0.2 mmol L(-1) (P < 0.001) and returned to the baseline level during R1, while dialysate [K+] increased from 3.8 +/- 0.2 to 4.7 +/- 0.2 mmol L(-1) (P < 0.002) and returned to 3.8 +/- 0.2 mmol L(-1) during R1. In contrast, plasma lactate and [K+] remained unchanged. During SUS interstitial muscle lactate increased from 2.3 +/- 0.2 to 3.3 +/- 0.3 mmol L(-1) (P < 0.003), increased further to 6.5 +/- 1.3 mmol L(-1) post-exercise (P < 0.001) and returned to baseline levels during R2. Dialysate [K+] increased from 3.9 +/- 0.2 to 4.6 +/- 0.2 mmol L(-1) (P < 0.05) and returned to baseline level during R2. Plasma lactate increased significantly during SUS whereas plasma [K+] was unchanged. During REP and SUS interstitial pyruvate was unchanged but increased in the post-exercise period proportional to the exercise intensity. CONCLUSIONS: The microdialysis technique was effective in revealing muscle metabolic events that were not found systemically. Furthermore, the trapezius muscle showed an anaerobic metabolism during low-force contraction, which could indicate inhomogeneous muscle activation.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during a medicine ball rehabilitation program.

We used dynamic electromyography and a motion analysis system to describe the muscle firing patterns in 10 shoulder muscles and the basic kinematics of a two-handed overhead medicine ball throw. Ten healthy male subjects with no history of shoulder injury were evaluated. The two-handed medicine ball throw was divided into three phases for analysis: cocking, acceleration, and deceleration. The average duration of the throw was 1.92 seconds; the cocking phase represented 56%, the acceleration phase 15.5%, and the deceleration phase 28.5% of the throw. In the cocking phase, the upper trapezius, pectoralis major, and anterior deltoid muscles showed high activity ( > 40% to 60% maximum manual test), and the rotator cuff muscles had moderate activity ( > 20% to 40%). In the acceleration phase, five of the muscles demonstrated high levels of activity ( > 40% to 60%) and the upper trapezius and lower subscapularis muscles had very high levels of activity ( > 60%). Analysis of the deceleration phase revealed high activity in the upper trapezius muscle and moderate activity in all other muscles except the pectoralis major. Our findings support the use of medicine ball training as a bridge between static resistive training and dynamic throwing in the rehabilitation of the overhead athlete. This training technique provides a protective method of strengthening that closely simulates portions of the throwing motion.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2006

Peak power, ground reaction forces, and velocity during the squat exercise performed at different loads.

This study examined the changes in peak power, ground reaction force and velocity with different loads during the performance of the parallel squat movement. Twelve experienced male lifters (26.83 +/- 4.67 years of age) performed the standard parallel squat, using loads equal to 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Each subject performed all parallel squats with as much explosiveness as possible using his own technique. Peak power (PP), peak ground reaction force (PGRF), peak barbell velocity (PV), force at the time of PP (FPP), and velocity at the time of PP (VPP) were determined from force, velocity, and power curves calculated using barbell velocity and ground reaction force data. No significant differences were detected among loads for PP; however, the greatest PP values were associated with loads of 40 and 50% of 1RM. Higher loads produced greater PGRF and FPP values than lower loads (p < 0.05) in all cases except between loads equal to 60-50, 50-40, and 40-30% of 1RM for PGRF, and between loads equal to 70-60 and 60-50% of 1RM for FPP. Higher loads produced lower PV and VPP values than lower loads (p < 0.05) in all cases except between the 20-30, 70-80, and 80-90% of 1RM conditions. These results may be helpful in determining loads when prescribing need-specific training protocols targeting different areas of the load-velocity continuum.

Acceleration↗