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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

Opiate effects on isolation stress in domestic fowl.

In an attempt to examine the role of opioid system functioning in social attachment and isolation stress in young domestic fowl, the effects of morphine (5.0 mg/kg) and naloxone (5.0 mg/kg) were evaluated on distress vocalizations, thermal nociception, thermoregulation, and respiration following 15 min of isolation in 7-day-old White-Leghorn cockerels. Morphine decreased and naloxone increased distress vocalizations in isolated chicks. Isolation produced an increase in jump response latencies (i.e., hypoalgesia) on a standard hot-plate test. In general, morphine decreased and naloxone increased mean jump latencies in both isolated and nonisolated chicks. Isolation produced an increase in core body temperature (i.e., hyperthermia); morphine decreased and naloxone increased core body temperatures independent of the isolation manipulation. Social isolation did not affect respiration. However, morphine depressed respiration in both isolated and nonisolated chicks. These results support the notion that opioid systems modulate social attachment and isolation stress.

Analgesia↗

PubMed1993

Thermogenic, thermoregulatory and activity effects of fenfluramine, a 5-hydroxytryptamine agonist, in immature domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

1. DL-Fenfluramine, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonist, increases the metabolic rate of the adult domestic fowl and also stimulates heat loss mechanisms. Since thermogenic mechanisms vary qualitatively and quantitatively with age, this series of experiments was designed to measure the effects of fenfluramine on immature, growing, 'broiler' chickens. 2. The work was also designed to distinguish any direct effect of fenfluramine on respiratory quotient (RQ) from the indirect effects of reduced food intake. 3. Female commercial broilers were used (5-7 weeks old; 1.1-1.8 kg), at an ambient temperature of 25 degrees C and on a 14 hr light: 10 hr dark cycle. DL-Fenfluramine was injected intramuscularly at 80 mumol/kg body weight (20 mg/kg), in 0.5 ml of 9 g/l saline per kg bodyweight. 4. When the effects on heat production (H) of differences in food intake were eliminated by fasting, fenfluramine increased H by up to 20% within about 20 min. 5. RQ decreased four times more rapidly after fenfluramine injection than after the control treatment whether the birds were fed or fasted, reaching 0.70 in about 3 hr. 6. Wing-drooping and polypnea occurred within 10 min of injection. Maximal response was in 30 min to 1 hr for polypnea and 30 min to 2 hr for wing-drooping, depending on experimental procedure. Both responses ceased in 5-7 hr. 7. Physical activity was greatly reduced by fenfluramine, particularly in the first 4 hr. This effect occurred whether food was available or not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on pain-related behaviour in a model of articular pain in the domestic fowl.

The optimum doses of carprofen, flunixin, ketoprofen and sodium salicylate for the treatment of inflammatory pain were determined in domestic fowl using the microcrystalline sodium urate model of articular pain. The response criteria were the changes in pain-related behaviour over 60 min commencing 1 h after an intra-articular injection of sodium urate and an intramuscular injection of a range of doses of each of the drugs. The minimum effective doses for carprofen, flunixin and ketoprofen, respectively, were 30, 3 and 12 mg kg(-1). The minimum dose for sodium salicylate ranged from 100 to 200 mg kg(-1) and did not fully restore normal behaviour.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Utilisation of energy substrates in treadmill-exercised domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus): blood glucose.

1. Blood glucose concentration, glucose turnover and gas exchange were monitored in adult male domestic fowl at rest and during 90 min of continuous treadmill exercise. 2. During exercise oxygen consumption increased to about three times its resting value. Blood glucose concentration fell by 26% by the end of exercise. 3. Blood glucose turnover was not altered by exercise and oxidation showed only a moderate increase (35%). Glucose oxidation accounted for 23% of the total energy expenditure at rest and this value fell to 10% during exercise. At the same time the plasma free fatty acid concentration rose to three times its resting value suggesting an increased mobilisation of this substrate. 4. It is concluded that during exercise of this relatively moderate intensity glucose is a quantitatively minor fuel for the working muscles.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Respiratory responses of domestic fowl to hyperthermia following selective air sac occlusions.

Ventilation together with blood and respiratory gas tensions were measured in adult domestic fowl under normothermic and hyperthermic conditions, following bilateral occlusion of the cranial and caudal thoracic air sacs (series I) or the cranial and caudal thoracic plus the abdominal air sacs (series II). Series I birds showed no significant differences from controls. Both control and experimental animals displayed a typical thermal polypnoea combined with mild hypocapnaemia. A larger drop in PCO2 was demonstrated in the clavicular sac than in the blood, possibly indicating partial failure of inspiratory valving at the ventrobronchi. However, there was no evidence of any effect of thoracic air sac occlusion on inspiratory airflow valving in the palaeopulmo. Series II birds were strongly hypercapnaemic/hypoxaemic in normothermic conditions, with a normal minute volume, but a faster, shallower breathing pattern. During hyperthermia they increased minute ventilation 3-fold, as in control animals, and blood gas tensions were almost restored to normal. Again, there was no evidence that experimental reduction in air sac capacity, in this case up to 70% of the total, had any effect on inspiratory airflow valving in the palaeopulmo, although inevitably in this case airflow in the neopulmo was abolished.

Air Sacs↗

PubMed1993

Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-induced growth hormone secretion in domestic fowl: concomitant stimulation of dopamine turnover in the medial basal hypothalamus.

Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates GH secretion in domestic fowl by actions at pituitary and central nervous system sites. The possibility that this central action might be mediated by hypothalamic catecholamines or indoleamines was therefore investigated. When TRH was administered into the lateral ventricles of anaesthetized fowl the concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC, a metabolite of dopamine (DA)) in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was increased within 20 min. The concentrations of MBH noradrenaline (NA), DA, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were, however, unaffected by the intra-cerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of TRH, although the MBH concentrations of somatostatin and TRH were concomitantly reduced. A rapid increase in DA release into MBH extracellular fluid and its metabolism to DOPAC was also observed after i.c.v. or i.v. administration of TRH, in birds in which the MBH was perfused in vivo with Ringer's solution. Microdialysate concentrations of NA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were not, however, affected by central or peripheral injections of TRH. Diminished GH responses to i.v. TRH challenge occurred in birds pretreated with reserpine (a catecholamine depletor), alpha-methyl-paratyrosine (a DA synthesis inhibitor) and pimozide (a DA receptor antagonist). These results therefore provide evidence for the involvement of a hypothalamic dopaminergic pathway in the induction of GH release following the central or peripheral administration of TRH. In contrast with its inhibitory actions at peripheral sites, DA would appear to have a central stimulatory role in regulating GH release in birds.

Amines↗

PubMed1993

High dietary sodium chloride and body temperature in the domestic fowl and the glaucous-winged gull.

Arad and Skadhauge (1986) correlated plasma sodium to calcium ratio and body temperature in domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) during increased dietary sodium chloride intake which increased plasma sodium concentration. During acclimation to high dietary NaCl, body temperature should increase in proportion to the increase in plasma sodium concentration, and body temperature should increase less in gulls than in chickens because salt gland secretion of NaCl by gulls should prevent elevation of plasma sodium concentration. Plasma osmolality, plasma sodium concentration, plasma concentrations of total calcium and ionized calcium, and body temperature and panting threshold were measured in domestic roosters and Glaucous-winged gulls before and after exposure to high NaCl diets. Gull body temperature (40.4 +/- 0.2 degrees C) increased significantly (P < 0.05) during salt acclimation. Rooster body temperature (41.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C) did not increase significantly. Plasma sodium concentration increased in gulls (5.4 +/- 0.5%, P < 0.01) and was correlated with body temperature (r = 0.497, P < 0.05); the 3.8 +/- 1.0% increase in plasma sodium concentration in roosters (P < 0.01) was not, suggesting that change in body temperature might be a response to the magnitude of increase in plasma sodium concentration. Plasma ionized calcium concentration increased by 12.9 +/- 4.6% (P < 0.01) in gulls and by 5.3 +/- 1.0% (P < 0.01) in roosters. Plasma sodium concentration was correlated with calcium ion concentration in both gulls (r = 0.635, P < 0.05) and roosters (r = 0.664, P < 0.05). In neither species were ratios of sodium to total calcium plasma concentration or sodium to ionized calcium concentration altered or related to body temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The effects of ACTH and dexamethasone upon plasma thyroid hormone levels and heat production in the domestic fowl.

Treatment with long acting ACTH (20 IU kg-1) produces a large and sustained elevation of plasma corticosterone in the domestic fowl. Both ACTH treatment and administration of dexamethasone produce significant reductions in plasma concentrations of T4 and T3, and these changes are accompanied by a sustained hyperglycaemia. Despite the changes in circulating thyroid hormones only a small reduction in heat production (-14%) was induced by either treatment and mainly during the dark period. Whilst there may be some causal relationship between increased corticosterone secretion, decreased plasma thyroid hormone levels and reduced metabolic heat production it is unlikely that these responses alone account for the adjustments in energy expenditure observed in short term food deprivation.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1986

Vasotocin fibers in the mesencephalon and pons of the domestic fowl. An immunohistochemical study.

Immunohistochemical analysis of the extrahypothalamic distribution of vasotocin-like immunoreactive elements within the brainstem of the domestic fowl revealed several, topographically identifiable, mesencephalic and pontine target areas. In the considered regions numerous nerve endings were surrounding perikarya or large dendritic trunks. No extrahypothalamic immunopositive perikarya have been observed in normal birds.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of semen from individual male domestic fowl by assessment of sperm: perivitelline interaction in vitro and in vivo.

1. Spermatozoa in semen samples from 8 individual male domestic fowls were shown to have a differential and characteristic ability to hydrolyse holes in the inner perivitelline layer from laid eggs in an in vitro assay. 2. The number of holes produced by samples of spermatozoa per unit area of inner perivitelline layer in vitro was linearly correlated with sperm ATP content (r = 0.85) and motility (r = 0.76). 3. The number of holes formed in the inner perivitelline layer in vitro was also linearly correlated with the numbers of holes formed in the inner perivitelline layer of eggs fertilised in vivo, in inseminated hens (r = 0.90); and was correlated logarithmically with the proportion of fertile eggs laid by these hens.

Animals↗

PubMed1968

Electrical and mechanical activity of the longitudinal muscle of the anterior mesenteric artery of the domestic fowl.

1. The electrical activity and changes in tension of the longitudinal muscle of the anterior mesenteric artery (LMAMA) of the domestic fowl were recorded simultaneously using the sucrose-gap method.2. Spontaneous activity consisted of recurring contractions each accompanied by a burst of action potentials.3. In quiescent preparations, brief electrical stimuli, acetylcholine, or barium chloride produced contractions with the appearance of action potentials. Larger concentrations of barium chloride or acetylcholine produced depolarization and action potentials ceased although contraction was maintained. Whenever depolarization without action potentials occurred, it was associated with a smooth contraction, whereas action potentials were always accompanied by small rapid contractions super-imposed upon the main contraction.4. When the tone was raised with barium chloride (and in the presence of hyoscine) continuous action potentials occurred; under these circumstances brief electrical stimuli or noradrenaline produced relaxation, cessation of action potentials, and hyperpolarization.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1981

Inhibition of growth hormone release by prostaglandins in immature domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The effect of prostaglandin (PG) E1, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on GH secretion has been assessed in immature domestic fowl. The intravenous or subcutaneous administration of PGE1 and PGE2 (at a dose of approximately 200 microgram/kg) to 2-, 6- and 8-week-old cockerels consistently lowered plasma GH concentrations. This inhibition in GH secretion was observed for at least 40 min after administration of PGE1 and PGE2. The same dose of PGF2 alpha suppressed plasma GH levels in 2- and 6- week-old birds but the magnitude and duration of this response was less than that induced by PGE1 and PGE2. At this dose, administration of PGE1 and PGE2 resulted in overt signs of distress (e.g. gaping, panting, eye closure and postural instability) within 5-10 min of injection and the birds appeared to be sedated thereafter. Prostaglandin F2 alpha and lower doses of PGE1 and PGE2 did not have any apparent effect on behavior. These results suggest that prostaglandins inhibit GH secretion in birds although this may reflect a non-specific stress response.

Alprostadil↗

PubMed1982

Effects of gradation in protein-calorie restriction on the hypothalo-pituitary-gonadal axis in young domestic fowl.

The effect of protein-calorie restriction on the circulating concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) was investigated in the young domestic fowl. Two-week-old broiler chicks were fed isocaloric synthetic diets with varying levels of soy protein for a period of 14 days. Growth rate, as indicated by body weight, was decreased as the level of protein in the diet was reduced. Body weights of birds on a 3% protein diet were only 29.7% that of birds on a 24% protein diet. Severe protein-calorie restriction was also associated with depressed plasma LH levels in birds of both sexes, with male birds appearing to be more sensitive to this deficiency. A reduction of protein in the diet from 24% to 3% was associated with a 69% decrease in LH in males and a 43% decrease in females. In addition to lower circulating concentrations of LH, protein-calorie restriction was associated with a reduction in gonadal weight. Testes weights in birds on a 3% protein diet were only 16% of those on a 24% protein diet. Studies with synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) indicated that protein-calorie restriction alters luteinizing hormone secretion via a hypothalamic effect.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Helminth parasitism of domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus L.) in a subtropical high-rainfall area of India.

An investigation into the helminth parasitic infections of domestic fowl in a subtropical area of India, based on an autopsy of 532 chickens, revealed a 90.9% prevalence of infection. 10 species of helminths were encountered, of which Capillaria contorta was recorded for the first time from fowls in India. Ascaridia galli was the most prevalent species, followed by Raillietina spp. and Heterakis gallinae. The infection by trematodes appeared to be very rare. The helminth fauna of fowls in this climatic area was compared with that of fowls in other areas of the world and found to differ in respect of prevalence and incidence of various parasitic species. The role of the climate in the distribution and in regulating populations of parasitic species is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Effects of zeitgeber shifts on gonadal function in male domestic fowls.

Effects of shifting light dark (LD) schedule of 8 hr/week on comb height and gonadal development were investigated in male domestic fowls. Three-day-old birds were exposed to repeated delay (westward shift) or repeated advancement (eastward shift) of the LD schedule at weekly intervals till they attained the age of 20 weeks. Control birds were held in fixed LD 12:12 hr light/dark schedule. Comb height was monitored at weekly intervals beginning at the age of 7 weeks. At 12th, 16th and 20th week 5 birds from each schedule were sacrificed and gonadal volume was recorded. Results indicate that comb and gonadal growth were significantly higher in advance-schedule birds when compared with control and delay-schedule birds. Histologically, testes of advance-schedule birds were more active when compared with those of control and delay-schedule birds. It appears that the eastward shifts of the synchronizer schedule may exert stimulatory influence on gonads.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Tissue glycogen and lactate levels in starved and in protein-fed domestic fowl chicks (Gallus domesticus).

The levels of glycogen, protein and lactate in the tissues of 3- and 5-day-old domestic fowl chicks either starved or fed a protein diet (hard-boiled egg white) have been studied. The patterns of change in the parameters studied were much similar in both experimental groups compared to fed controls. Tissue and circulating levels of lactate were very low in protein-fed chicks, they are lowest in the starved ones. Plasma glucose levels were diminished in starved and protein-fed groups vs. controls, as were their tissue glycogen levels, the latter being lowest in starved chicks. The availability of dietary amino acids could not prevent the effects of the lack of dietary carbohydrate observed in starved chicks, as the weight of liver, circulating glucose and lactate levels were significantly lowered in these animals compared with controls.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

The structure and innervation of the saccopleural membrane of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study.

Microscopic studies have shown the saccopleural membrane in the respiratory system of the domestic fowl to consist of a sheet of three dense layers of collagen fibres covered dorsally and ventrally by mainly simple squamous epithelium. On the ventral surface, which faces into the caudal thoracic air sac, there are occasional ridges of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. Many nerve bundles are present throughout the membrane, the larger bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons being confined to the lamina propria under the dorsal epithelium (parietal pleura). In addition to axonal profiles with the ultrastructural appearance of cholinergic or adrenergic axons, peptidergic-type axons were identified. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated VIP-, substance P-, somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres in the membrane. Although it has been suggested that receptors may be present in this region of the respiratory system, none of the axons have features suggestive of sensory terminals, although many axonal profiles are closely associated with the epithelia where no obvious effector cells are present.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Stages of spermatids in the domestic fowl: a light microscope study using Araldite sections.

Ten stages in spermatid maturation have been identified in the testis of the domestic fowl, using Araldite-embedded material. Identification of stages 1-3 was dependent on the position of the idiosome and the proacrosome granule. Stages 4-8 were identified by the shape of the acrosome, shape and length of nucleus, and the shape of the cell, The presence of the manchette and the mitochondrial sheath helped identify stages 9 and 10. It is suggested that the identification of stages of spermatids in this manner may be of use in ascertaining whether or no a seminiferous epithelial cycle is present in this species.

Acrosome↗