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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Fluid balance and postoperative lung function].

Postoperative volume therapy: 1. Replacement of fluid loss. 2. Therapy of intravasal hypovolaemia in case of permeability damage or intracellular fluid shift. Monitoring: 1. Circulation (HR, CVP, art. pressure). 2. Homeostasis (Na, K). 3. Metabolic changes (BE, pH). 4. Kidney function. In complications like sepsis or ARDS with pulmonary problems and increase of pulmonary vascular resistance the use of a pulmonary artery catheter is necessary. Differential treatment has to be based on additional measurement of cardiac output and pulmonary capillary pressure. Volume treatment in postoperative complications is essential because of intravasal hypovolaemia. Kidney and cardiac failure have to be ruled out.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1995

Susceptibility to high-altitude pulmonary edema in Madison and Hilltop rats. I. Ventilation and fluid balance.

The pathogenesis of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is not well understood. Ventilation and fluid-handling abnormalities at high altitude (HA) may play a role in HAPE. Because ventilatory and cardiopulmonary responses to chronic HA exposure in the Hilltop (H) strain of Sprague-Dawley rat are different from those in the Madison (M) strain, it was hypothesized that these strains would have different susceptibilities to developing HAPE. M and H rats were studied at sea level (SL) and in a hypobaric chamber after 9 and 12 h at a simulated altitude of 24,000 ft (barometric pressure = 295 mmHg) and 1, 12, and 24 h at a simulated altitude of 18,000 ft (barometric pressure = 380 mmHg). Both strains developed HAPE, but the M rat was more susceptible to HAPE, as demonstrated by a higher mortality rate from hemorrhagic pulmonary edema after 9 h at 24,000 ft and an earlier increase in lung water after exposure to 18,000 ft. Minute ventilation was similar in both strains at HA, but arterial PO2 was significantly higher in the M rat. Both strains had a significant decrease in fluid intake and negative sensible water balance at HA. No changes in plasma renin activity, aldosterone concentrations, antidiuretic hormone levels, and atrial natriuretic peptide levels were found at HA. The increased susceptibility of the M rat to HAPE is therefore not explained by ventilation or fluid-handling abnormalities.

Altitude↗
PubMed1998

Effect of exercise on fluid balance and renal function in horses.

Exercise places large demands on the equine cardiovascular system which are further complicated by environmental factors. In many respects, performance is limited by fluid and electrolyte stores and the ability to maintain cardiovascular and thermoregulatory stability in the face of severe sweat losses. Studies in the exercising horse have been primarily descriptive or associative, with only a limited number seeking to identify physiologic mechanisms associated with the control of fluid and electrolyte balance. More mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand the integration of the cardiovascular, endocrine, and renal systems in the defense of plasma osmolality, blood volume, and blood pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effect of xanthines on fluid balance.

To determine whether drinks containing caffeine and theophylline cause more fluid loss than equivalent amounts of non-xanthine drinks, a convenience sample of 30 adults between the ages of 57 and 81 was selected. Subjects were picked for 2 groups: those who had developed tolerance to these xanthines and used them freely (the X Group) and those who habitually omitted drinks containing xanthines from their diets (the NO X Group). Both groups consumed approximately 2 liters of fluid daily for 5 days. When overall means were compared by analysis of variance, the two groups did not differ on serum osmolality for Day 5, change in serum osmolality (from Day 0 to Day 5), adjusted I/O ratio, percent weight change from Day 0, or percent weight change from previous day. Analysis of the same variables on a daily basis indicated that the X group was better hydrated on Day 4.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

History of fluid balance and kidney function in space.

During the last four decades, about 400 people have been in Space, since Yuri Gagarin was sent in 1961 as the first human into Earth orbit. From the very beginning, the circulatory system of astronauts (meaning heart, vascular system, body fluid distribution and balance, and the kidney) was central to the medical concerns of Space physiologists and physicians because of its gravity-dependence. The present manuscript puts emphasize on some key scientists who worked in the field of body fluid regulation and kidney function in the USA, in Russia and in Europe during recent decades. The manuscript in particular summarizes the outcome of this research and describes the present understanding of how the body fluid regulatory system adapts to the extreme environment of Space.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Fluid balance during and after an ironman triathlon.

OBJECTIVE: To record weight changes, fluid intake and changes in serum sodium concentration in ultradistance triathletes. DESIGN: Descriptive research. SETTING: Ironman triathlon (3.8 km swim, 180 km cycle, 42.2 km run). Air temperature at 1200 h was 21 degrees C, (relative humidity 91%). Water temperature was 20.7 degrees C. PARTICIPANTS: 18 triathletes. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects were weighed and had blood drawn for serum sodium concentration [Na], hemoglobin, and hematocrit, pre-race, post-race, and at 0800 h on the morning following the race ("recovery"); subjects were also weighed at transitions. Fluid intake during the race was estimated by athlete recall. RESULTS: Median weight change during the race = -2.5 kg (p < 0.0006). Subjects lost weight during recovery (median = -1.0 kg) (p < 0.03). Median hourly fluid intake = 716 ml/h (range 421-970). Fluid intakes were higher on the bike than on the run (median 889 versus 632 ml/h, p = 0.03). Median calculated fluid losses cycling were 808 ml/h and running were 1,021 ml/h. No significant difference existed between pre-race and post-race [Na] (median 140 versus 138 mmol/L) or between post-race and recovery [Na] (median 138 versus 137 mmol/L). Plasma volume increased during the race, median + 10.8% (p = 0.0005). There was an inverse relationship between change in [Na] pre-race to post-race and relative weight change (r = -0.68, p = 0.0029). Five subjects developed hyponatremia ([Na] 128-133 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS: Athletes lose 2.5 kg of weight during an ultradistance triathlon. most likely from sources other than fluid loss. Fluid intakes during this event are more modest than that recommended for shorter duration exercise. Plasma volume increases during the ultradistance triathlon. Subjects who developed hyponatremia had evidence of fluid overload despite modest fluid intakes.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Fluid balance within the canine anterolateral compartment and its relationship to compartment syndromes.

Fluid homeostasis within muscle compartments is maintained by four pressures: capillary blood pressure, capillary blood oncotic pressure, tissue-fluid pressure, and tissue fluid oncotic pressure. As determined in the canine anterolateral compartment, capillary blood pressure is 25 +/- 3 millimeters of mercury; capillary blood oncotic pressure, 26 +/- 3 millimeters of mercury, tissue-pbessure, -2 +/- 2 millimeters of mercury; and tissue-fluid oncotic pressure, 11 +/- 1 millimeters of mercury. The wick technique allows direct measurement of tissue-fluid pressure in skeletal muscle and, with minor modifications, is adapted to collect microsamples of interstitial fluid for determinations of tissue-fluid oncotic pressure. The wick technique detects very slight fluctuations in intracompartmental pressure such as light finger compression, injection of small volumes of fluid, and even pulsation due to adjacent arterial pressure. Adjacent muscle compartments may contain different tissue-fluid pressure due to impermeable osseofascial barriers. Our results obtained in canine muscle compartments pressurized by infusion of autologous plasma suggest that risks of muscle damage are significant at intracompartmental pressures greater than thirty millimeters of mercury.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of complement depletion on lung fluid balance after thrombin.

We examined the effect of complement depletion on lung fluid and protein exchange after thrombin-induced pulmonary thromboembolization. Sheep were prepared with lung lymph fistulas to assess pulmonary transvascular fluid and protein dynamics. Studies were made in three groups: in group I (n = 5) pulmonary thromboembolization (PT) was induced by an iv infusion of thrombin (55.0 +/- 12.9 NIH U/kg); in group II (n = 6) cobra venom factor (CVF) was given ip (94.5 +/- 18.8 U/kg/day) for 2 days to deplete complement, and then thrombin (66.4 +/- 37.0 NIH U/kg) was infused to raise pulmonary vascular resistance to the same level as in group I; in group III (n = 10) left atrial pressure (Pla) was increased by 10-15 Torr in normal animals by inflation of a Foley balloon catheter. In group I, thrombin infusion caused an increase in pulmonary lymph flow (Qlym) with a gradual increase in the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P). In complement-depleted sheep, thrombin caused a transient increase in Qlym, which was associated with a decrease in L/P. In group I an increase in Pla further increased Qlym but without a change in L/P, indicating an increase in lung vascular permeability to proteins; whereas in the decomplemented-thrombin sheep raising Pla increased Qlym but decreased L/P. Results in the latter group were similar to those obtained in normal animals after left atrial hypertension (group III). Therefore the complement system participates in the increase in lung vascular permeability following thrombin-induced microembolization.

Animals↗