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PubMed2005

Aluminium content of some foods and food products in the USA, with aluminium food additives.

The primary objective was to determine the aluminium (Al) content of selected foods and food products in the USA which contain Al as an approved food additive. Intake of Al from the labeled serving size of each food product was calculated. The samples were acid or base digested and analysed for Al using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Quality control (QC) samples, with matrices matching the samples, were generated and used to verify the Al determinations. Food product Al content ranged from <1-27,000 mg kg(-1). Cheese in a serving of frozen pizzas had up to 14 mg of Al, from basic sodium aluminium phosphate; whereas the same amount of cheese in a ready-to-eat restaurant pizza provided 0.03-0.09 mg. Many single serving packets of non-dairy creamer had approximately 50-600 mg Al kg(-1) as sodium aluminosilicate, providing up to 1.5 mg Al per serving. Many single serving packets of salt also had sodium aluminosilicate as an additive, but the Al content was less than in single-serving non-dairy creamer packets. Acidic sodium aluminium phosphate was present in many food products, pancakes and waffles. Baking powder, some pancake/waffle mixes and frozen products, and ready-to-eat pancakes provided the most Al of the foods tested; up to 180 mg/serving. Many products provide a significant amount of Al compared to the typical intake of 3-12 mg/day reported from dietary Al studies conducted in many countries.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1988

The influence of food additives and related materials on lower bowel structure and function.

Food additives, drugs, and other chemicals are known to influence the lower gastrointestinal tract under some defined conditions, resulting in morphological alterations in the mucosa and other tissues, deranged absorption and excretion of nutrients, and, in some cases, injury to other organs and tissues as a secondary phenomenon. Generally, in rats, hamsters, and dogs, there is increased absorption and urinary excretion of calcium, soft stools or diarrhea, and cecal enlargement. In the rat, hamster, and dog, renal lesions accompany the hypercalcemia and elevated excretion of calcium. These signs, symptoms, and lesions are typical of exposure to sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol), lactose and caramel, some of the chemically modified food starches, and synthetic polydextrose. Soft stools and diarrhea, as well as cecal enlargement and variable hyperplasia of the colon mucosa, occur frequently when substances are absorbed incompletely in the small intestine and subjected to microbial metabolism in the cecum and colon. The remarkable cecal enlargement, mucosal hyperplasia and, when present, colonic mucosal hyperplasia are reversible, even when long-standing. Renal lesions are reversible only if exposure is of short duration, before significant mineralization and scarring has occurred. Morphological and functional anomalies associated with some of these substances are described and illustrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Screening of the food additive propionic acid for genotoxic properties.

Genotoxic properties of the food additive propionic acid were analysed using the Escherichia coli DNA repair assay, the SOS chromotest, the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test, the sister chromatid exchange test in vitro and the micronucleus test in vivo. All tests except the DNA repair assay with E. coli yielded negative results. These data support other evidence that propionic acid is not mutagenic and that genotoxic events are unlikely to be the cause of forestomach lesions in rats fed propionic acid in the diet (Griem, Bundesgesundheitsblatt 1985, 28, 322).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

An evaluation of the antioxidant and potential pro-oxidant properties of food additives and of trolox C, vitamin E and probucol.

The food additives propyl gallate and vanillin inhibited iron ion-dependent lipid peroxidation in rat-liver microsomes, but stimulated formation of a deoxyribose degrading species, probably hydroxyl radical, from ferric-EDTA and hydrogen peroxide. Propyl gallate accelerated DNA damage by the anti-tumour antibiotic bleomycin, although vanillin did not. The water-soluble vitamin E analogue Trolox C also stimulated bleomycin-dependent DNA damage, but not hydroxyl radical generation from ferric-EDTA and H2O2. Indeed, Trolox C was found to be a powerful scavenger of hydroxyl radical (rate constant greater than 10(10) M-1s-1). Probucol did not stimulate oxidative damage in any of the systems tested, and is a powerful inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. The ESR spectrum of the radical produced by one electron-oxidation of probucol in ethanol is described.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Carcinogenicity study in rats of phytic acid 'Daiichi', a natural food additive.

The carcinogenicity of phytic acid 'Daiichi' (PA), a natural food additive, was examined in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes. PA was added to the drinking-water of groups of 60 male and 60 female rats at levels of 1.25 or 2.5% for 100-108 wk. There was a dose-dependent reduction in the mean final body weights of rats treated with PA. Necrosis and calcification of the renal papillae were observed in PA-treated rats, but not in the controls. The incidences of necrosis (calcification) were as follows: one (three) out of 57 males given 2.5% PA; one (none) out of 59 males given 1.25% PA; 10 (17) out of 55 females given 2.5% PA; six (six) out of 58 females given 1.25% PA. Renal papillomas occurred in three of the high-dose male rats, four of the high-dose female rats, and three of the low-dose female rats. The development of papillomas seemed to be related to calcification and necrosis of the renal papillae induced by PA. While many other tumours developed in all groups, including the controls, the organ distribution of these neoplasms and their histological characteristics did not differ significantly from those known to occur spontaneously in this strain of rats.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adverse reactions induced by food additives: sulfites].

Many chemicals are used to preserve, color and flavor foods and drugs. There have been numerous reports of adverse reactions, including urticaria, angioneurotic edema, asthma an anaphylaxis following the ingestion of food additives such as tartrazine, monosodium glutamate and benzoic acid. Recently the food and drug additives reaching medical awareness as a cause of sensitivity are the sulfiting agents. Sulfites are widely used in the food and beverage industry as preservatives and antioxidants. They are also used by the pharmaceutical industry. This work describes the common uses of sulfiting agents, the mechanisms of sulfite sensitivity, the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of adverse reactions to sulfites.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1983

The interaction of food additives and protein content in broiler diets.

No evidence was found for an interaction between dietary crude protein content and the presence or absence of two proprietary food additives used as sources of avoparcin and zinc bacitracin. The food additives had a similar effect in increasing rate of growth resulting in significant improvements of about 2% in the food conversion ratios.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental study of the possible use of sodium dehydroacetate as a food additive].

The results are presented of toxico-hygienic investigations of dehydroacetic acid sodium salt (DHASS) proposed as a food additive. The compound toxicity values have been assessed, and late results of the preservative influence on the body of experimental animals after its oral intake have been studied. An approximate value of daily intake (AVDI) of the compound has been calculated. It has been shown that DHASS cannot be recommended as a food additive because its technologically effective concentrations are significantly higher than AVDI.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Determination of tocopherols in oils of mixed tocopherol as food additive using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography].

Simultaneous determination of four tocopherols was developed using reverse-phase high-performance chromatography with a mixture of methanol and water (88:12) as a mobile phase. The alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols in oils of mixed tocopherol as food additive were determined. It is clarified that the proposed method is useful for the quality control of food additive.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1995

[Effects of bio-mineral food additive on health].

Spartina alterniflora, one kind of bio-mineral food additive and special nutrient liquid, rich in bioactive materials, was extracted from a marsh plant grown in beach. It can enhance immune function of animals and human bodies, increase the tolerance to hypoxia in rats, prolong life span of fruit flies, and increase activity of human serum superoxide dismutase.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2001

[Determination method of isocitric acid in food additive citric acid].

A simple and rapid method using HPLC was developed for the determination of isocitric acid in food additive citric acid. One gram of sample was dissolved in 100 mL of water. HPLC separation was performed on an Inertsil ODS-3 column (4.6 mm i.d. x 250 mm) using 0.1% phosphoric acid as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Isocitric acid was detected at 210 nm. The calibration graph was rectilinear from 5 to 100 micrograms/mL. The recoveries of isocitric acid from sample at the levels of 0.1% and 0.4% were 98% and 99%, respectively, and the determination limit was 0.05%.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1997

[Stereochemical structure of d-borneol in "the Japanese Standards of Food Additives"].

d-Borneol is shown at "The Japanese Standards of Food Additives" the sixth edition. Though the absolute stereochemistry of this compound is described as 1S, 2R-form, the opposite optical rotation for the same structure is described in other literatures. The application of improved Mosher's method to d-borneol resulted in 1R, 2S-form for its absolute stereochemistry.

Camphanes↗
PubMed1977

Carcinogenicity of a food additive, AF-2, in hamsters and mice.

The carcinogenicity of a food additive, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (trade name, AF-2), was studied. A diet containing AF-2 at a rate of 0.25% was administered to male golden hamsters and male ddY mice. The hamsters developed squamous cell carcinomas in the forestomach after the 49th day from the start of administration. In mice fed a AF-2 diet for 308 days, squamous cell carcinoma was observed in the forestomach after the 381th day from the start of the experiment; in some cases the carcinoma metastasized to the lung and liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Changes in the coagulation system during pseudoallergic anaphylactoid reactions to drugs and food additives.

In 10 patients with known anaphylactoid reactions to drugs and food additives, oral provocation tests were performed with increasing doses of the implicated agents. Clinical reactions, vital signs, bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and platelet aggregation were measured before and 15 min after each oral dose. Six patients reacted clinically. In all 10 patients, platelet aggregation decreased with increasing challenging doses. All other parameters remained stable or changed without any correlation to the drug, the type or the severity of the reaction. Measurement of the bleeding time is, therefore, of no diagnostic value in anaphylactoid reactions, and major alterations in the coagulation system do not explain their pathogenesis.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed2006

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives towards selected pathogenic and beneficial gut bacteria.

AIMS: To assess the potential of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives in reducing bacterial pathogens in swine intestinal tract. METHODS AND RESULTS: The antimicrobial activity of essential oils/compounds was measured by determining the inhibition of bacterial growth. Among 66 essential oils/compounds that exhibited > or =80% inhibition towards Salmonellatyphimurium DT104 and Escherichia coli O157:H7, nine were further studied. Most of the oils/compounds demonstrated high efficacy against S. typhimurium DT104, E. coli O157:H7, and E. coli with K88 pili with little inhibition towards lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. They were also tolerant to the low pH. When mixed with pig cecal digesta, these oils/compounds retained their efficacy against E. coli O157:H7. In addition, they significantly inhibited E. coli and coliform bacteria in the digesta, but had little effect on the total number of lactobacilli and anaerobic bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Some essential oils/compounds demonstrated good potential, including efficacy, tolerance to low pH, and selectivity towards bacterial pathogens, in reducing human and animal bacterial pathogens in swine intestinal tract. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study has identified candidates of essential oils/compounds for in vivo studies to develop antibiotic substitutes for the reduction of human and animal bacterial pathogens in swine intestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Effects of biologically active food additives with different contents of vitamins on the vitamin status in humans].

The comparative study of influence of two biologically active food additives with the different contents of vitamins is carried out: a drink "Zolotoi Shar", the dose of vitamins in which makes 50-90% from recommended daily consumption, and "Vitabalance 2000", the contents of vitamins in which at 2-17 of time exceeds need of organism. The use of both additives within 3 weeks resulted in increase of levels of vitamins C, A, E, B2, B6 and carotenoids in blood serum. However if in case of consumption of a drink an authentic level was reached only for vitamin C and beta-carotene, in a case "Vitabalance 2000" for all investigated vitamins except vitamin A. Thus, if the consumption of a drink has lowered frequency of deficiency of 3-4 vitamins, but has not allowed to liquidate it completely, in case of "Vitabalance 2000" consumption the simultaneous deficiency 3-4 vitamins. The received data allow to believe the biologically active food additives containing vitamins in amounts exceeding recommended consumption, are convenient for fast liquidation of hypovitaminoses, and the preparations containing vitamins in doses making 30-50% from need of organism, are acceptable for daily filling of insufficient consumption of vitamins with a usual diet for a long time.

Adenine↗