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Results for “Generalization, Psychological”

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PubMed1996

Psychological perspective for a theory of behavior during riots.

In a riot situation some individuals actively participate in antisocial behavior, but others do not, and still others act to discourage hostile activity. Four concepts from general psychology including (1) insufficiency of internal control or lack of internalized restraints acquired through learning, (2) effects of frustration, (3) emotional excitement, and (4) precipitating incidents (one or more) are proposed as contributors to the behavioral involvement of participants. Some hypotheses and the role of such variables as emotional contagion, imitation, opportunism, and anonymity are discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗

PubMed2006

An empowerment-based educational program improves psychological well-being and health-related quality of life in Type 1 diabetes.

Educational programs are reported to improve metabolic control and well-being in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), but the effects of newly- structured interventions, aimed at promoting empowerment in educated patients in active selfcare, have received little attention. Ninety patients with Type 1 DM in intensive insulin treatment were invited to an empowerment-based educational intervention. Changes in quality of life and psychological well-being in the 54 patients participating in the program (median age, 44 yr) were compared with those measured in patients who refused. The following questionnaires were administered at baseline and 12 months later: Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB), Medical Outcome Survey Short-Form 36 (SF-36), and Well-Being Enquiry for Diabetics (WED). Baseline values were indicative of moderate, but significant, psychological distress in the whole cohort. At follow-up, the experimental group had a better metabolic control {glycosylated hemoglobin, -0.4% [time x treatment analysis of variance (ANOVA), p = 0.005 vs controls]}, and a general improvement in comprehensive indices and most scales of PGWB and SF-36. Vitality (p = 0.042) and Social Functioning (p = 0.039) were no longer different from population norm. Similarly, the Symptoms (p = 0.005), Discomfort (p = 0.043) and Impact scales (p = 0.032) of WED, reflecting physical functioning, diabetes-related worries and familial relationships, role functioning and social network, improved significantly in treated patients. An educational empowerment-based intervention significantly improves the psychosocial aspects of diabetes and quality of life also in patients in active and effective self-care. Repeated educational interventions are the way towards a normal life with Type 1 DM.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Familial breast cancer: a controlled study of risk perception, psychological morbidity and health beliefs in women attending for genetic counselling.

The present study set out to evaluate perceptions of risk, psychological morbidity and health behaviours in women with a family history of breast cancer who have attended genetic counselling and determine how these differ from general population risk women. Data were collected from 62 genetic counselees (cases) attending the Royal Marsden and Mayday University Hospital genetic counselling services and 62 matched GP attenders (controls). Levels of general psychological morbidity were found to be similar between cases and controls; however, cases reported significantly higher breast cancer-specific distress despite clinic attendance [mean (s.d.) total Impact of Event Scale score, 14.1 (14.3) cases; 2.4 (6.7) controls, P < 0.001]. Although cases perceived themselves to be more susceptible to breast cancer, many women failed correctly to recall risk figures provided by the clinic; 66% could not accurately recall their own lifetime chance. Clinics appeared to have a positive impact on preventive behaviours and cases tended to engage more regularly in breast self-examination (monthly, 66% of cases vs 47% of controls), although few differences were found between groups in terms of health beliefs. We conclude that counselees and GP controls showed considerable similarities on many of the outcome measures, and risk of breast cancer was not predictive of greater psychological morbidity; although cases were more vulnerable to cancer-specific distress. Despite genetic counselling, many cases continued to perceive their risk of breast cancer inaccurately.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Psychological processes underlying delusional thinking in late-onset psychosis: a preliminary investigation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It has been suggested that delusions may serve as a defence against negative self-representations. The present study investigated general psychological well-being and evidence for defensive emotional processes among people with late-onset psychosis. METHOD: The performance and responses of older people with late-onset psychosis (n = 13), older people with depression (n = 15), and age-matched healthy controls (n = 15) were compared in a cross-sectional design. Participants rated their own levels of depression and self-esteem, and completed an emotional Stroop task to establish whether there was evidence of implicit depression in the absence of explicit acknowledgement. Participants rated themselves on a number of personal attributes in relation to two life stages to generate discrepancies in 'actual', 'ideal' and 'other' self-concepts, and completed measures of their perceptions of current and past psychological well-being. RESULTS: People with late-onset psychosis showed no evidence of overt depression or low-self esteem. All three groups showed an attentional bias to depression-related and age-related words, although response times overall were faster for controls. The psychosis group showed no discrepancies between either their past or their current 'actual' and 'other' self-concepts, suggesting that they do not have more negative views about how others see them. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this study does not support the application of the 'delusion-as-defence' model to late-onset psychosis, but methodological constraints must be borne in mind when interpreting the findings.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

What do ratings of cancer-specific distress mean among women at high risk of breast and ovarian cancer?

Women recruited from a hereditary cancer registry provided ratings of distress associated with different aspects of high-risk status and genetic testing and completed measures of general psychological distress, emotional and social health, and role functioning. Overall, high-risk status was rated as more distressing than undergoing genetic testing. Women without a personal history of cancer rated the level of distress associated with a positive test result to be greater than that associated with high-risk status. In contrast, level of distress associated with a positive test result was not significantly different from that associated with high-risk status for women with a personal history of cancer. Furthermore, women with a personal cancer history also anticipated that if they had an altered gene associated with increased risk of cancer, it would be less distressing than their diagnosis of cancer had been. Women with the highest ratings of cancer-related stress were less inclined to obtain testing, but were not more generally distressed or maladjusted. The need to interpret psychological distress and the stressfulness of genetic testing among high-risk women with respect to relevant comparison data is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Eating Pattern Inventory for Children: a new self-rating questionnaire for preadolescents.

A questionnaire on psychological dimensions of eating behavior in children is presented. Existing questionnaires for children specifically focus on symptoms of eating disorders only, whereas for adults, questionnaires assessing general psychological dimensions of eating behavior are also available. The development of the Eating Pattern Inventory for Children (EPI-C) was based on a sample of 373 fourth-grade students. Factor and item analysis led to a psychometrically sound 20-item questionnaire with the dimensions dietary restraint, external eating, parental pressure to eat, and emotional eating. These factors explain 62% of the total item variance. Subscale scores and emerging eating patterns were associated with children's body weight suggesting initial evidence of its validity. The EPI-C is proposed for research on eating behavior in clinical and non-clinical preadolescent samples.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of changes in occupational performance among patients in a pain management program.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate changes in occupational performance among chronic pain patients after a pain management program and to explore relationships between these changes and demographic and clinical factors, psychosocial functioning and psychological well-being. SUBJECTS: 188 consecutive patients were included. METHODS: Changes were registered by using Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, Multidimensional Pain Inventory and Psychological General Well-Being Index. RESULTS: There were statistically significant positive changes in occupational performance. Patients with sickness compensation had significantly higher changes in occupational performance than those without sickness compensation. The patients with a profile group as interpersonally distressed had statistically significant higher change scores on occupational performance than the adaptive coper group. Furthermore, increases in changes on general activity level, general health, and vitality and decreases in pain severity were associated with positive changes on perceived occupational performance and performance satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Changes in occupational performance, psychological well-being and psychosocial functioning seem all to be of relevance in the evaluation of pain management programs. Psychosocial profiles and sickness compensation has relevance for directions on changes in occupational performance, whereas other demographic and clinical factors do not.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

[Scientific psychology in the works of Eugen Bleuler].

The name of Eugen Bleuler is usually known in the context of the definition and conceptualization of schizophrenic disorders. Main other topics, less known in literature, are alcoholism, forensic psychiatry and general psychological topics of meaning of consclousness, formation of motive and will. Bleulers point of view presents itself as an empirically-based and anti-philosophic one, definitely deterministic concerning the topic of human "freedom of will". Eugen Bleuler refers to an already (especially by Richard Semon) systematically developed theory called "mnemism" that he interpreted and applied to the psychological circumstances mentioned above. That theory of "mnemism", that can be most adequately described as a biogenetic-vitalistic theory, is assuming, that all organic life--independent of the possibility of a self-reflecting consciousness--is able to learn experiences made by analysis of environment and to pass it on following generations. Pattern of stimulus reactions are in the sense of this theory memorized and reactivated under similar situational circumstances by the psychological mode of association. The influence of psychoanalytical theories, especially the presumed importance of infantil sexuality, on Bleulers understanding of a medical psychology seems to fade over the years.

Germany↗

PubMed2001

Ethical and research dilemmas arising from a questionnaire study of psychological morbidity among general practice managers.

A questionnaire-based research project enquiring into the psychological health of general practice managers found that 5% of managers admitted to suicidal ideas. This paper explores the moral issues raised when research conducted at a distance uncovers information about participants which indicates that they may be at increased risk of harm. It examines whether the authors of such studies have responsibilities towards their research participants beyond those of analysing and properly interpreting the data supplied to them. The paper is an exercise in self-reflection and self-criticism; not all the questions posed and explored by it can be answered definitively. Implications for planning studies of this kind are discussed.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMed1997

Pain epidemiology and health related quality of life in chronic non-malignant pain patients referred to a Danish multidisciplinary pain center.

This paper presents the results of a detailed study of the pain epidemiology and health related quality of life (HRQL) in 150 chronic non-malignant pain patients consecutively referred to a Danish multidisciplinary pain center. Mean pain severity was 71.6 (SD = 18.5) on the VAS scale. Forty-two percent reported poor quality of sleep. HRQL was evaluated with the Medical Outcome Study-Short Form (SF-36), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD) and the Psychological General Well-Being Scale (PGWB). Compared with the normal population (NP) both SF-36 scores and PGWB scores were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) indicating that physical, psychological and social well-being were severely reduced. On the HAD scale 58% were found to have a depressive or anxiety disorder. Statistically significant but modest correlations were found between pain severity and HRQL. Psychological and social well-being was closely correlated. Sixty-three percent of the referred patients had neurogenic pain conditions. Of these, only 25% were treated with antidepressants or anticonvulsants at referral. Seventy-three percent were treated with opioids at referral. Mean opioid consumption was 64 mg of morphine per day (range 1-280 mg). Compared with the NP the chronic pain patients had used the health care system five times more often in the years prior to referral (P < 0.001). The study confirms the severe multidimensional impact of chronic pain and demonstrates that HRQL of chronic non-malignant pain patients is among the lowest observed for any medical condition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Living with HIV: the psychological relevance of meaning making.

A qualitative study was carried out in Namibia to explore how people infected with HIV cope psychologically with this life-threatening virus. The study was based on the theoretical concept of meaning making as developed by Park and Folkman (1997; Review of General Psychology, 1, 115-44) within the framework of Lazarus' stress and coping theory (e.g., Lazarus, 1993, Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 245-54). Ten semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with people who were diagnosed as HIV-positive but had not yet developed AIDS. The participants had known about their status for 6 months to 8 years. None of them received antiretroviral therapy. The interviews were analysed by means of the circular deconstruction method (Jaeggi & Faas, 1991, Arbeitsmaterialien aus dem Institut für Psychologie der Technischen Universität Berlin). The findings revealed that all participants had accepted their HIV-infection and that this acceptance enabled them to reconcile with having the virus. All participants felt largely responsible for their HIV-infection and they also felt that they had deserved the contraction of the virus. Self-blame and the experience of 'personal deservedness' (Park & Folkman, 1997) turned out to provide individuals with a sense of control over the causes of their current situation. Almost all participants reported that since being diagnosed with HIV religion became very important to them. Religious beliefs made their HIV-status more meaningful to the participants and brought a purpose to their HIV-infection as well as hope for a good outcome of this event.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1981

Psychometric properties of a scale to measure alexithymia.

Four studies were conducted on a sample of 230 undergraduates to determine the psychometric properties of a measure of alexithymia, the Schalling-Sifneos Scale. In the first study it was found that scores on the scale are approximately normally distributed for each sex with 8.2% of males and 1.8% of females in the alexithymia range. In the second study a factor analysis of the scale revealed three distinct factors: (1) 'difficulty in expression of feelings'; (2) 'the importance of feelings especially about people'; (3) 'day-dreaming or introspection'. In the second factor analytic study, scores from several standard psychological tests on the same subjects were introduced with the scale items. Two factors in this analysis were comprised almost entirely of the other test scores: a 'general psychological distress factor' and a 'concerns about physical symptoms factor'. The other two factors were similar to factors 1 and 2 above in terms of items. The Rathus Assertiveness Scale loaded positively on the equivalent of factor 1. In the lst study, it was shown that Schalling-Sifneos Scale score is relatively orthogonal to other psychological tests with the exception of a Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist and thus is measuring something other than depression, anxiety, etc.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Medico-psychological treatment of retentive encopresis].

A 'behavioral pediatric' approach applied to the treatment of children with chronic retentive encopresis is reported. The treatment program, based on behavioral psychological principles, in which the parents participate, is found to be highly effective in eliminating the problem of encopresis. However, it will be shown through casuistry that general psychological functioning in children can affect the course of the therapeutic process. Both 'somatic' attitudes and psychological obstacles need to be taken into account. Unbiased diagnostics and more differentiated therapeutic indications are necessary conditions for a favourable outcome of treatment.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1995

Effects of 12 weeks of ramipril treatment on the quality of life in patients with moderate congestive heart failure: results of a placebo-controlled trial. Ramipril Study Group.

The assessment of quality of life (QoL) has become recognized as an important tool for evaluating heart failure therapy. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril (mean dose 8 mg) was evaluated in 223 patients with moderate chronic congestive heart failure at 24 centers in 4 Nordic countries following a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design. The follow-up period was 12 weeks. QoL was evaluated using a questionnaire with 47 items, including the disease-specific Severe Heart Failure Questionnaire, the Sleep Dysfunction Scale, and the Psychological General Well-Being Index. In both treatment groups the total score increased from baseline to 12 weeks for both the Severe Heart Failure Questionnaire and for the Psychological Well-Being Index, reflecting relief of symptoms and improved well-being. However, no significant differences between the placebo and ramipril groups could be detected. Only a trend toward improvement in sleep on ramipril compared with placebo therapy was observed. In conclusion, in this placebo-controlled trial no significant effects of 12-week ramipril treatment of QoL could be demonstrated in patients with moderate congestive heart failure.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Survivors of childhood brain tumors: behavioral, emotional, and social adjustment.

This paper reviews the literature on the psychological adjustment and quality of life in children who survive brain tumors. A total of 31 studies were reviewed. Findings are discussed in terms of the rates of general psychological adjustment, internalizing behavior problems, externalizing behavior problems, social competence, correlates or predictors of adjustment, and quality of life among survivors. Although these survivors appear to be at risk for compromised social competence and long-term quality of life, reports in the literature on rates of psychological adjustment in this population vary widely. Limitations in the current literature are discussed including inadequate assessment techniques, lack of appropriate comparison groups, and small sample sizes. Directions for future research are offered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Parental communication of BRCA1/2 genetic test results to children.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the likelihood, correlates, and psychological impact of parental communication to children of parents' BRCA1/2 genetic test results for breast cancer risk. Subjects were 133 adult members of high risk families. Sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological distress variables were assessed during a baseline telephone interview conducted prior to patient education and test result notification. Parental communication of test results to children and parental psychological distress and coping efforts were assessed 1 month post-genetic counseling and receipt of test results. Mothers (versus fathers), and persons with higher levels of baseline general distress, were significantly more likely to communicate their test results to children. Post-counseling coping efforts, both active and avoidant, were positively associated with post-counseling distress levels. However, communication of test results to children did not relate to changes in distress. In conclusion, parents with higher levels of pre-counseling general psychological distress may be more likely to communicate their genetic test results to children; however, this act does not minimize their distress and could possibly generate distress in their youngsters. Research is needed to evaluate the process and content of post-test disclosure episodes and the impact on participant, child, and family functioning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory.

The ascendance of emotion theory, recent advances in cognitive science and neuroscience, and increasingly important findings from developmental psychology and learning make possible an integrative account of the nature and etiology of anxiety and its disorders. This model specifies an integrated set of triple vulnerabilities: a generalized biological (heritable) vulnerability, a generalized psychological vulnerability based on early experiences in developing a sense of control over salient events, and a more specific psychological vulnerability in which one learns to focus anxiety on specific objects or situations. The author recounts the development of anxiety and related disorders based on these triple vulnerabilities and discusses implications for the classification of emotional disorders.

Anxiety Disorders↗

PubMed2002

Experiences with Yasmin: the acceptability of a novel oral contraceptive and its effect on well-being.

There are well over 100 million women using oral contraceptives world-wide; however, the number of women taking the pill differs from country to country. In the 1960s when 'the pill' was launched, most women wanted an effective, reversible contraceptive method. In the twenty-first century, they take these properties of oral contraceptives as given and now expect a number of non-contraceptive benefits including lighter and less painful periods, 'clear skin' and an overall improvement in well-being. Many oral contraceptives fall short of this ideal, with women discontinuing their pills because of perceived side-effects including weight gain, mood changes and breast tension. A new oral contraceptive has been developed to help fill this need. It contains 3 mg drospirenone, a progestogen resembling endogenous progesterone, and 30 microg ethinylestradiol (DRSP/EE, Yasmin, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany). It has been shown to be highly effective in preventing pregnancies as well as providing good cycle control. Studies have suggested that rates of dysmenorrhea improved in women taking DRSP/EE as well as in women using an oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol and desogestrel, but symptoms were more often mild or less often severe in the DRSP/EE group. Drospirenone is quite unique as it is derived from 17alpha-spirolactone and has antimineralocorticoid as well as antiandrogenic properties. The effect of DRSP/EE on skin has been evaluated in women with mild to moderate facial acne. A positive effect on acne and seborrhea was observed, with the median acne lesion count decreasing by 62.5% from baseline to cycle 9, whilst seborrhea decreased by 25.1%. Further areas of research are focusing on premenstrual symptoms. A very recent European study has been completed to assess the effect of DRSP/EE on the general well-being and fluid-related symptoms over six treatment cycles in women desiring contraception. Overall, these results suggest that women who report premenstrual symptoms, including psychological and/or somatic problems, before starting DRSP/EE, have improved scores when their Psychological General Well-Being Index is measured and suffer fewer somatic symptoms. In conclusion, the combination ofdrospirenone with ethinylestradiol provides an effective and well-tolerated oral contraceptive with positive effects on body weight, skin and premenstrual symptoms. These unique features of DRSP/EE may improve well-being and have a positive effect on oral contraceptive continuation.

Adolescent↗