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PubMed2003

Five years of growth hormone replacement therapy in adults: age- and gender-related changes in isometric and isokinetic muscle strength.

GH replacement therapy in adults with adult-onset GH deficiency (GHD) has been shown to increase isometric and isokinetic muscle strength in a few trials with limited numbers of patients. In this single center, prospective, open-label study, the effects of 5-yr GH replacement therapy on muscle function were determined in 109 consecutive adults (61 men and 48 women) with adult-onset GHD. The mean initial GH dose was 0.88 mg/d. The dose was gradually lowered, and after 5 yr the mean dose was 0.46 mg/d. The mean IGF-I SD score increased from -1.54 at baseline to 1.53 at study end. A sustained increase in lean body mass and decrease in body fat was observed. The GH treatment induced persistent increases in isometric knee flexor strength, concentric knee flexor strength at an angular velocity of 60 degrees/sec, and right-hand peak grip strength. After correction for age and gender using observed/predicted value ratios, a sustained increase was also observed in isometric (60 degrees) and concentric (180 degrees/sec) knee extensor strength, average right-hand grip strength for 10 sec, and left-hand grip strength. At study end, knee flexor and extensor strength was 96-104% of predicted and hand grip strength was 84-90% of predicted values. The local muscle endurance was transiently decreased after correction for age and gender. No gender difference was found in the treatment responses in muscle strength. However, muscle strength (also after correction for age and gender) was lower in women than men throughout the study period. In conclusion, GH replacement therapy in adults with adult-onset GHD normalized isometric and isokinetic knee flexor and extensor strength. Hand grip strength increased but was not fully normalized.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Relationships between structural and functional measures of nutritional status in a normally nourished population.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Both anthropometric and functional measurements have been used in nutritional assessment and monitoring. Hand dynamometry is a predictor of surgical outcome and peak expiratory flow rate has been used as an index of respiratory muscle function. This study aims to measure in normal subjects the relationship between anthropometric measurements, voluntary muscle strength by hand grip dynamometry and respiratory muscle function by peak expiratory flow rate. METHODS: Ninety-eight subjects (46 male, 52 female) with a mean age of 45.9 years were studied. Hand grip strength was measured in the dominant and non-dominant hands with a portable strain-gauge dynamometer. Peak expiratory flow rate was measured using a mini-Wright peak flow meter. Three readings were taken, each 1 min apart, and the average recorded. Midarm muscle circumference (MAMC) was derived from triceps skin fold thickness and midarm circumference (MAC) using standard anthropometric techniques. Statistical relationships were measured with Pearson's coefficient of correlation. RESULTS: In both sexes there was significant correlation between hand grip strength in the dominant and non-dominant hands and peak expiratory flow rate (P<0.001). In men, there was a positive correlation between MAMC, hand grip strength (P<0.001) and peak expiratory flow rate (P<0.001). In women muscle function correlated with height (P<0.001) but not MAMC (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In normal subjects bedside tests of skeletal and respiratory muscle function correlated with each other in both sexes, and with muscle mass in men but not in women.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Isometric muscle strength of Chinese young males in Taiwan.

This paper represents the results of an anthropometric measurement of the isometric muscle strength of Chinese young males in Taiwan aged from 16 to 20 years. The study uses a sample of 120 male students and measures four types of muscle strength: (1) right arm strength in exerting pull, push, adduction, abduction, lift, and press directions with five elbow angles (60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 degrees) in seated posture; (2) grip strength of both hands; (3) backlift strength: and (4) chest expanding strength. The obtained data are analysed and listed. Comparisons are made between the results of this study and those from domestic and foreign studies available in the literature. In general, their pattern is similar, but values obtained in this study are relatively smaller than those obtained in western countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of early mobilisation on grip strength, pinch strength and work of hand muscles in cases of closed diaphyseal fracture radius-ulna treated with dynamic compression plating.

AIMS: The purpose of the study was to objectively determine the effects of early mobilisation in terms of grip strength and work of hand muscles in cases of closed diaphyseal fracture radius - ulna treated with dynamic compression plating. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty normal subjects and Twenty-one patients, (Eleven patients treated with early active and resistive goal directed mobilisation and Ten control group) were assessed for pinch strength and grip strength on Pinch Dynamometer and Jamar Dynamometer and work of hand muscles on Ergograph. Standardised positions of the equipments and patients were maintained throughout the study. RESULTS: Results showed highly significant reduction in performance in patients treated with early mobilisation as compared to normal subjects in their first assessment (Fourth week post operatively). These patients showed significant improvement in successive assessments (sixth & eighth post operative week) on exercising in between these assessments. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant effects on grip strength and work of hand muscles in patients treated with that early active and resistive goal directed mobilisation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of tidal volumes obtained by one-handed and two-handed ventilation techniques.

OBJECTIVES: To compare tidal volumes delivered by one- vs two-handed compressions of a manual resuscitation bag and assess the effects of subject characteristics on those tidal volumes. DESIGN: Subjects (108 healthcare providers from a 500-bed teaching hospital) were assigned randomly to one of two procedures: one- followed by two-handed compression or two- followed by one-handed compression. A 1-liter resuscitation bag, lung performance analyzer and Wright spirometer were used to measure tidal volume. Data collection occurred in a simulated situation. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in tidal volume delivered by one-handed (mean = 694 mL, SD = 111) vs two-handed compressions (mean = 827 mL, SD = 113). Hand size, grip strength, height and weight were correlated with tidal volumes generated by one-handed and two-handed procedures. No other subject characteristics were correlated with tidal volumes. CONCLUSIONS: Tidal volumes delivered by healthcare providers using one- vs two-handed compressions were found to be significantly different, with those delivered by two hands significantly greater than those delivered by one hand. Strength of hand grip was the best predictor of volume delivered and was more strongly correlated with volumes delivered by one rather than two hands.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Influence of local vibration on finger functions of forest workers.

We physically examined of forest workers in the northern part of Fukushima District, Japan. The main purpose of this study was to survey the state of finger functions, especially the differences between the functions of right and left fingers of forest workers. This physical examination was conducted in winter. The items of the physical examination were hand grip strength, finger skin temperature, vibration sensation threshold, nail pressure test of the finger. Subjects were classified into A and B groups on the base of the results of the physical examination. A group is normal or slight disorder, and B group is disorder or illness. Hand grip strength was measured five times at five-second intervals. The decrease ratio of the left hand grip strength was greater than that of the right hand grip strength. Although there were significant differences among each finger of A and B groups, there were no big differences in the skin temperatures of the fingers in each group. Vibration sensation threshold was measured for II, III and IV fingers. The vibration sensation threshold of the index finger was the most sensitive and that of IV finger was the least sensitive. The vibration sensation threshold of the right fingers was more sensitive than that of the left fingers. The reaction times of the nail pressure test of the right fingers were generally faster than those of the left fingers. Forestry workers in Japan become elderly. There are big differences among the physical reactions or strengths of elderly people. Standard values for the measuring items for ageing are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cross-education of arm muscular strength is unidirectional in right-handed individuals.

PURPOSE: Cross-education of strength is a neural adaptation defined as the increase in strength of the untrained contralateral limb after unilateral training. The purpose was to determine the effect of the direction of transfer on cross-education in right-handed individuals. METHODS: Thirty-nine strongly right-handed females were randomized into a left-hand training (LEFT), right-hand training (RIGHT), or nontraining control (CON) group. Strength training was 6 wk of maximal isometric ulnar deviation, 4x wk(-1). Peak torque, muscle thickness (ultrasound), and EMG activity were assessed before and after training in both limbs. RESULTS: The change in strength in the untrained limb was greatest in the RIGHT group (39.2%; P < 0.01), whereas no significant changes in strength were observed for the untrained limb of the LEFT group (9.3%) or for either of the CON group limbs (10.4 and 12.2%). Strength training also increased trained limb strength in the LEFT (41.9%, P < 0.01) and the RIGHT (25.9%; P < 0.01) groups. Training groups increased trained limb muscle thickness (RIGHT and LEFT combined: 4.1%) compared to CON (-4.0%) (P < 0.01). There were no changes in muscle thickness of untrained limbs compared to CON. Trained limb agonist EMG activation increased with training (P < 0.05) with no change for the antagonist. Changes in untrained limb EMG were not different compared to CON. CONCLUSIONS: Cross-education with hand strength training occurs only in the right-to-left direction of transfer in right-handed individuals. We conclude that cross-education of arm muscular strength is most pronounced to the nondominant arm.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

An investigation of factors limiting aerobic capacity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has been shown to produce exercise limitation and breathlessness. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which may be responsible for limiting aerobic capacity in patients with AS. Twenty patients with no other cardio-respiratory disease performed integrative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). The results were compared to 20 age and gender matched healthy controls. Variables that might influence exercise tolerance, including pulmonary function tests (body plethysmography), respiratory muscle strength (MIP, MEP) and endurance (Tlim), AS severity assessment including chest expansion (CE), thoracolumber movement (TL), wall tragus distance and peripheral muscle strength assessed by maximum voluntary contraction of the knee extensors (Qds), hand grip strength and lean body mass (LBM), were measured in the patients with AS and used as explanatory variables against the peak VO2 achieved during CPET. As subjects achieved a lower peak VO2 than controls (25.2 +/- 1.4 vs. 33.1 +/- 1.6 ml kg-1min-1, mean +/- SEM, P = 0.001). When compared with controls, ventilatory response (VE/VCO2) in AS was elevated (P = 0.01); however gas exchange indices, transcutaneous blood gases and breathing reserve were similar to controls. AS subjects developed a higher HR/VO2 response (P < 0.01) on exertion but without associated abnormalities in ECG, blood pressure response or anaerobic threshold. The AS group experienced a greater degree of leg fatigue (P < 0.01) than controls at peak exercise. Although the breathlessness scores (BS) were comparable to controls at peak exercise, the slopes of the relationship between BS and work rate (WR) [AS 0.054 (0.1), Controls 0.043 (0.06); P < 0.05] and BS and % predicted oxygen uptake [AS 0.084 (0.18), Controls 0.045 (0.06); P < 0.01] were steeper in the AS subjects. There was weak association between peak VO2 and vital capacity (r2% 12.0), MIP (11.8) but no association between Tlim, CE, Wall tragus distance or TL movement. The strongest association with aerobic capacity was between measurements of peripheral muscle strength (Qds; r = 0.75; hand grip; r = 0.47) accounting for 53% (P < 0.001) and 23.5% (P < 0.01) of the total variance in peak VO2, respectively. The addition of LBM to Qds in the regression model significantly improved the explained variance to 78.3% (P < 0.001). This study shows that peripheral muscle function is the most important determinant of exercise intolerance in AS patients suggesting that deconditioning is the main factor in the production of the reduced aerobic capacity.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2001

The effects of smiling or crying facial expressions on grip strength, measured with a hand dynamometer and the bi-digital O-ring test.

The effects of smiling or crying facial expressions on grip strength and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test were evaluated in this study. Ten right-handed basketball players (age group 18-28) were included in the study. Grip strength was measured with a Riester hand dynamometer and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test successively, after the players had looked at the drawing of a "crying face" for 5 seconds from a distance of 40 cm at the eye level. Immediately afterwards they were shown the drawing of a "smiling face" and were asked to grip with the same condition. Once all 10 players carried out this experiment, the order in which the drawings were shown was reversed. We then proceeded to measure the same variables, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test. The statistics obtained thereby were subjected to Pearsons correlation coefficient and paired t-test. Using a hand dynamometer and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, it was found that, in both tests, the "smiling face" drawing (first crying, then smiling face: with hand dynamometer, it increased from 8.34+/-0.97 kg to 9.18+/-0.9 kg; t=5.39,p=0.0001) increased the grip strength of the basketball players, and the "crying face" drawing (first smiling face, then crying face: with hand dynamometer it decreased from 9.35 +/- 0.90 kg to 8.51+/- 0.96 kg; t=9.81, p=0.0001) decreased the grip strength. Exposure to the smiling face drawing increased the grip strength, and exposure to the crying face decreased it, in every subject tested in this group. Similar effects were observed with the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (first crying, then smiling: it increased from -2.80 +/- 1.13 to 2.20 +/- 1.32; t=33.54, p=0.0001; first smiling then crying: it decreased from 2.40 +/- 1.34 to -2.20 +/- 1.62; t = 15.06, p=0.0001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Muscular strength and function in patients with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: For 20 years, physical activity has been an important component in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients in Sweden. Data concerning physical performance in terms of muscular strength in these patients are limited OBJECTIVE: To compare muscular strength and function in patients with CF with those aspects in a healthy control group (CG). DESIGN: Thirty-three patients with CF (16 women) aged 16 to 35 years and 20 healthy individuals matched for age and gender were included in the study. All participants had undertaken regular physical training two to three times per week. The following tests were performed: vertical jumping ability; hand-grip strength; abdominal strength; arm/shoulder strength; quadriceps muscle strength; and a functional test of leg muscle endurance. RESULTS: Patients with CF showed decreased muscle strength and function compared to control subjects (women: maximal hand-grip strength in the right [p = 0.02] and the left hand [p = 0.001]; sustained hand-grip strength in the left hand [p = 0.002]; and in leg muscle endurance [p = 0.02]; men: the number of sit-ups performed within 30 s [p = 0.03]; and left leg isokinetic quadriceps strength at 180 degrees per second [p = 0.02]). The differences were not related to pancreatic or pulmonary function. There was no significant difference between the CF group and the CG in any other test results. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed few differences in muscular performance between patients with CF and healthy control subjects. Both groups had regular moderate-to-high activity levels. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether the small but significant differences might be related to metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscles in CF patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Only a few studies have provided reference values for muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry. Such values are essential for establishing the degree to which an individual's strength is impaired. This descriptive study was conducted to provide reference values for the strength of 10 extremity muscle actions. SUBJECTS AND INSTRUMENTATION: A convenience sample of 106 men and 125 women volunteers was tested twice with an Ametek digital hand-held dynamometer. RESULTS: The measurements were found to be reliable. Predictive equations are provided for the measurements. Reference values generated are expressed in Newtons and as a percentage of body weight and are organized by gender, decade of age, and side. CONCLUSIONS: The values can be employed in a clinical setting to document whether an individual is impaired relative to healthy subjects of the same gender and age.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Soft tissue composition, axial bone mineral density, and grip strength in postmenopausal Turkish women with early rheumatoid arthritis: Is lean body mass a predictor of bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis?

OBJECTIVE: To study bone mineral density and body composition in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis to determine the relationship of lean mass, fat mass and hand grip strength to bone mineral density. METHODS: Fifty-one female patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) for RA were recruited. Fifty-one (51) female RA patients, age matched female control subjects and 53 osteoporotic patients (WHO criteria) were included in the study. All subjects were at postmenopausal period. Early RA is defined as the disease duration <10 years. Whole body composition and BMD were estimated by DEXA (Norland XR-46). Hand grip strength was measured by JAMAR hand dynamometer. Body mass index (BMI) and anthropometric measures (skinfold thickness and waist-hip ratio) were also assessed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients and controls was 55.4 +/- 9.5, 56.9 +/- 7.4, and 55.2 +/- 7.6, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in age, BMI, and years since menopause between RA patients, OP patients, and controls (p < 0.05). Bone mineral density of lumbar and femoral neck regions, total bone mineral density, and bone mineral content in RA patients were significantly lower than in controls but not in osteoporotic patients. Lean body mass was also significantly lower in RA patients than controls but not in osteoporotic patients. However, hand grip strength was significantly lower in RA patients than in osteoporotic patients and controls (p < 0.05). Total lean mass was correlated with body mass index, waist-hip ratio, femoral neck BMD, and total bone mineral content, total BMD in RA patients (p < 0.05). Grip strength was correlated with duration of disease (RA) and age negatively, and also correlated with total BMD in RA patients. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that lean mass was associated with BMD. To preserve BMD, maintaining or increasing lean mass would appear to be an appropriate strategy for avoiding hip fracture and its complications.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Physical fitness of young women: carrying simulated patients.

An evaluation of physical fitness prior to employment appears to be mandatory for several occupations in order to protect the employee from overburdening and the employer from placing excess demands on the employee. One such occupation seems to be that of the field medical specialist who needs special physical strength since terrain conditions deny wheel-assisted transport of stretcher patients. The anthropometric and isometric force data of a total of 62 female and 48 male recruits for the medical service of the Bundeswehr were evaluated, together with their ability to carry a patient on a stretcher (weight = 14 kg) within a gymnasium. Initially the 'casualties' were simulated by sandbags weighing 60, 70, 80 and 90 kg each on stretchers; subsequently equivalent-weight water cans were used. The tests were administered at the beginning and at the end of the general Basic Military Training (BMT). While all males were able to carry the simulated 90 kg patient, only 22 out of 62 female recruits were able to do so at the beginning of BMT. At the end, the number had improved to 29 out of 55 women soldiers completing training. At the beginning of BMT 22.5% of the women soldiers were unable to rescue a simulated 70 kg patient; at the end of BMT the number had fallen to 18%. The isometric force values as measured revealed the hand grip strength as the best predictor for the capacity to carry simulated 90 kg patients. It is, therefore, suggested that a hand strength test be administered prior to field medical specialist training in order to channel unsuitable candidates into other training schemes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strength capabilities and subjective limits in repetitive manual exertions: task and hand dominance effects.

Strength and subjectively determined exertion limits are used widely for ergonomic evaluation. Although compilations of such data for the hand and finger exist, several important limitations include the use of inexperienced participants and constrained postures. In this study both strength and maximum acceptable limits (MAL, 2-hour duration) were obtained from both industrial workers and inexperienced volunteers in 10 simulated hand-intensive automotive assembly tasks. To expand the applicability of the results, the effects of hand-dominance were also determined. Results were compared with existing recommendations (by Kodak and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit value for hand-intensive activities), and showed that across the diverse tasks the former yields values slightly below the 1st percentile of MAL, whereas the latter values are slightly higher than the 25th percentile. MALs were found to be approximately 50% of strength, consistent with earlier reports, and suggesting that acceptable limits are strongly influenced by physical capacity. Substantial differences ( approximately 30%) in strength and MALs were found between the two participant groups, emphasizing that participants should resemble the target population. Hand-dominance effects were statistically significant though of moderate size ( approximately 5%). Strength and MAL distributions are provided that can be used for evaluation and design of a variety of hand-intensive occupational tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Disentangling the association between chronic pain and sarcopenia-related traits: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the potential causal relationships between chronic pain and three key sarcopenia-related quantitative traits: (a) hand grip strength; (b) usual walking pace; and (c) appendicular lean mass, using bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization.MethodsWe conducted bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization using summary-level data from large-scale genome-wide association studies to assess the genetically predicted associations between chronic pain, including multisite chronic pain and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, and the aforementioned sarcopenia-related traits.ResultsMendelian randomization revealed that multisite chronic pain was significantly associated with an increased risk of low hand grip strength (odds ratio = 1.70; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and decreased usual walking pace (odds ratio = 0.81; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001); chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain was also significantly associated with decreased usual walking pace (odds ratio = 0.15; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Additionally, higher left hand grip strength was significantly associated with a lower risk of multisite chronic pain (odds ratio = 0.90; p<&#x2009;0.001) and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (odds ratio = 0.99; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002); higher right hand grip strength was significantly associated with a lower risk of multisite chronic pain (odds ratio = 0.91; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002); and higher usual walking pace was significantly associated with a lower risk of multisite chronic pain (odds ratio = 0.49; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (odds ratio = 0.92; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). No significant causal associations were detected for appendicular lean mass in either direction (all p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05).ConclusionThis study provides genetic evidence supporting potential causal links between chronic pain and key phenotypic components of sarcopenia.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Hand preference for a bimanual task in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

This research examined hand preference for a bimanual task in 45 tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) and 55 rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. Investigators presented subjects with plastic tubes lined with food and noted which hand the animals used to hold the tubes and which hand the animals used to remove the food. Several significant findings emerged from this investigation. First, rhesus macaques, but not tufted capuchins, exhibited a population-level bias toward use of the right hand (although the difference in direction of hand preference between species was not significant). Second, capuchins exhibited greater hand preference strength than did macaques. Third, among capuchins, but not among macaques, hand preference strength was greater for adults than for immatures. Finally, both species used their index digit to remove food most frequently when compared with other digits. Findings of hand preference direction and strength in this study were compared with other findings noted for chimpanzees which performed a bimanual tube task in a previous study. The authors conclude that using the same procedure to compare hand preference across species represents a powerful research tool that can lead to a more complete understanding of the evolution and ontogenesis of primate handedness.

Age Factors↗