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PubMed1978

Mechanism of the pulmonary edema induced by intravenous injection of scorpion toxin in the rat.

The intravenous injection of purified scorpion toxin (tityustoxin, TsTX) into unanesthetized rats induces a severe systemic hypertension followed by a hemorrhagic edema of the lungs. The edema is focal or diffuse, whereas the hemorrhage is always focal and less prominent than the edema. Anesthesia of the rats prevents the appearance of pulmonary edema. It seems likely that this protective action of the anesthesia is due, at least in part, to an interference with the hypertension induced by TsTX. The pulmonary edema is prevented by bilateral adrenalectomy, guanethidine or phenoxybenzamine. It is suggested that the edema depends on a sympathetic-adrenal discharge and that catecholamines released by TsTX act on alpha adrenergic receptors. The mean kininogen content of the rat plasma, 1 h after TsTX injection, is not significantly different from that found in the control animals. The possible role played by kinins and other mediators in the early phases of the pulmonary edema induced by TsTX is under investigation.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1965

FIBROGEN PRECIPITATION BY STREPTOCOCCAL M PROTEIN. II. RENAL LESIONS INDUCED BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF M PROTEIN INTO MICE AND RATS.

Intravenous injection of Type 1 streptococcal M protein into mice and rats produced lesions confined to renal glomeruli. Thrombi of eosinophilic amorphous material, seen to occlude glomerular capillaries, were shown to contain M protein and fibrinogen. Gradual regression of the morphological lesions was observed during the 3 weeks following injection. Initial abnormal proteinuria and azotemia returned to control levels by the end of the 1st week; a second rise in urinary protein excretion and urea retention was demonstrated in some rats coincident with appearance of anti-M antibodies. The mechanism of renal localization of streptococcal M protein by means of a complex with fibrinogen was suggested, which may comprise an initial phase in the pathogenesis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Rate of disappearance in plasma of synthetic LH-RH intravenously injected in man.

The rate of disappearance of intravenously injected LH-RH was studied in 6 human volunteers. The blood samples were taken every 20 sec from the time of injection to time +5 min and every 30 sec from time +5 min to time +10 min. The half-life of LH-RH was calculated in the interval of 3-10 min, and was found to be 2.4 +/- 0.4 min. The amounts of LH-RH estimated in the vascular compartment were relatively low when compared to the total amount of injected LH-RH. This observation suggests a rapid and important passage towards the extravascular compartment.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Experimental studies of the distribution of intravenously injected iodine-labeled cytonal (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)].

After intravenous injection the distribution of iodine-labelled diethylstilbestral-diphosphate (cytonal) was investigated in various organs of the rat. For this purpose the concentration of activity in the organs of the animals were established by measurements of specimens in the bore-hole counter and scintigrams were made by means of a small animal scanner. The result was an unequivocal temporary dependence of the enrichment of the substance in the organs. The greatest enrichment was found 10 minutes after injection in the liver, then followed blood, kidneys, adrenal glands, seminal vesicles, prostate, abdominal wall and the fatty tissue surrounding the prostate. The blood activity relatively decreased. 7 days after injection an unambiguously higher activity was to be proved in the liver, kidney, adrenal gland than in the blood, whereas the enrichment of iodine-labelled diethylstilbestraldiphosphate in prostate, seminal vesicle, fatty and muscular tissue was always below the enrichment of the blood. But in every case the relation of organ activity to blood activity changed in favour of the organ activity, also with regard to the prostate. 10 minutes after injection the concentration of the activity of the seminal vesicle was somewhat higher than that one of the prostate, but in the further course it was below the concentration of the activity of the prostate. During the first two hours the fatty tissue surrounding the prostate showed a clearly and after the third day a slightly lower activity concentration than the prostate. On the basis of this distribution of the activity for the scintigraphy of the prostate above all a temporary interval of about 10 minutes to 3 hours after the injection of labelled cytonal is involved. The results cause us to perform investigations in men concerning the pharmacokinetics and the possibility of using radioactively labelled cytonal.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1975

Immunodeficiency in the chicken. III. Hypoplasia of bursal follicles following intravenous injection of embryos with lipopolysaccharide or allogeneic lymphocytes.

Intravenous injection of LPS or allogeneic lymphocytes resulted in impaired maturation of B cells within the bursa of chick embryos. A gradual decline in the sensitivity of embryos towards both agents was reflected by a decrease in the number and size of bursal follicles following injection between 10 and 15 days of embryonation. The hypoplasia of these follicles in embryos injected with lymphocytes on the 10th day was a more sensitive measure of graft-versus-host reaction than splenomegaly. The relevance of results with this model to the aetiology of immunodeficiency diseases has been briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Long-term observation of a case of intravenous injection of elemental mercury].

Elementary mercury is usually intravenously injected with suicidal intent. It is floated to the heart and lungs but is also deposited in the abdominal organs. Case histories presented in the literature so far have been followed up clinically and roentgenologically for up to three years. We report one patient attempting suicidal mercury injection, whom we were able to follow up for 10 years. It could be demonstrated that quite in contrast to former suggestions elementary mercury is dissolved and oxidised in the body. Chronic poisoning with mercury compounds causes continuing damage, particularly to the kidneys. Apart from that question, the element's pattern of spread within the body, toxicological issues, particular pathologic anatomic changes, their demonstrability on X-ray films and their clinical relevance are all discussed in this paper.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Local therapy in a case of intravenous mercury injection].

Intravenous injection of metallic mercury is very rare. It may induce pulmonary and renal complications. Locally serious abscess formation may occur. Radical dissection and excision of affected venous system may result in a satisfactory outcome.

Abscess↗
PubMed1991

Intravenous injection of hypertonic NaCl solution stimulates pulmonary C-fibers in dogs.

Intravenous injection of hypertonic NaCl solution evokes reflex bradycardia and hypotension, effects thought to result from stimulation of afferent vagal endings in the lungs. To identify the afferents responsible for these effects, we recorded vagal impulses arising from endings in the lungs and lower airways of anesthetized dogs and examined the response to injection of hypertonic solutions into the pulmonary circulation. Injection of 4,800 mmol/l NaCl solution (1 ml/kg) stimulated 39 of 49 pulmonary C-fibers, their impulse frequency increasing 35-fold. Stimulation was concentration dependent, the minimum effective concentration being between 1,200 and 4,800 mmol/l. Rapidly adapting receptors were also stimulated in a concentration-dependent manner, 35 of 41 receptors being stimulated by 4,800 mmol/l NaCl solution, firing increasing fivefold. Bronchial C-fibers were not stimulated by injection into the pulmonary circulation but were by injection into the bronchial artery. Hypertonic urea solutions had qualitatively similar but smaller effects on pulmonary C-fibers and rapidly adapting receptors. The results suggest that the reflex effects of intravenous injection of hypertonic solutions result principally from stimulation of pulmonary C-fibers.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Dose-dependent disposition kinetics and tissue accumulation of boron after intravenous injections of sodium mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate in rabbits.

Kinetics of boron disposition after single intravenous injections of two different doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) of mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate sodium (Na2B12H11SH; BSH) was studied in rabbits. Residual boron concentrations in various organs and tissues (heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenals, and brain) were also determined after seven daily injections of the same doses of BSH. Boron blood and tissue concentrations were measured by atomic emission spectrometry. In the majority of animals, the decline of boron blood concentrations after a single intravenous injection of either dose was biphasic, being consistent with a two-compartment model of boron disposition in the body. Although mean boron blood concentrations were roughly proportional to the BSH dose delivered, the mean total body clearance of boron from the body was 3 times lower (6.5 +/- 1.9 ml min-1 kg-1) after a dose of 50 mg/kg than after the injection of 25 mg/kg (22.4 +/- 7.9 ml min-1 kg-1), the difference between the means being statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Moreover, the mean terminal half-life of boron in blood was prolonged after the injection of 50 mg/kg (14.5 +/- 5.5 h) as compared with that found after the 25-mg/kg dose (3.5 +/- 0.9 h). On the other hand, the different BSH doses did not result in marked differences in the mean values obtained for the volume parameters - the volume of the central compartment (1.3 +/- 0.4 vs 1.3 +/- 0.5 l kg-1) and the volume of distribution at steady state (4.7 +/- 1.3 vs 6.0 +/- 4.0 l kg-1) - both of which were high, indicating extensive binding of the compound not only in the blood but also in tissues. Residual concentrations of boron found after seven daily injections of both doses of BSH were highest in the kidneys, the difference in the mean values being relatively small (33.6 +/- 6.1 vs 39.0 +/- 10.7 micrograms/g tissue). In the majority of other organs (heart, lung, liver, spleen, brain, adrenals), the residual concentrations after a dose of 50 mg/kg were disproportionately higher than those measured after the injection of 25 mg/kg, and the mean values corresponded to the reduced total body clearance rather than to the increased BSH dose. The saturability of BSH binding to blood and tissue proteins is suggested as a possible explanation for the dose dependency of the total clearance of boron from the body and the accumulation of BSH in organs and tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Metabolism and toxicity of intravenously injected yttrium chloride in rats.

Although radioactive yttrium (Y) has been used for medical treatment, little attention has been directed toward the toxicity of Y. We report time-course and dose-related changes in tissue distribution, subcellular localization, clearance, and acute toxicity of iv-injected yttrium chloride (YCl3) in rats. Intravenously injected Y was predominantly distributed to plasma in the blood. At doses more than 0.2 mg Y/rat, most plasma Y appears to be in colloidal material which was composed of proteins and some minerals. Electron microscopic analyses revealed that the colloidal material was taken up by phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen. The liver Y was slowly cleared with a half-time of 144 days at a dose of 1 mg Y/rat. Glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvate transaminase activities in blood plasma were increased with a peak at 20 hr postinjection at a dose of 1 mg Y/rat and returned to their control values at 170 hr postinjection, indicating that iv-injected YCl3 caused acute hepatic injury. Some of the plasma Ca was translocated to the colloidal material and plasma Ca concentration was increased transiently following injection of YCl3, probably because of resorption of bone. At a dose of 1 mg Y/rat, a significant and tremendous amount of Ca was deposited in the liver (over 10-fold) and spleen (over 100-fold), while Ca concentration was only slightly increased in the lung and kidney (less than 1.5-fold). These results indicate that the liver and spleen are primary target organs of iv-injected YCl3.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of 125iodine-labelled mouse immunoglobulin G injected intravenously in pregnant mice.

Mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) was iodinated with 125iodine (I) and injected intravenously into pregnant mice in order to examine whether mouse granulated metrial gland (GMG) cells are able to take up IgG in vivo. The mice were injected intravenously on days 8, 12 or 16 of pregnancy and killed either 5 min, 2 h or 24 h after injection. Implantation sites and spleen, thymus, liver and para-aortic lymph nodes were fixed and autoradiographs of sectioned (1 micron) material prepared to examine the distribution of labelled IgG. In general, at all stages of pregnancy and time intervals examined after injection of the 125I IgG, radioactivity was detected at higher levels in blood vessels than in tissue spaces of the same regions. No evidence for the uptake of radioactive IgG by normal GMG cells in the decidua basalis, metrial gland or in the maternal blood spaces of the labyrinthine placenta was found. The only GMG cells which had accumulations of silver grains showed signs of pyknosis. The uptake of IgG by stromal cells in close proximity to GMG cells and the distribution of radioactivity in the extravascular tissues showed that the intravenously injected 125I IgG was available to the GMG cells. Accumulations of silver grains were a prominent feature of the regions immediately adjacent to most GMG cells in the placental labyrinth and some were clearly associated with degenerate layer 1 trophoblast cells. The radioactivity detected in degenerate GMG cells and degenerate layer 1 trophoblast cells may be the result of nonspecific uptake as a consequence of the cells' death.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Improved assessment of the left ventricular endocardial border by intravenous injection of a left heart contrast agent].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to find out whether intravenous injection of a phospholipid-based left heart echo contrast agent improves the delineation of the left ventricular endocardial border. The influence of echo contrast on the quantification of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, regional wall function and interobserver variability was also assessed. METHOD: Prospectively, the apical 4-chamber view was recorded in 20 adult patients before and after intravenous injection of the contrast agent. Left ventricular endocardial border resolution was assessed in 5 segments and left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, regional wall motion and interobserver variability were measured. RESULTS: After contrast injection a diagnostically useful left ventricular opacification was present in 18 patients (90%) and an optimal opacification in 14 patients (70%). Without contrast 1.05 endocardial segments could be delineated at end diastole and 1.8 segments at end systole. After contrast injection 3.65 endocardial segments were recognizable at end diastole (p < 0.01), 2.5 segments at end systole (p < 0.02). Left heart contrast improves interobserver-variability of end diastolic volume (p < 0.006), end systolic volume (p < 0.004), ejection fraction (p < 0.0002) and regional wall motion assessment (p < 0.03). Side effects did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: The intravenous injection of the investigated phospholipid-based echo contrast agent improves left ventricular endocardial border delineation and reproducibility of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and regional wall motion assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Contrast echocardiography of the left heart by intravenous injection of perfluorochemical emulsion].

We evaluated a new method of contrast echocardiography of the left heart utilizing the intravenous injection of perfluorochemical emulsion (PFC emulsion: Fluosol-DA 20 W/V%: Green Cross Corp), which was prepared as artificial blood. Observations were made in 18 open-chest dogs. To assess the possibility of detection of mitral valve regurgitation and myocardial perfusion by this method, a small series of experiments were made. Results were as follows: Following the appearance of contrast echoes in the right heart after the injection of PFC emulsion (10 ml) into the inferior vena cava, the left heart contrast echo images were clearly obtained in 16 of the 18 dogs, and they were visible but weak in the remainder 2. The solution of surfactants (Pluronic F-68, yolk phospholipids, and glycerol), which were added to Fluosol-DA, was also used as contrast agent in 6 dogs. The left heart was also opacified by contrast echoes after intravenous injections. However, the density of the left heart contrast echoes appeared lower, as compared with that after the injection of PFC emulsion. When oxygen (95%) was mixed in PFC emulsion or inhaled through the intratracheal tube, the left heart contrast images were slightly enhanced. In 4 of 6 dogs with surgically created mitral valve regurgitation, systolic contrast echoes in the left atrial cavity were detected on the M-mode echograms after the intravenous injection of PFC emulsion (15 ml). These echoes appeared to move across the mitral valve from the left ventricle to the left atrium or away from the mitral valve in the left atrium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of intravenous injection of biperiden and clonazepam in dystonia.

The acute effect of intravenous injections of biperiden and clonazepam was investigated in 14 patients with various forms of dystonia (segmental dystonia, 2; generalized dystonia, 6; and Meige's syndrome, 6). Eleven patients had primary dystonia, and 3 patients had a secondary form of dystonia. Doses of 5 mg of biperiden reduced dystonia when evaluated by total scores, global scores, and subjective scores. Two patients had marked side effects in the form of dizziness. Doses of 1 mg of clonazepam significantly reduced total scores and subjective scores, but the reduction in global score was insignificant. No patient had marked side effects following injection with clonazepam. These results correspond with earlier investigations of the long-term effects of anticholinergics and benzodiazepines. It is concluded that in some cases, intravenous injections can be used as a test for evaluating both effects and side effects of antidystonic medication prior to the institution of oral treatment. Long-term intravenous treatment might be considered in individual cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Tissue-specific characteristics of in vivo electric gene: transfer by tissue and intravenous injection of plasmid DNA.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the tissue-specific characteristics of electric gene transfer after tissue and intravenous injection of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). METHODS: pDNA encoding firefly luciferase was injected directly into the liver, kidney, spleen, skin and muscle, or into the tail vein of mice, and electric pulses were then applied to one of these organs. The distribution of transgene expressing cells was evaluated using pDNA encoding beta-galactosidase. RESULTS: Tissue injection of pDNA produced a significant degree of transgene expression in any tissue with the greatest amount in the liver, followed by kidney and spleen. The expression in these organs decreased quickly with time, and muscle showed the greatest expression at 7 days. Electroporation significantly increased the expression, and the expression level was comparable among the organs. Intravenous injection of pDNA followed by electroporation resulted in a significant expression in the liver, spleen, and kidney but not in the skin or muscle. CONCLUSIONS: Electric gene transfer to the liver, kidney, and spleen can be an effective approach to obtain significant amounts of transgene expression by either tissue or intravenous injection of pDNA, whereas it is only effective after tissue injection as far as skin- or muscle-targeted gene transfer is concerned.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Rapid intravenous injection of tobramycin: suggested dosage schedule and concentrations in serum.

A single, rapid intravenous injection of tobramycin in doses of 1.5 mg/kg or 80 mg administered to subjects with normal renal function produced a wide range of concentrations in serum. Serum concentrations peaked at greater than 20mug/ml in one third of the subjects, but these peaks were transitory. At 6 hr the serum levels were less than 2 mug/ml in all but one subject and were less than 0.1 mug/ml in 50% of the subjects. A dosage interval of 6 hr with a total dosage of 6 mg/kg per day is recommended. The variation in individual dose responses emphasizes the need for monitoring of levels of tobramycin in serum during treatment. Serum concentrations of 4-6 mug/ml 1 hr after injection can be considered indicative of adequate therapy. Levels in serum 6 hr after administration should also be monitored, particularly in the elderly. No immediate or delayed toxic effects were observed after intravenous injection of tobramycin.

Adult↗