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PubMed1993

Attempted suicide, suicidal intent, and alcohol.

The purpose of the present study was to relate suicidal intent to the suicide method chosen and the medical lethality of the suicidal act, and to discuss how ingestion of alcohol impacts these three factors. The study was based upon interviews with 139 suicidal patients admitted to the Department of Psychiatry of Odense University Hospital. The results indicated a tendency for suicide attempters using wrist-cutting to score low on the Suicidal Intent Scale. Patients using kinds of self-injury other than self-poisoning or wrist-cutting scored high. In the case of self-poisoning, suicidal intent did not influence the choice of toxic agent, nor was the choice of method and/or choice of toxic agent affected by alcohol ingestion. A correlation between suicidal intent and the lethality of the suicide attempt was seen only among patients without a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Alcohol-dependent patients who made highly lethal attempts scored relatively low on the Suicidal Intent Scale. The results indicate that the lethality of the suicidal act is only an incomplete guide to a patient's suicidal intent. However, it should be stressed that, despite the fact that alcohol-dependent suicide attempters may not strongly wish to die, they are nonetheless at high risk for making fatal suicide attempts.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Geographic and temporal patterns of recurrent intentional injury in south-central Los Angeles.

To better understand geographic and temporal patterns of recurrent intentional injury, 285 consecutive trauma patients were evaluated prospectively. Fifteen were excluded because of immediate death or severe brain injury. The remaining 270 patients were interviewed. Of these, 59 (22%) had been treated in a hospital for a total of 75 previous episodes of intentional trauma (mean: 1.3 episodes/patient). In 66 of the 75 episodes, the patient recalled where treatment had been received (88%). Twenty-eight (42%) of the 66 episodes had been treated at King/Drew Medical Center (KDMC), 36 (55%) had been treated at a hospital within a 3-mile radius of KDMC, 48 (73%) within an 8-mile radius, and 63 (95%) within a 10-mile radius. Sixty-five percent of the episodes occurred 5 years or less prior to the current injury (range: 11 days to 30 years; mean: 4.9 years). Patients currently admitted for intentional injury were more likely to have had intentional injury previously than those with unintentional injury (27% versus 12%). Based on these findings, we conclude that intentional trauma patients in our community remain in a defined geographic region and that there is a definable high-risk period for recurrent intentional injury. These conclusions should enhance the development of a framework on which future violence prevention programs can be designed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Couple childbearing desires, intentions, and births.

Using new panel data from the National Surveys of Families and Households, I investigate the effects of wives' and husbands' childbearing desires on their spouses' intentions, and the effects of spouses' desires and intentions on subsequent births. The results show clearly that husbands' desires and intentions influence couples' births, with approximately equal force to that of wives' desires and intentions. When couples disagreed about wanting a child, each partners' intentions were shifted toward not having a child; and disagreement in desires or intentions were reflected in birth rates that were lower than average. These patterns were generally not different for couples with more or less traditional gender roles or attitudes.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Intention tremor of the head in patients with essential tremor.

Patients with essential tremor (ET) have kinetic arm tremor; this tremor can also have an intentional component. We are unaware of reports of intention tremor of the head in ET. Our aims were to describe, provide electrophysiological data and video documentation of, and estimate the prevalence of intention tremor of the head in our sample. Ten (9.0%; 95% confidence interval = 4.7%-14.3%) of 111 patients had intention tremor of the head; in 7 it involved the neck and in 3 the chin. These patients trended toward having more severe kinetic arm tremor and they had more severe intention tremor of the arms. These observations provide further support for the evolving view that the cerebellum may be involved in ET.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Health risks, past usage, and intention to use weight loss products in normal weight women with high and low body dysphoria.

OBJECTIVE: There are many health risks involved with the use of weight loss products by normal weight women. The mass media may compound this problem through the promotion of weight loss products and a thin body size. This study tested women's perceptions of different weight loss product ads to determine if body dysphoria (i.e., an over concern with body size and shape in normal weight people) was associated with risk beliefs, past behaviors, and intention toward using weight loss products. METHOD: Normal weight women (age range = 18-41 yr), who were classified as either high (n=45) or low (n=43) on a measure of body dysphoria, rated different weight loss products according to their perception of health risks, past behavior, and their intention to consume the products. These products were a dietary fat substitute (olestra), a prescription obesity medication (sibutramine), and an over-the-counter appetite suppressant (phenylpropanolamine). RESULTS: High body dysphoric women reported higher intentions to use the products as well as increased prior use of two of the three weight loss products. High body dysphoric women did not believe that these weight loss products were harmless. They recognized potential health risks associated with using such products, but nonetheless, expressed intention to use these weight loss products at a higher frequency. Also, several variables related to body image were found to effectively discriminate normal weight women at risk for abusing weight loss products. DISCUSSION: This study found that women who do not need to lose weight but have significant body image concerns were willing to use potentially harmful weight loss products despite the knowledge that such products might pose significant health risks. Techniques utilized by advertising regulatory agencies such as warning labels did not have a strong deterrent effect for stated intentions to use the products. Implications of these findings for public health policy issues were discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The influence of intentional and incidental learning on acquiring spatial knowledge during navigation.

In order to study the influence of intentional and incidental learning conditions on route learning, young adults walked a route through a university building. Half of the participants focused their attention on the route (intentional learning condition), while the other half did not (incidental learning condition). Five tests of spatial knowledge were employed: a route-length-estimation, landmark recognition, landmark ordering, map-drawing and navigation task. The intentional group performed better than the incidental group on the map-drawing and navigation task. No difference between the intentional and incidental group was found on the landmark-recognition and landmark-ordering task. Moreover, the intentional group overestimated the walking distance, while the incidental group underestimated it. These results suggest that route knowledge (landmark recognition and landmark ordering) requires less effortful processing than survey knowledge (developing a map-like representation and actual navigation).

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Self-regulatory strategy and executive control: implementation intentions modulate task switching and Simon task performance.

Two tasks where failures of cognitive control are especially prevalent are task-switching and spatial Simon task paradigms. Both tasks require considerable strategic control for the participant to avoid the costs associated with switching tasks (task-switching paradigm) and to minimize the influence of spatial location (Simon task). In the current study, we assessed whether the use of a self-regulatory strategy known as "implementation intentions" would have any beneficial effects on performance in each of these task domains. Forming an implementation intention (i.e., an if-then plan) is a self-regulatory strategy in which a mental link is created between a pre-specified future cue and a desired goal-directed response, resulting in facilitated goal attainment (Gollwitzer in European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 141-185, 1993, American Psychologist, 54, 493-503, 1999). In Experiment 1, forming implementation intentions in the context of a task-switching paradigm led to a reduction in switch costs. In Experiment 2, forming implementation intentions reduced the effects of spatial location in a Simon task for the stimulus specified in the implementation intention. Results supported the prediction that the need for high levels of cognitive control can be alleviated to some degree by making if-then plans that specify how one responds to that critical stimuli.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Factors associated with intention to breastfeed among low-income, inner-city pregnant women.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between sociodemographic factors, maternal characteristics, and intention to breastfeed among low-income, inner-city pregnant women. METHODS: English and Spanish speaking low-income women recruited from local Philadelphia health centers were surveyed at the time of their first prenatal care visit. At the time of the visit, respondents were asked whether or not they planned to breastfeed their infant. The responses of 2,690 women were included in these analyses. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the independent associations of race/ethnicity, nativity status, education, and other factors on the odds of intending to breastfeed. RESULTS: About half (53%) of the respondents reported that they intended to breastfeed their infant. In adjusted logistic regression models, immigrant black (adjusted OR [aOR] 5.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.86, 8.77), other Hispanic (who were predominantly foreign-born) (aOR 6.05; 95% CI 3.92, 9.33), and island-born Puerto Rican (aOR 3.48; 95% CI 2.04, 5.95) women were significantly more likely to report that they intended to breastfeed than non-Hispanic whites. Somewhat surprisingly, non-Hispanic, US-born African Americans in this low-income sample were more likely to report that they intended to breastfeed than non-Hispanic white respondents (aOR 1.59; 95% CI 1.20, 2.11). Lower education, not living with the baby's father, multiparous pregnancy, and smoking were negatively and independently associated with intention to breastfeed. Maternal age, household income, public housing, and depressive symptoms were not significant predictors of breastfeeding intention in adjusted multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were documented in breastfeeding intention in our sample of low-income, inner-city women. Most notable was the higher likelihood of anticipated breastfeeding among our immigrant sub-groups when compared with non-Hispanic white women. An unexpected finding was the higher likelihood of anticipated breastfeeding among native-born, non-Hispanic African American women than among non-Hispanic white respondents. Because intentions are important predictors of future behavior, more focus needs to be directed towards breastfeeding promotion during the prenatal period and towards a better understanding of why some mothers intend to breastfeed while others do not.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The effect of age, gender and driver status on pedestrians' intentions to cross the road in risky situations.

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) has been used successfully in the past to account for pedestrians' intentions to cross the road in risky situations. However, accident statistics show age and gender differences in the likelihood of adult pedestrian accidents. This study extends earlier work by examining the relative importance of the model components as predictors of intention to cross for four different adult age groups, men, women, drivers and nondrivers. The groups did not differ in the extent to which they differentiated between two situations of varying perceived risk. The model fit was good, but accounted for less of the variance in intention for the youngest group (17-24) than for other age groups. Differences between the age groups in intention to cross seemed to be due to differences in perceived value of crossing rather than differences in perceived risk. Women were less likely to intend to cross than men and perceived more risk, and there were important age, gender and driver status differences in the importance of the TPB variables as predictors of intention. A key implication of these findings is that road safety interventions need to be designed differently for different groups.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2005

Intentions to quit smoking change over short periods of time.

To assess the stability of intention to quit smoking, 115 US and Swedish smokers were randomized to complete Stage of Change (SOC) or ladder scales of intentions to quit at either 0, 7, 14 and 30 days or at 0 and 30 days in the absence of intervention. The four-assessment group had more progression in intention to quit than the two-assessment group. Depending on the measure, 12-17% of smokers changed their intention to quit over 7 days, 15-25% changed over 14 days and 17-34% changed over 30 days. Results were similar in Swedish and US participants and replicate the results of prior studies. We conclude intention to quit often spontaneously changes over short periods of time, especially with repeated testing.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Planning and realization of complex intentions in traumatic brain injury and normal aging.

The realization of delayed intentions (i.e., prospective memory) is a highly complex process composed of four phases: intention formation, retention, re-instantiation, and execution. The aim of this study was to investigate if executive functioning impairments are related to problems in the formation, re-instantiation, and execution of a delayed complex intention. In this context, it was another aim of the study to investigate the executive functioning hypothesis of cognitive aging in prospective memory performance. It was, therefore, explored if age-related prospective memory decline leads to similar decrements in the process of prospective remembering as executive functioning-related decline in young patients with traumatic brain injury. A group of patients with traumatic brain injury with retrospective memory within normal limits but impaired executive functions, a group of healthy older and a group of healthy younger adults completed a complex prospective memory task that allows for the separate assessment of the four phases of the prospective memory process. All groups showed a similarly high performance in the intention retention phase, whereas the patients with deficits in executive functioning and the older participants performed worse than the healthy young participants in the intention formation, re-instantiation and execution phases. The importance of executive functioning for prospective remembering in traumatic brain injury and normal aging is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

An intentional stance modulates the integration of gesture and speech during comprehension.

The present study investigates whether knowledge about the intentional relationship between gesture and speech influences controlled processes when integrating the two modalities at comprehension. Thirty-five adults watched short videos of gesture and speech that conveyed semantically congruous and incongruous information. In half of the videos, participants were told that the two modalities were intentionally coupled (i.e., produced by the same communicator), and in the other half, they were told that the two modalities were not intentionally coupled (i.e., produced by different communicators). When participants knew that the same communicator produced the speech and gesture, there was a larger bi-lateral frontal and central N400 effect to words that were semantically incongruous versus congruous with gesture. However, when participants knew that different communicators produced the speech and gesture--that is, when gesture and speech were not intentionally meant to go together--the N400 effect was present only in right-hemisphere frontal regions. The results demonstrate that pragmatic knowledge about the intentional relationship between gesture and speech modulates controlled neural processes during the integration of the two modalities.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Change blindness blindness: beliefs about the roles of intention and scene complexity in change detection.

Observers have difficulty detecting visual changes. However, they are unaware of this inability, suggesting that people do not have an accurate understanding of visual processes. We explored whether this error is related to participants' beliefs about the roles of intention and scene complexity in detecting changes. In Experiment 1 participants had a higher failure rate for detecting changes in an incidental change detection task than an intentional change detection task. This effect of intention was greatest for complex scenes. However, participants predicted equal levels of change detection for both types of changes across scene complexity. In Experiment 2, emphasizing the differences between intentional and incidental tasks allowed participants to make predictions that were less inaccurate. In Experiment 3, using more sensitive measures and accounting for individual differences did not further improve predictions. These findings suggest that adults do not fully understand the role of intention and scene complexity in change detection.

Awareness↗

PubMed2006

Intentions and expectations in temporal binding.

Recently, it has been shown that the perceived times of voluntary movements and their effects are perceived as shifted towards each other. This temporal binding phenomenon was explained by an integrated representation of movement and effect, facilitating operant learning and the experience of intentionality. Here, we investigated whether temporal binding depends on explicit intentional attributions. In Experiment 1, participants intended to either produce or avoid producing an effect (a tone) by the timing of their movements, with the ratio of success being fixed at 2:1. In Experiments 2 and 3, the influence of the action-effect contingency ratio on temporal binding was controlled for by removing the intentional attribution of the effect. The results indicate that temporal binding is a general associative mechanism that facilitates the learning of movement-effect contingencies. Beyond that, temporal binding is sensitive to explicit intentional attributions, which selectively enhance the link between an intentional movement and the effect a moving agent intends to produce.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

The role of job satisfaction, job dissatisfaction and demographic factors on physicians' intentions to switch work sector from public to private.

This study is based on a unique data set for the years 1988-2003 and uses structural equation models to examine the impact of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction on physicians' intention to switch from public- to private-sector work. In Finland, physicians who work primarily in a public-hospital or health-centre setting can also run a private practice. Therefore, we also analysed the impact of having a private practice on a physician's intention to change sector. We found that private practice had a positive, statistically significant effect on the intention to switch sector in 1998 and 2003. Results also suggest that job satisfaction decreases a physician's intention to switch sector, although for 1998 it had no effect. Surprisingly, job dissatisfaction significantly increased the physicians' intentions to leave the public sector only in the 1988 data.

Career Mobility↗

PubMed2005

Promoting adherence to antibiotics: a test of implementation intentions.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective study tested whether implementation intentions increased adherence to short-term antibiotics in a patient sample. Implementation intentions specify exactly when and where an individual will undertake an activity. They may help people achieve health behaviours, such as taking medicines. METHODS: A total of 220 patients with an antibiotics prescription were randomly assigned to four groups (control, Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) questionnaire, TPB questionnaire+formed own implementation intention for taking the medicine, TPB questionnaire+researcher formed implementation intention). Participants were telephoned at the end of the course to record adherence. Two hundred and seven participants completed the study. RESULTS: At follow-up, adherence was high (75.8% reported no tablets left). Analysis revealed no significant difference in adherence between groups. CONCLUSION: High adherence to antibiotics was achieved, but not improved by implementation intentions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Providing information and telephone follow-up may have been the unintended effective intervention in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

AIDS health beliefs and intention for sexual abstinence among male adolescent students in Kathmandu, Nepal: a test of perceived severity and susceptibility.

OBJECTIVES: In Nepal, male adolescent students are at high risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of their risky sexual behaviours. This study examined whether two subscales of the Health Belief Model (HBM), perceived severity and perceived susceptibility, are associated with abstinence intention among Nepalese male adolescent students for HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A school-based study was conducted at a single school located in central Kathmandu from July to August 2002. Participants included 183 male students in Grades 9-12 aged 14-19 years. Anonymous self-reported questionnaires were used, and Zagumny's AIDS Health Belief Scale was adopted as a measure of perceived severity and perceived susceptibility. RESULTS: Over half of the students (53%) strongly agreed with abstinence intention. Students with higher levels of perceived severity strongly agreed with abstinence intention [crude odds ratio 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-3.38; adjusted odds ratio 1.94, 95% CI 1.05-3.58], but those with higher levels of perceived susceptibility did not. Moreover, age-stratified analysis showed that a high level of perceived susceptibility tended to decrease strong abstinence intention among students aged 16-19 years. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived severity enhanced abstinence intention. The interpretations of perceived susceptibility need further examination through a longitudinal study among students aged 16-19 years. Furthermore, future research is needed to assess the effect of HIV/AIDS education on HIV/AIDS prevention strategies using perceived severity as a motivational tool to help persuade Nepalese male students to abstain from sexual intercourse.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

Beyond intention: do specific plans increase health behaviours in patients in primary care? A study of fruit and vegetable consumption.

Increasing evidence suggests that implementation intentions are effective in moving people towards achieving health behaviour goals. However, the type of health behaviours for which they work best is unclear. Furthermore, implementation intentions appear to be less effective when studied in clinical rather than student populations. This prospective study tested implementation intentions with a complex, repeated health behaviour in a patient sample. A total of 120 cardiac patients in the UK were asked to increase their daily fruit and vegetable consumption by two portions and to maintain this over 3 months. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups (control, Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) questionnaire, TPB questionnaire+implementation intention) and telephoned at 7, 28 and 90 days follow-up to record daily consumption (24-h recall measure); 94 participants completed the study. Daily fruit and vegetable consumption increased from 2.88 portions (SD=1.67) at recruitment to 4.28 portions (SD=2.25) at 90 days. A 4x3 (time by group) mixed design ANCOVA was computed with daily fruit and vegetable consumption at recruitment entered as a covariate. This revealed a significant time effect (F (3, 270)=29.79, p<0.001) (eta2=0.25) but non-significant group (F (2, 90)=0.32, p=0.73) (eta2=0.07) and time by group effects (F (6, 270)=0.48, p=0.82) (eta2=0.01). There was also a significant main effect of the covariate (F (1, 90)=48.51, p<0.001) (eta2=0.35) and a significant time by covariate effect (F (3, 270)=12.14, p<0.001) (eta2=0.12). Substantial increases in fruit and vegetable consumption were achieved particularly by participants who were eating low levels at recruitment. Consumption was not improved by implementation intentions. These findings are discussed in the context of the targeted health behaviour and sample.

Female↗