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PubMed2004

Repeating the errors of our parents? Parental violence in men's family of origin and conflict management in dating couples.

Within a social learning model, family-of-origin violence places men at risk for developing negative communication in their adult relationships. Thirty young men exposed to family-of-origin violence (exposed group) and 30 unexposed young men were videotaped discussing a conflict topic with their female dating partners. Relative to the unexposed group, the exposed men and women reported higher relationship aggression and during discussion showed more negative communication, were more domineering, and the men reported more negative affect. There were no differences between the groups on cognition or heart rate. The conflict management deficits and aggression evident in the exposed group suggest that these partners are at high risk for future relationship aggression and distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Extended families and adolescent well-being.

PURPOSE: To examine the association between adolescent well-being and the presence of non-parental adults in the household. METHODS: The sample for this study was obtained from the 1995 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The sample consists of adolescents who reside with parents and at least one non-parental adult. Non-parental adults include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other relatives. Two measures of adolescent well-being are examined: depressive symptoms and deviant behavior. Regression analyses include controls for family structure, parent and child characteristics, and parent-child relations. RESULTS: The presence of grandparents in the household is associated with less deviant behavior overall, and fewer depressive symptoms among Blacks. The presence of other adults such as aunts, uncles, and other relatives is associated with greater depressive symptoms overall, but less deviant behavior among adolescents in households with large numbers of siblings. CONCLUSIONS: The association between extended families and adolescent well-being is not as straightforward as often assumed. Results point to the need for caution when discussing the benefits of such families as their impact varies with outcome of interest, the relationship to the child, and other characteristics within the family.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The generational transmission of socioeconomic inequalities in child cognitive development and emotional health.

Socioeconomic inequalities in the health of adults have been largely attributed to lifestyle inequalities. The cognitive development (CD) and emotional health (EH) of the child provides a basis for many of the health-related behaviours which are observed in adulthood. There has been relatively little attention paid to the way CD and EH are transmitted in the foetal and childhood periods, even though these provide a foundation for subsequent socioeconomic inequalities in adult health. The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) is a large, prospective, pre-birth cohort study which enrolled 8556 pregnant women at their first clinic visit over the period 1981-1983. These mothers (and their children) have been followed up at intervals until 14 years after the birth. The socioeconomic status of the child was measured using maternal age, family income, and marital status and the grandfathers' occupational status. Measures of child CD and child EH were obtained at 5 and 14 years of age. Child smoking at 14 years of age was also determined. Family income was related to all measures of child CD and EH and smoking, independently of all other indicators of the socioeconomic status of the child. In addition, the grandfathers' occupational status was independently related to child CD (at 5 and 14 years of age). Children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families (previous generations' socioeconomic status as well as current socioeconomic status) begin their lives with a poorer platform of health and a reduced capacity to benefit from the economic and social advances experienced by the rest of society.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Life control of members of the Kainuu Martha Organization in Finland.

The purpose of this study was to describe the life control of members of the Kainuu Martha Organization (the Marthas), based on their written autobiographic material. The study material consisted of written thematized autobiographies of members of the organization (n = 41). The material was analysed using qualitative content analysis with concepts of the health portrait. The Marthas were classified into three groups (member, participating and leading) on the basis of their participation in Martha activities. According to the generational categorization of Roos, the member Marthas represented the Finnish generations of well-being, structural change and shortage. They did not participate actively in the Martha activities. Their feeling of life control was based on the sense life made to them. The member Marthas emphasized the meaning of family in their lives. The participating Marthas represented the generations of structural change and shortage. They participated in the Martha activities as observers or by attending the functions of their local organizations. Their feeling of life control was related to a favourable attitude towards life and concern for their human relations. The leading Marthas represented the generation of shortage and participated actively in the Martha activities. They believed in the continuity of the Martha Organization in Kainuu. They had a strong feeling of life control. This manifested as an enterprising spirit in everyday life, which included a skill to live life as it occurred. The lives of the leading Marthas were characterized by a favourable attitude, a feeling of responsibility and initiative.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

The greying world: a challenge for the twenty-first century.

As we approach the next millennium, an unprecedented rapid increase of total and relative numbers of older persons in both the developed and the developing world is being observed. The total aged population (aged more than 60 years) world-wide will rise from 605 million in the year 2000 to 1.2 billion in 2025. Population ageing is due to two factors: increased life expectancy and decreasing fertility rates. Public health interventions are major contributor to both. A significant consequence of ageing is the shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) is addressing the multiple challenges posed by population ageing through integrated activities that include consolidation of databases, capacity building (research and training), advocacy and policy development. These are all approached through WHO perspectives on ageing and health: life-course, health promotion, socio-economic, community based, intergenerational, cultural, gender and ethical.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Grandparental impact in young adults' relationships with their closest grandparents: the role of relationship strength and emotional closeness.

This study explored the role that relationship strength, generally, and emotional closeness, more specifically, may play in delimiting the bounds of grandparental influence in young adults' lives. One-hundred and seventy-one college-aged young adults completed a questionnaire evaluating their relationship with the living grandparent to whom they felt most emotionally close or, if they felt close to none of their living grandparents, the grandparent with whom they had the most contact. Participants' perceptions of the strength of this relationship were significantly and positively related to their responses on measures of the extent to which their closest grandparent influenced various aspects of their lives (e.g., their beliefs and values, how much their lives would be missing had they never known the grandparent). In addition, participants whose grandparent-grandchild relationships were emotionally close endorsed a broader range of alternatives on checklist measures of perceived relationship impact than did those whose relationships were more emotionally distant.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Granddaughters' accounts of the influence of parental mediation on relational closeness with maternal grandmothers.

This study explores granddaughters' reports of the nature and impact of parental mediation on the development of their feelings of closeness toward their maternal grandmothers. Results from close-ended questions assessing granddaughters' perceptions of parental mediation and relational closeness indicated that closeness was predicted by mediation involving: visits alone with grandmothers, the absence of criticism of grandmothers, communication indicating the grandmothers were important persons, and less influence on conversations or activities. Qualitative analysis of granddaughters' accounts of the influence of parents illustrated what they perceived to be important issues in mediation. Additionally, accounts revealed the role of other family members in the relationship mediation process.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

The impact of parental separation/divorce on grandparent-grandchild relationships.

Eighty-six members of the Grandparents' Federation in Britain returned questionnaires about changes in contact with their grandchildren following parental divorce; ten grandparents were also interviewed to obtain more contextual information and measures of health and coping strategies. Three questionnaire measures of the grandparent-grandchild relationship, proximity, contact frequency, and emotional involvement, were interrelated and a significant decrease was reported after parental divorce. There were no significant differences on these measures between grandparents all of whose grandchildren were affected by parental divorce, and grandparents for whom only some grandchildren were so affected; but the latter group did show a greater decline in emotional involvement and also had less recourse to legal action to sustain contact. With grandchildren affected by parental divorce, proximity to grandparents was not significantly less than for grandchildren not so affected, but contact and emotional involvement were significantly less. Many grandparents reported emotional and physical health problems related to the loss of contact. Results are discussed in terms of the extent to which grandparents are victims of the divorce situation, or agents involved in cross-generational family dysfunction; the victim model appears to get more support from our data. Recommendations are made for further research, as well as counseling to help move grandparents through the grief process and to a better quality of life.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Mortality decline in the twentieth century and supply of kin over the life course.

Declining mortality over the Twentieth Century has altered the supply of older relatives in the kin networks of persons at all stages of life. Mortality decline has also changed the supply of kin for older persons. Using period life tables for selected years between 1900 and 2000, I calculate the proportion of persons who, at various stages of the life course, would have grandparents, parents, spouses, siblings and children still living. The results draw attention to the unprecedented potential for kinship ties involving older persons afforded by contemporary high survival rates.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Social relations and filial maturity in middle-aged adults: contextual conditions and psychological determinants.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the contextual and psychological preconditions of parent help and helpfulness in a sample of 260 middle-aged persons belonging to two age groups, 40-45 years and 50-55 years. In a first step we want to focus on the description of the contextual situation of the persons of this "hinge generation": What are their available social networks; what are their commitments towards children and parents in terms of perceived obligation and investment; how is their perceived balance of giving and receiving; how do they anticipate and experience dependency of their parents? In a second step we will highlight the readiness of middle-aged women and men to help their parents as well as the effectively reported help. Here we are interested in the psychological determinants of such attitude and behaviour. Structural equation models are performed to estimate the predictory power of personality variables, control beliefs and reported stress (family and job) on filial helpfulness and help. Results suggest that differential aspects such as gender and age group explain a large amount of variance of the variables intergenerational commitment and satisfaction with social networks and have--along with personality variables--a strong impact on filial help and helpfulness of middle-aged adults.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Grandmothers' diaries: a glimpse at daily lives.

Little information exists about the daily lives of women who are grandmothers, and the differences in daily stresses based on caregiving status to grandchildren. This content analysis examines the stresses of 64 grandmothers as grouped by caregiver status (grandmothers raising grandchildren, grandmothers living in multigeneration homes, non-caregivers to grandchildren) as recorded in three-week diaries. The nature of salient issues and stressful interactions differed by caregiver groups. Grandmothers raising grandchildren reported more stresses related to grandchildren's routines, activities, and school progress, more time pressure, and difficult interactions with grandchildren. The diary entries of grandmothers in multigenerational homes reflected their supplemental role in childcare, and sometimes stressful interactions with other family members. Grandmothers with no routine caregiving to grandchildren reported more involvement with those outside the immediate family. Many general concerns about the well-being of the family represent commonalities in grandmothers despite differences in current caregiving roles to grandchildren.

Caregivers↗

PubMed1997

Behavioral aspects of infantile autism: an ethological description.

Eighteen children classified in four diagnostic groups--Infantile Autism, Full Syndrome Present (IA), Infantile Autism, Residual State (IA-R), Hyperkinetic Syndrome (HYPER), and Mental Retardation (MR)--were mutually compared on the basis of their behavior in a free child-adult interaction. An ethological analysis of 80 behavioral elements was performed, aiming at describing this interaction in detail. The analysis demonstrated that the autistic children with full syndrome present stayed closer to the adult and that they were more inclined to decrease the interpersonal distance than the children in the three other groups. Moreover, this group was often engaged in bodily contact with the adult. However, their facial orientation towards the adult was poorly developed, in fact they usually turned away their faces. Visual attention to the adult and manipulated objects was relatively low. Hand and head gestures were rare, but facial expressions occurred very frequently. Speech was seriously impaired, but probably counterbalanced by nonarticulated sounds. Finally, the adult seemed to have modified her behavior on a par with the child she was interacting with. From a behavioral point of view the autistic group with full syndrome present was clearly distinguishable from the three comparison groups, including the group with residual state autism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

The economics of ageing: on the attitude of Swedish people to the distribution of health care resources between the young and the old.

The Swedish Priorities Investigation [1] proposes that no account should be taken of a patient's age when allocating health care resources. Measures to save an old person's life are to be given the same priority as measures to save a young person's life. In the present study it is shown that the attitude of the Swedish population to this age-related problem is dramatically different from that laid down in the priorities investigation. On average, people are willing to sacrifice thirty-five 70-year-olds to save one 30-year-old. It is also shown that a measure which increases life-expectancy by 1 year, conditional on having survived until the age of 75 years, is given a low weighting. The (maximum) insurance premium the average Swede is willing to pay for such a programme is about 700 pounds.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Family caregiving: the positive impact on adolescent relationships.

Adult children are a significant contingent of elder care providers; a number of these individuals simultaneously care for children of their own while coping with caregiving commitments. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information regarding the caregiving impact on these children and young adults. Moreover, the possible positive consequences of caring for an impaired elder are rarely mentioned. The current study was undertaken to examine the potential positive caregiving experiences of adolescents and their perceptions of relational enhancement as a result of caregiving. Twenty adolescents aged 14-18 were interviewed and asked a series of semistructured questions concerning satisfaction related to caregiving. To be included, respondents had to be a child, grandchild, or niece/nephew of an Alzheimer's (or Alzheimer's Type Dementia) patient cared for by the adolescent's immediate family. Employing features of content analysis methodology, all interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. The results merged into four primary categories: 1) increased sibling activity/sharing; 2) greater empathy for older adults; 3) significant mother-adolescent bonding and 4) peer relationship selection and maintenance. The implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

[Impact of the positive appraisal of care on quality of life, purpose in life, and will to continue care among Japanese family caregivers of older adults: analysis by kinship type].

PURPOSE: The impact of positive appraisal of care (PAC) on the caregiver's quality of life (QL), sense of purpose in life (sense of ikigai) and will to continue care was examined. METHODS: Data were collected from 322 Japanese family caregivers of older adults who were using visiting nursing services through 21 facilities in the Tokyo metropolitan area, and the prefectures of Shizuoka, Mie and Okinawa. RESULTS: The data were grouped by kinship type (husband or son, wife, daughter or daughter-in-law) and analyzed separately. From the multiple regression and logistic regression analyses, the following results were derived: 1) The PAC was not related to the physical QL regardless of the relationship type; 2) The relationship depended upon the relationship type: only the PAC was related to the mental QL among husband and son caregivers, both the PAC and the negative appraisal of care (NAC) were important among wives, only the NAC among daughters, and none of them among daughters-in-law; 3) Both the PAC and NAC were related to the sense of ikigai in all caregiver types except among husband and son caregivers, which showed no relationship between the NAC and sense of ikigai; 4) Both the PAC and NAC were related to will to continue care among son and husband caregivers, whereas only the PAC was among wives and daughters-in-law. Only the NAC was related among daughters. However, the difference across kinship type seems minimal for will to continue care. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the PAC among family caregivers may be important in order to better assist them to improve their mental QL or sense of ikigai as well as to predict their continuation of caregiving at home. The impact of PAC varies depending on the kinship type, and it should be assessed separately with reference to this pariable to develop plans for appropriate assistance.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

The influence of social networks and social support on violence by persons with serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the relationship between violent acts and threats by persons with serious mental illness, the size and composition of their social networks, and characteristics of the social support they received. METHODS: A group of 169 respondents with serious mental illness and 59 of their significant others were interviewed using structured and semi-structured protocols to elicit data on demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, characteristics of respondents' social networks and of the social support they received, and perceptions of threat within the social network. Data on acts and threats of violence by respondents over an 18-month period were collected from self-reports by respondents and significant others and from hospital and court records. RESULTS: Fifty-six respondents either threatened violence or committed a violent act during the study period. Respondents with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were more likely to commit violent acts but were not more likely to threaten violence than were respondents with other diagnoses. Respondents in larger networks, those with networks composed primarily of relatives, and those who lived with unrelated persons were more likely to threaten violence. Financial dependence on family was associated with more violent threats and acts. Respondents who perceived hostility from others were more likely to engage in violent threats and acts, and those with confused thinking were less likely to act or threaten violence. More than half of the targets of violence were respondents' relatives, particularly mothers living with a respondent. Respondents who were violent perceived their significant others as threatening but did not perceive themselves as being threatening in return. CONCLUSIONS: The interpersonal and social contexts of respondents and their perceptions of these contexts are important considerations in assessing risk for violence by persons with mental illness. Mothers who live with an adult offspring with schizophrenia may be at increased risk for being a target of violence. Violence by persons with psychiatric disorders may be linked to their perceptions and experience of being threatened by others.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Gay youth and gay adults: bridging the generation gap.

Recent discussion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans (LGBT) youth has included two emphases: the burgeoning trend toward youth-supportive organizations and focus on risk factors experienced by these youth. In practice, the two are intertwined: the need for youth-supportive endeavors is typically demonstrated by appeals to the risks LGBT youth face. Relatively little attention has been given to relationships between youth and adults in LGBT communities. This article employs data from a long-term qualitative study with LGBT youth, supported by information from numerous other settings to suggest that a failure on the part of both groups fully to comprehend the experience of the other hampers the optimal functioning of everyone involved. In particular, we suggest that the discourse about the dangers faced by LGBT youth, despite its being thoroughly well-intentioned. may actually place these teens at greater risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Attitudes toward physical discipline as a function of disciplinary history and self-labeling as physically abused.

To examine the relation between childhood experience with punitive discipline, perceptions of a punitive childhood history, and adult attitudes regarding appropriate discipline, a total of 1359 university undergraduates completed a screening questionnaire to assess their childhood disciplinary histories and their perceptions of that history. A sample of 207 of the screened participants who reported a diverse range of childhood disciplinary histories participated in a second test session to assess attitudes regarding appropriate discipline. Among persons with severely punitive histories, those who did not label themselves as abused were less likely to classify events as physically abusive than those who labeled themselves abused. Persons with less severe punishment histories were comparable to those with severely punitive histories who also labeled themselves abused. Additionally, persons who had experienced a specific form of physical discipline as a child were less likely to label that form of discipline abusive. However, this effect of experience did not obtain among subjects who described a history of discipline-produced injury. Implications of these patterns for the intergenerational transmission of abuse are discussed.

Adult↗