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PubMed1977

Elimination of glucose interference and improved precision in a continuous-flow analysis for inulin.

A modified fermentation procedure based on one described by Homer Smith in his textbook was used to eliminate glucose interference in the automated detrmination of inulin. The manifold of Fjeldbo and Stamey [J. Lab. Clin. Med. 72, 353 (1968)] was modified to enable us to insert the fermentation procedure without sacrificing precision in continuous-flow analysis for inulin. Analytical recoveries of inulin from plasma and urine with the modified manifold were 100.1 +/- 0.8% (SD) and 99.9 +/- 1.6%. Corresponding recoveries of inulin from specimens of plasma and urine containing 5 g of glucose per liter and treated with yeast were 99.6 +/- 1.5% and 100.0 +/- 1.6%.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The behavior of inulin in aqueous solutions under exposure to gamma radiation].

Radiochemical transformations of inulin in aqueous solutions, in air, in the presence of inert gases, helium, nitrogen, and in nitrous oxide exposed to various doses of 60Co gamma irradiation were investigated. It was shown that interactions of inulin with OH radicals are principally responsible for radiolytic decomposition of inulin. The data on radiolysis of more simple model systems were used to make available decomposition of absorption spectra of gamma-irradiated aerated aqueous solution of inulin.

Air↗

PubMed2007

Circulatory transport and capillary-tissue exchange as determinants of the distribution kinetics of inulin and antipyrine in dog.

A pharmacokinetic model was developed to estimate physiologically meaningful parameters of distribution kinetics from plasma concentration-time data. The model is based on simultaneously measured disposition curves of drug and vascular marker. Employing residence time distribution theory, a recirculatory model with two subsystems, the pulmonary and systemic circulation, was constructed. In addition to intravascular mixing, the axially distributed model of the systemic circulation accounts for transcapillary transport of solutes, quantified by permeability-surface area product (PS) and diffusional equilibration time. Parameters of ICG, inulin, and antipyrine were estimated from disposition data obtained in awake dogs under control conditions and during an isoproterenol infusion or moderate hypovolemia. Results suggest that distribution kinetics is (1) governed by extravascular diffusion and (2) its dependency on cardiac output decreases with increasing diffusional resistance. Hemorrhage decreased the effective PS of inulin. In conclusion, this novel mechanistic model effectively described both the permeability-limited distribution of inulin into interstitial fluid and the flow-limited distribution of antipyrine into total body water and might be useful for other drugs.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

3H-inulin and electrolyte concentrations in Bowman's capsule in rat kidney. Comparison with artificial ultrafiltration.

Micropuncture experiments were performed on Bowman's capsules in male and female non-diuretic Munich rats. 55 samples were collected and analysed for Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg and 3H-inulin contents. Their electrolyte concentrations were compared to the corresponding concentrations obtained from plasma artificial ultrafiltrates. Compared to normal Wistar rats, our Munich rats had several special characteristics: high arterial pressure (115-155 mm Hg), high concentrating ability (phi equals 2684 mOsm/1) and high NaCl reabsorption capacity. Whole kidney GFR was low in males (0.361 ml/min/kidney/100 g B.W.). 3H-Inulin concentration was the same in plasma and glomerular ultrafiltrates (GF). The corresponding ratio (GF/P) in equals 1.03 plus or minus 0.01 (N equals 55) confirmed the lack of sieving effect for inulin. GF electrolyte concentrations were, for Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg respectively 139 plus or minus 0.05, 1.46 plus or minus 0.07 and 0.52 plus or minus 0.04 ml/1 (N equals 23) in females and 141 plus or minus 2, 120 plus or minus 2, 3.84 plus or minus 0.07, 1.31 plus or minus 0.03, 1.78 plus or minus 0.05 and 0.48 plus or minus 0.01 mM/1 (N equals 32) in males. Comparison of ultrafiltration trough a cuprophan membrane and glomerular ultrafiltration led to the following conclusions: For Na, Cl and P artificial and glomerular ultrafiltration produced identical results. On the other hand, for Ca and to a lesser extent for Mg and K ions, artificial ultrafiltration did not accurately reflect the true glomerular ultrafiltrate composition. The reasons for these differences are discussed below.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Differential effects of the degree of renal damage on p-aminohippuric acid and inulin clearances in rats.

Kidney disease is generally thought to affect all segments of a nephron equally. Bricker and co-workers first proposed this as the Intact Nephron hypothesis in 1971, and evidence to date has usually supported this hypothesis. However, most supporting studies have involved severe renal failure, which may not be suitable to differentiate effects on functional sites or to test the hypothesis. The work included here examines the effects of limited renal failure on two separate functions of the nephron: glomerular filtration, as measured by inulin clearance and proximal tubular organic anion secretory function, as measured by p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance. Renal failure was induced in rats by intravenous administration of uranyl nitrate, a nephrotoxin. Doses used were 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg rat body weight. Five days later, rats were given an intravenous infusion of PAH and inulin. Renal clearance of each compound was calculated. Results obtained in these experiments show that, at the lowest uranyl nitrate dose, PAH clearance was significantly decreased but inulin clearance was not. The ratio of CLPAH/CLIN was decreased from 2.55 in control rats to 1.21 in rats given the low dose of nephrotoxin. At higher uranyl nitrate doses, both clearance rates were significantly decreased and the ratio of CLPAH/CLIN remained close to 1.0. These results indicate that the active transport functions of the nephron can be differentiated from passive transport functions. Caution should be exercised in extrapolating renal disease changes in active renal secretion to changes in passive renal elimination and the reverse.

Aminohippuric Acids↗

PubMed1994

PCR protocol- and inulin catabolism-based differentiation of inulinolytic soil bacteria.

Bacteria collected from rotting dahlia tubers, instead of degrading inulin to D-fructose, preferentially formed the known DFA III (beta-2.1': alpha-2',3 difructofuranose anhydride), inulobiose, higher inulo-oligosaccharides, and exoheteropolysaccharides. Owing to the morphological and Gram staining variability, the bacterial isolates designated YLW and CRM were examined to differentiate them from a reference strain Arthrobacter ureafaciens. The comparative analyses were whole DNA random amplification by Taq polymerase (RAPD-PCR protocol), culture media DFA III content in culture media, chromatographic profile of oligosaccharides formed, and exopolysaccharide fractionation/fragmentation. A comparative study in liquid shake cultures showed that the isolate YLW was faster than the reference strain in the production of DFA III when the inulin/yeast extract ratio was maintained at 10 in the medium, although a similar maximum yield was displayed with both bacteria (13-14 mg of DFA/mL cell free media from the initial 30 mg/mL of inulin load). Doubling the yeast extract input, an even faster onset of DFA III production occurred with YLW but with no further improvement in the maximum yield. Both strains further degraded the resulting DFA during the stationary growth phase. The main ability of CRM when grown on inulin was the production of exopolysaccharides, although culture condition variation also allowed DFA III production, which was accompanied by somewhat lower amounts of its reducing analog, inulobiose.

Arthrobacter↗

PubMed2001

Effect of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and inulin on the formation of aberrant crypt foci in rats.

BACKGROUND: Our studies were aimed at investigating the effect of lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) or inulin, a natural source of non-digestible oligosaccharides derived from chicory, on the induction by carcinogens of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon, which are considered to be early precursor lesions of neoplasia. METHODS: Strains of Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus were administered to rats fed a purified high starch diet, under a variety of treatment protocols including daily gavage, via the drinking water and in the diet. The rats were treated with methyl-N-nitrosourea, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, or azoxymethane (AOM) to induce ACF. RESULTS: In general, no consistent significant changes in ACF numbers were detected in these experiments. In one study, the basal diet of the rats was changed to one containing a higher level of fat (corn oil). Under these conditions, a significant decrease in AOM-induced colonic ACF was seen in rats given L. acidophilus or inulin. In a concurrent group of animals fed a low fat diet, no significant decrease in ACF was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the type of diet fed can influence the detection of protective effects of LAB and oligosaccharides and that against the background of a diet with a level of fat typical of a Western diet, evidence for a protective effect of L. acidophilus and inulin towards colon cancer was obtained

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗

PubMed1977

Chemical measurements of inulin concentrations in peritoneal dialysis solution.

Peritoneal inulin clearance during peritoneal dialysis is a useful indicator of efficiency of removal of larger solutes. Peritoneal dialysis solutions usually contain high glucose concentrations that interfere with the chemical measurements of inulin concentration. In these studies, inulin recoveries in simple glucose and peritoneal dialysis solutions with three chemical methods were compared; all methods reportedly were subject to minimal glucose interference. The findings showed one method subject to minimal and predictable glucose interference in all solutions tested. For two methods, interference in peritoneal dialysis solutions exceeded that predicted from glucose alone; this unexpected interference was shown to most likely result from carmalized glucose subsequent to the routine autoclaving of peritoneal dialysis solutions.

Ascitic Fluid↗

PubMed1990

Binding specificities of inulin-binding immunoglobulins for sinistrin and oligosaccharides isolated from asparagus roots.

The major aim of this study was to further investigate the fine specificity of myeloma proteins recognizing epitopes on fructans. Our studies showed that UPC 61, EPC 109, and a hybrid antibody composed of the heavy chain from UPC 61 and the light chain from EPC 109, UPC 61H:EPC 109L, not only bind to inulin which is a linear fructan of beta (2----1) fructofuranosyl linkages, but also bind to sinistrin, a branched molecule consisting of a beta (2----1) fructofuranosyl backbone with beta (2----6) branch points. The fine binding specificity of these three antibodies for the beta (2----1) fructofuranosyl linkages found in inulin-BSA can be further studied by their binding to fructan oligosaccharides isolated from asparagus roots. From a comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences and the apparent affinity constants (aKa) of UPC 61, EPC 109, and the hybrid for various fructan oligosaccharides, it appears that the light chain of the immunoglobulin molecule makes an important contribution to the binding specificity. Finally we report for the first time that a monoclonal antibody specific for beta (2----6) fructans can also bind specifically to inulin-BSA with a lower affinity. This antibody derives its VH and VL from the VHX24 and Vk10b gene families, respectively, which are different from the gene families utilized by UPC 61 and EPC 109 (VHJ606 and Vk11 gene families).

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Creatinine and inulin clearance at the different nitrogen and energy intake in sheep.

1. Renal creatinine and inulin clearances were compared between sheep fed (a) high nitrogen and high energy diet; (b) low nitrogen and high energy diet and (c) low nitrogen and low energy diet. 2. Inulin clearance was significantly lower in sheep on both low nitrogen diets vs the group with high nitrogen intake. Differences were not ascertained between the groups on low nitrogen diets. 3. No significant differences were found in the creatinine clearance. The creatinine inulin clearance ratio was higher when animals were fed low nitrogen diets, vs the group on a high nitrogen diet. 4. Results suggest that the endogenous creatinine is not suitable for the GFR measurement in sheep under the different conditions of nutrition.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Determination of inulin in plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

We report a new HPLC procedure for measuring inulin in plasma and urine. Samples after dilution are boiled in mild acidic conditions and then analyzed on a C18 column. Solvent system A is 3.2 mM HCl, pH 2.5, and B is acetonitrile-3.2 mM HCl (60:40, v/v), pH 2.5. The separation is carried out in 8 min with a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min and the absorbance monitored at 280 nm. The relationship between inulin and the recorded peak area is linear from 0.2 to 3.2 mg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 for plasma and 0.999 for urine. Within-run precision, measured at three inulin concentrations, ranged from 0.9 to 1.7% in plasma and from 0.8 to 1.2% in urine. Between-run precision varied in plasma from 2.7 to 3.2% and in urine from 3.0 to 3.3%. Analytical recovery ranged from 102 to 107% in plasma and from 101 to 105% in urine, respectively. The method is sensitive, selective and only 30-microliters samples are required. Therefore, it could be used to evaluate the glomerular filtration rate even in small babies and to perform studies in animals.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effects of temperature and general anesthesia on the water gain and the inulin space of the brain of the toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel.

1. The water gain in vitro and the inulin space of the brain of the toad were measured under different experimental conditions. 2. There exists a highly positive correlation between water uptake by the brain and the acclimation-incubation temperature, 7 degrees-37 degrees C. 3. Regional differences in the water gain and inulin space were also demonstrated when measured at 20 degrees C. Higher gains were observed in hemispheres, mesodiencephalon and rhombencephalon. 4. The water gain was higher for whole brains obtained under deep anesthesia with ether or urethane but not under nembutal. The inulin space was also higher under ether but lower under urethane. Nembutal had no effect in this case either. 5. A hypothesis about the possible role of water and electrolyte movements in the mechanism of action of some general anesthetics is advanced.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed2004

Prebiotic effects of chicory inulin in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem.

The prebiotic potential of native chicory inulin was assessed in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) by monitoring microbial community from the colon compartments, its metabolic activity and community structure. Inulin addition selected for a higher short chain fatty acid production with shifts towards propionic and butyric acid. Conventional culture-based techniques and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed no remarkable changes in the overall microbial community from the colon compartments of the SHIME, whereas selective effects were seen for lactic acid bacteria. Quantitative PCR with bifidobacteria-specific primers revealed a significant increase with more than 1 log CFU ml(-1) from the proximal to distal colon, in contrast to culture-based techniques, which only showed a minor bifidogenic effect in the ascending colon. Our results indicate that inulin purports prebiotic effects from the proximal to distal colon and that real-time PCR is a more precise technique to detect differences in bifidobacterial populations whereas conventional culturing techniques are much more variable.

Bifidobacterium↗

PubMed1998

Preparation of O-(Aminopropyl)inulin.

Inulin ethers carrying primary amino groups have many potential applications. O-(Aminopropyl)inulin is obtained from O-(cyanoethyl)inulin by reduction of the nitrile groups. Heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation using Raney-cobalt as the catalyst resulted in only partial conversion of the O-cyanoethyl into O-aminopropyl groups. Complete conversion of the nitriles to primary amines was achieved by a homogeneous reduction with an excess of sodium borohydride and cobaltous chloride or with metals in liquid ammonia-methanol. Optimal results were obtained with the latter method; 83% of the substituents were converted into primary amines and 17% were lost by dealkylation.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2003

Marginal transfer of ReoPro (Abciximab) compared with immunoglobulin G (F105), inulin and water in the perfused human placenta in vitro.

ReoPro (Abciximab), a Fab fragment of a human-murine chimeric monoclonal antibody, binds to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors on human platelets and inhibits platelet aggregation. Can ReoPro transit the human placenta since it does not have an Fc (domain) as does IgG? This question was addressed using an in vitro term human placental lobular dual perfusion model. ReoPro, along with 3H(2)O, inulin or 125I-F105 human IgG(1), were added to the maternal reservoir for 6 or >12 h, ReoPro was equivalent to, or exceeded, clinically relevant plasma concentrations (0.3-3 microg/ml). 3H(2)O rapidly appeared in the fetal circuit, while fetal 14C-inulin never equilibrated with the maternal inulin. After 6 h, 125I-F105 was present with fetal/maternal percentages-0.55 per cent. ReoPro was not detectable (<3.9 ng/ml) in the fetal circuit during or at the end of any perfusion. Using immunohistochemistry, ReoPro was only detected attached to maternal and fetal platelets, and to the trophoblastic surface of the placental villi. Only pharmaceutically insignificant amounts of ReoPro were detected in the fetal circuit, which demonstrates a barrier capacity of the human term placenta for this Fab fragment compared with IgG.

Abciximab↗

PubMed1996

Extrarenal plasma clearance of iohexol, chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and inulin in anephric pigs.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To improve the measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), we determined the extrarenal plasma clearance of the GFR markers iohexol, chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (51Cr-EDTA), and inulin using 11 anephric pigs. METHODS: After an intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection of the markers, the decay curves of their plasma concentrations were monitored for 29 hr by 16 plasma samples. The area under the curve (AUC; concentration of marker versus time) was calculated according to one- and three-compartment kinetics. The extrarenal clearance was calculated by dividing the dose of marker by the AUC. RESULTS: In the three-compartment model, the median of the extrarenal clearances of iohexol, 51Cr-EDTA, and inulin were 0.87 ml.min-1.10 kg-1 (range = 0.62-1.26 ml.min-1.10 kg-1), 0.79 ml.min-1.10 kg-1 (range = 0.61-1.04 ml.min-1.10 kg-1), and 0.83 ml.min-1.10 kg-1 (range = 0.65-1.17 ml.min-1.10 kg-1). The extrarenal clearance of 51Cr-EDTA was slightly lower than that of iohexol and inulin when measured with the three-compartment model (p = .015). There was no statistically significant difference between the two models of kinetics in calculating clearance of the same marker. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that subtracting the median values of the extrarenal clearance of the markers from the total plasma clearance will provide GFR values closer to the "true" GFR. This technique might prove useful in GFR calculations in patients with a very low GFR (e.g., residual GFR in patients on dialysis).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Facilitated synthesis of inulin esters by transesterification.

Inulin, the polydisperse polyfructose, extracted from chicory, has been modified via transesterification, using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The grafting of an alkyl chain onto the inulin backbone under different conditions for the development of potential tensio-active derivatives is described. The modification of the biopolymer was performed in polar organic solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP). Depending on the type of solvent, different catalytic systems, such as DMSO-Na+, NaH, and NaOMe, were used and compared in reaction efficiency and reproducibility. Therefore the synthesized derivatives were characterized by 1H- and 13C NMR. The methods using NaH had a mean reaction efficiency of 80%, whereas the one using NaOMe showed a slight decrease in reaction efficiency to 75%. However, the method using NaOMe in NMP proved to be the preferred way to graft the inulin backbone with FAME on a bigger scale. The methods using DMSO as a solvent were not attractive since the end products had a specific bad smell.

Esterification↗

PubMed2003

Characterization of methacrylated inulin hydrogels designed for colon targeting: in vitro release of BSA.

PURPOSE: To characterize methacrylated inulin hydrogels with respect to their release properties. METHODS: Proteins (bovine serum albumin or lysozyme) were used as model drugs and were loaded during or after hydrogel formation. Parameters such as the drug loading method, the molecular weight of the proteins, the initial drug loading concentration, the hydrogel feed composition, degree of substitution, and size of the hydrogel were investigated by determining the release of the model proteins from the hydrogels in a phosphate buffer solution. The biodegradable properties were investigated by studying the release of bovine serum albumin in a solution of inulinase. RESULTS: In vitro protein release from methacrylated hydrogels was influenced by factors such as the drug loading procedure and the molecular weight and loading concentration of the proteins. The feed composition and degree of substitution of inulin seem to be crucial in controlling both the extent and the rate of release. Protein release was clearly enhanced in the presence of inulinase, indicating the biodegradable properties of methacrylated inulin hydrogels. CONCLUSIONS: Several hydrogels show interesting properties with respect to the development of a colon-specific drug delivery system.

Colon↗