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PubMed1988

Lysergic acid diethylamide and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine are partial agonists at serotonin receptors linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis.

Based on electrophysiological, radioligand binding, and behavioral studies in laboratory animals, it is generally believed that the psychotomimetic effects of the phenethylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens are mediated by central serotonin (5-HT) receptors, in particular the 5-HT-2 subtype. Agonist-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis was utilized to determine the potency and efficacy of racemic 1-(2,5)-dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM), and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at the 5-HT-2 receptor in rat cerebral cortex and the 5-HT-1c receptor in rat choroid plexus. Both DOM and LSD stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in cerebral cortex. These effects were blocked by the 5-HT-2 antagonists, ketanserin and spiperone, but not by antagonists of muscarinic, alpha-1 adrenergic or histaminergic receptors. The maximum responses of DOM and LSD, respectively, were 76% and 25% of the maximum response to 5-HT. However, LSD was 500 times more potent than was racemic DOM. Consistent with a partial agonist effect, LSD partially blocked the effect of 5-HT, with a maximal inhibition equivalent to the intrinsic activity of LSD alone. In choroid plexus, DOM and LSD stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis and both responses were blocked by mianserin and less effectively by spiperone. The maximum effect of DOM was 67% of that of 5-HT, whereas the maximum effect of LSD was only 34% of the maximum response of 5-HT. LSD was 50 times more potent than was racemic DOM. LSD partially antagonized the effect of 5-HT in the choroid plexus, consistent with a partial agonist effect at the 5-HT-1c receptor in this tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine↗
PubMed2005

Complex discriminative stimulus properties of (+)lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in C57Bl/6J mice.

RATIONALE: The drug discrimination procedure is the most frequently used in vivo model of hallucinogen activity. Historically, most drug discrimination studies have been conducted in the rat. With the development of genetically modified mice, a powerful new tool has become available for investigating the mechanisms of drug-induced behavior. The current paper is part of an ongoing effort to determine the utility of the drug discrimination technique for evaluating hallucinogenic drugs in mice. OBJECTIVE: To establish the training procedures and characterize the stimulus properties of (+)lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mice. METHODS: Using a two-lever drug discrimination procedure, C57Bl/6J mice were trained to discriminate 0.45 mg/kg LSD vs saline on a VI30 sec schedule of reinforcement, with vanilla-flavored Ensure serving as the reinforcer. RESULTS: As in rats, acquisition was orderly, but the training dose was nearly five-fold higher for mice than rats. LSD lever selection was dose-dependent. Time-course studies revealed a rapid loss of the LSD stimulus effects. The 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine [(-)DOB] (1.0 mg/kg), substituted fully for LSD and the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (1.6 mg/kg), substituted partially for LSD. Pretreatment with the 5-HT(2A) receptor-selective antagonist, MDL 100907, or the 5-HT(1A)-selective antagonist WAY 100635, showed that each antagonist only partially blocked LSD discrimination. Substitution of 1.0 mg/kg (-)DOB for LSD was fully blocked by pretreatment with MDL 100907 but unaltered by WAY 100635 pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that in mice the stimulus effects of LSD have both a 5-HT(2A) receptor and a 5-HT(1A) receptor component.

DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine↗
PubMed1984

Effects of methiothepin and lysergic acid diethylamide on serotonin release in vitro and serotonin synthesis in vivo: possible relation to serotonin autoreceptor function.

An in vitro system characterizing the presynaptic serotonin (5-HT) autoreceptor which controls the release of 5-HT from rat brain slices is described. Using this system, methiothepin (1-10 microM) demonstrated 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist activity by enhancing 5-HT release, while several recognized postsynaptic 5-HT receptor antagonists were inactive: mianserin, cinanserin, cyproheptadine, methysergide. The activity of methiothepin was highest in hypothalamic slices and lowest in striatal slices and was inhibited by the autoreceptor agonists lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT). The reversal of the methiothepin-enhanced 5-HT release from hypothalamic slices by LSD was not influenced by 0.3 microM tetrodotoxin. The peripheral administration of LSD to rats has been shown to reduce 5-HT synthesis and release by a mechanism thought to involve, in part, an autoreceptor-mediated reduction in impulse flow of 5-HT neurons. In the present experiments, intraperitoneal injection of methiothepin antagonized the LSD-induced reduction in hypothalamic 5-HT synthesis (5-hydroxytryptophan accumulation) while exerting no influence by itself. Conversely, compounds which were not active as 5-HT autoreceptor antagonists in vitro (i.e., cyproheptadine, methysergide, cinanserin) did not influence the effect of LSD on 5-HT synthesis. Further, the reduction in 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) accumulation by LSD showed regional differences in inhibition by methiothepin (hypothalamus greater than cortex greater than striatum) which paralleled the autoreceptor antagonist activity of methiothepin in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Citalopram antagonizes the stimulation by lysergic acid diethylamide of presynaptic inhibitory serotonin autoreceptors in the rat hypothalamus.

Slices of rat hypothalamus prelabeled with [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]-5-HT) were superfused and the release of the labeled transmitter was elicited either by electrical stimulation or by fenfluramine. Whereas the electrically stimulated release of [3H]-5-HT was completely abolished by removing calcium from the superfusion medium, the fenfluramine-induced release of [3H]-5-HT was calcium-independent. Methiothepin increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the [3H]-5-HT release induced by electrical stimulation but had no effect on that elicited by fenfluramine. The 3H-transmitter release elicited by electrical stimulation was inhibited by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in a concentration-dependent manner, but the release induced by fenfluramine was not modified by LSD. The reduction by LSD of [3H]-5-HT overflow elicited by electrical stimulation was antagonized by methiothepin, but unaffected by phentolamine or by sulpiride. Low concentrations (10-1000 nM) of citalopram, a 5-HT uptake inhibitor, antagonized the inhibition by LSD of electrically evoked release of [3H]-5-HT. These concentrations of citalopram did not modify by themselves the overflow of [3H]-5-HT elicited by electrical stimulation. It is concluded that the modulation of [3H]-5-HT release by presynaptic serotonin autoreceptors is not operational when the neurotransmitter is released through a calcium-independent mechanism. The potent presynaptic inhibition by LSD of serotonergic neurotransmission may contribute to the central actions of this drug. The interaction between citalopram and LSD at the level of [3H]-5-HT release does not seem to involve a competitive interaction at the same receptor site. The possibility that neuronal uptake of 5-HT and the presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptor may be linked in a functional manner cannot be excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Detection of lysergic acid diethylamide, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and related compounds by plasma chromatography.

Plasma chromatography as a method for ultratrace qualitative and quantitative detection of organic compounds is especially well suited for detection of gas chromatographic effluents. The optimum range of sample quantity is 10-6 to 10-12 g for detection and identification of a compound by use of its characteristic positive and negative mobility spectra. The type of reference mobility spectra produced by alkanes, aromatics, esters, halogenated compounds, nitrogenated compounds and organic acids have been previously reported. This study presents the reference mobility spectra produced for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), digitoxigenin and several biochemical compounds of research significance. LSD and delat-9-THC in a mixture can be detected and identified by plasma chromatography positive mobility spectra in quantities of 10-7 g or less. All the compounds investigated in this study display strong MH-+ ions along with other ions primarily of the type (M)NO-+, (M)2H-+. None of these compounds exhibits negative mobility spectra.

Alanine↗