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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

[Mouth guard protection for prevention of athletic injuries to teeth, mouth and jaw].

Sport is well known as a common cause of dental and oral injuries. Sports-related injuries account for 13% to 39% of all trauma cases in this area. The knowledge about prevention of dental and oral injuries among hobby and professional athletes can be regarded as not satisfactory yet. Mouth guards are considered as one of the most effective means for injury prevention. However, no statements or recommendations regarding use of mouth guards in sports have been published in German language literature yet. The following review article describes several types of available mouth guards and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines concerning indications and use of mouth guards are presented.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2003

The influence of working cast residual moisture and temperature on the fit of vacuum-forming athletic mouth guards.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The comfort and effectiveness of athletic mouth guards are believed to depend on their degree of fit to oral tissues. Vacuum-forming machines are simpler and less expensive than pressure-forming machines. However, it is thought that vacuum-formed mouth guards often do not exhibit adequate adaptation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cast residual moisture and temperature on the fit of athletic mouth guards made with a vacuum-forming machine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A metal master model simulating the cross section of the maxillary molar region was used to form 20 working plaster casts. The casts represented 4 (5 specimens each) conditions before the forming of the mouth guard specimens: storing in a wet environment at room temperature and storing in a dry environment at room temperature, 5 degrees C, and 40 degrees C. Mouth guard specimens were fabricated with ethylene vinyl acetate sheets (3.8-mm thick) with the use of a vacuum-forming machine. Test casts were created by pouring hand-mixed type III dental stone into each of the mouth guard specimens. The differences in the sagittal cross-sectional heights at the line angle area of the test casts and the working casts were compared. This was achieved by superimposing their 3-dimensional images scanned by a laser scanner. The air permeability was also measured for the hand-mixed stone casts under wet and dry conditions, the vacuum-mixed stone cast, and the high-strength stone specimen. This was achieved by measuring the volume of transmitted air passing through the specimen in the testing tube. One-way analysis of variance with the Scheffé post hoc test (P <.05) was applied to determine the conditions of the working cast required to achieve the best fit. RESULTS: With regard to the fit of the mouth guard specimens to the working cast, those with dry and heated working casts showed a significantly better fit than those with wet working casts (P<.05). A significantly larger volume of transmitted air was found in the dry stone specimen (P<.05) followed by the dry high-strength stone cast and then the wet stone cast. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, residual moisture in the working cast was the most critical factor in determining the fit of the mouth guard made by vacuum-forming machines. The best fit was achieved when the working cast was thoroughly dried and its surface temperature was elevated.

Air↗
PubMed1989

Physiological effects of a mouth-borne heat exchanger during heavy exercise in a cold environment.

A mouth-borne heat and moisture exchanger (HME) was tested. Nine healthy subjects performed an incremental-load cycle ergometry test to exhaustion, breathing once through the HME and once through a similar device without heat-exchange function (control). HME substantially increased inspired gas temperatures and decreased expired gas temperatures measured at the mouth; at 260 W (pulmonary ventilation (VE) approximately 1001 min-1) these changes amounted to + 15 degrees C and -5 degrees C, respectively. The breathing resistance was increased by HME but remained well within tolerable levels even during severe exercise. This was reflected in the subjective assessments of breathing resistance and breathing discomfort which, at any given workload, were rated similarly in the HME and control conditions. Also, time to exhaustion as well as oxygen uptake and VE at a given workload were unaffected by HME. That even at high pulmonary ventilations HME provided a good heat-exchange function while keeping breathing resistance relatively low suggests HME to be a useful aid for individuals suffering from cold-induced bronchospasm.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Athletic mouth guards prevent orofacial injuries.

Competitive and recreational athletes are at significant risk of orofacial injury. The use of mouth guards and face shields can substantially reduce that risk. In this article, the author summarizes the known incidence of orofacial trauma and the benefits of using athletic mouth guards and advises college health professionals to advocate mouth guards for athlete-patients who are at risk.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between jaw posture and muscular strength in sports dentistry: a reappraisal.

From the late 1970s until the early 1990s, there have been several reports of improved appendage muscle strength and athletic performance. Much of the criticism of using a mouthguard alone or in conjunction with a splint, such as a mandibular orthopedic repositioning appliance (MORA), to enhance athletic performance has been aimed at study designs, controls, periods of time, double blindness, and the placebo effect. Although it would appear that designing a study which pleases both clinician and researcher would be a difficult task, studies have been performed that do meet the "gold standard." The results favor the premise that jaw repositioning can enhance appendage muscular strength and athletic performance. Studies performed during the mid-1980s, and to which the scientific community refers to continually, on closer examination are flawed.

Bite Force↗
PubMed2000

Effects of a single and double commercial athletic mouthpiece on expiratory peak flow: a pilot study.

Utilizing an Assess Peak Flow Meter, six healthy subjects with no lung disease volunteered to have their expiratory peak flow measured under the following five conditions: 1. Biting on the oral tube of the peak flow meter and lip-sealing the tube; 2. Using a custom built diaphragm allowing the subject to lip-seal the tube of the peak flow meter without biting on it; 3. Using orange wood blocks of known dimension bilaterally on the posterior occlusion, and a custom built diaphragm allowing the subject to lip-seal the oral tube of the peak flow meter without biting on it; 4. Using a commercial single (maxillary) athletic mouthpiece and a custom built diaphragm allowing the subject to lip-seal the oral tube of the peak flow meter without biting on it; and 5. Using a commercial double (maxillary and mandibular) athletic mouthpiece and a custom built diaphragm allowing the subject to lip-seal the oral tube of the peak flow meter without biting on it. Expiratory peak flow measurements were virtually the same whether the subjects bit and lip-sealed on the oral tube of the peak flow meter, used the custom diaphragm and lip-sealed without biting on the oral tube of the peak flow meter, or bit on the orange wood blocks while using the custom diaphragm and lip-sealing without biting on the oral tube. There was significant deterioration (p < .0001) in expiratory peak flow volume when either the single or double commercial athletic mouthpieces were employed.

Adult↗