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PubMed1994

Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity is increased when trans-elaidic acid is substituted for cis-oleic acid in the diet.

The trans isomer of oleic acid (elaidic acid) increases low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and decreases high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in man. One possible mechanism for this effect is that trans fatty acids increase plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. We examined the effect of dietary trans fatty acids on activity of this protein in plasma from 27 men in a double blind crossover comparison. The background diet, containing 15% energy as fat from dairy products, meat, bread and cereals, was supplemented with oleic or elaidic acid providing a further 20% energy. The elaidic supplement provided about 6% energy as trans fatty acid. Activity of CETP in plasma was significantly higher (P < 0.001) after the elaidic acid-rich diet (23.95 +/- 1.26%) compared with the diet enriched with oleic acid (19.61 +/- 0.89%). A significant correlation between the change in plasma trans 18:1 fatty acids and the change in plasma CETP activity (r = 0.58, P < 0.002) was independent of changes in LDL-cholesterol. The increase in CETP activity was in turn significantly correlated with a fall in HDL-cholesterol among subjects during the elaidic acid-rich period (r = -0.57, P < 0.01). We have shown that CETP demonstrates substrate specificity and that the increase in activity with dietary trans fatty acids may contribute to a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Ostrich nutrition: a review from a Zimbabwean perspective.

The ostrich is an important animal in many livestock industries and, in the developing world, the export of meat and skins is a valuable source of foreign currency. As the successful growth and reproductive performance of ostriches depends on good nutrition it is extremely important to provide the correct diet. Some researchers have incorrectly assumed that poultry diets are useful for ostriches, but the vitamin and mineral requirements of these birds are unique and their diets should never be substituted with poultry or other livestock feeds. Producers should be knowledgeable about how different ingredients provide the essential nutrients for growth and development. Adequate nutrition is key to good flock performance and more research into ostrich nutrition is required. In Zimbabwe, one of the greatest costs involved in the keep of ostrich breeder birds is purchased feed, which can cost approximately US$ 4,555 for every 10 birds per annum. In order to cover these costs, the producer needs to ensure an adequate supply of birds for slaughter.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Approaches to the control of fasciolosis in ruminants.

Approaches to the control of fasciolosis in ruminants are compared for developed countries, and for developing countries with particular reference to regions growing irrigated rice. In all environments problem definition and investigation are based on one or more of observation, abattoir surveys, faecal egg counts, tracer animals and snail studies. In developed countries each husbandman grazes a large number of animals, controls access to pasture and water, and markets high value products. Strategic and tactical treatments control fasciolosis in these circumstances and will continue to do so while anthelmintics remain effective. In many developing countries subsistence families possess small numbers of animals, feed and water sources are shared by many families, and the products are mainly draft power, fertiliser and meat for local consumption. Consequently the agricultural cycle, and the life cycles of the parasite and intermediate host, are closely interrelated and there is some scope for controlling infection by modifying husbandry practices. Anthelmintics are not affordable. Recent observations of a major fasciola resistance gene with substantial dominance, in Indonesian Thin Tail sheep infected with Fasciola gigantica, suggest that parasite control by breed substitution, or cross-breeding and selection, is feasible. Such control would be inexpensive to implement, and sustainable.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Dietary patterns associated with a low-fat diet in the national health examination follow-up study: identification of potential confounders for epidemiologic analyses.

To identify systematically the nutrient and food group intakes associated with a low-fat diet, the authors used the detailed dietary information collected from 10,306 individuals aged 32-86 years in the 1982-1984 National Health Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Intakes of vitamin C and percentages of calories from carbohydrates, dietary fiber, poultry, low-fat dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals, and whole grains were markedly higher, while intakes of protein, total fat, saturated fat, oleic and linoleic acids, cholesterol, sodium, all red meats, high-fat dairy products, eggs, nuts, white bread, fried potatoes, desserts, fats, and oils were much lower in the quartile with the lowest percentage of calories from fat. These dietary patterns associated with a low-fat diet were essentially constant across strata of age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. This study suggests that individuals on a low-fat diet substitute certain carbohydrate-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables for fat. Given these associations between low-fat diets and other dietary factors independently associated with certain cancers, these dietary factors should be considered potential confounders in studies of dietary fat and these cancers.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Substitution of peanut skins for soybean hulls in steer finishing diets containing recommended and elevated crude protein levels.

A steer finishing trial was conducted to study the substitution of peanut skins (PS) for soybean hulls (SH) when included at three levels (0, 7.5, or 15%) in diets containing recommended (10.5% = RP) or elevated (15.5% = HP) levels of CP. Average daily gain, DMI, and gain:feed ratios decreased linearly (P < .01) when steers were fed RP and increasing levels of PS. Average daily gain and DMI increased linearly (P < .05) when steers were fed HP and increasing levels of PS. Carcass quality grades were greater (P < .05) for steers fed the HP-15% PS diet than for steers fed either the RP-15% SH or HP-15% SH diets. Ruminal fluid ammonia concentrations were greater (P < .05) for HP diets and decreased linearly (P < .05) with increasing levels of PS at both RP and HP. Nutrient fractions of the HP diets were more (P < .05) digestible for CF, NDF, and ADF than for the RP diets. In general, the HP-7.5% SH/PS diet was more digestible than the other diets in the comparison. When SH are fed as 15% of the diet, PS can be substituted for SH up to 7.5% of the diet at RP levels and can be used to completely replace SH at HP levels.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1979

Extraction, cleanup, and quantitative determination of aflatoxins B1 ANd M1 in beef liver.

A method for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs was applicable for aflatoxin B1 in liver, but ineffective for aflatoxin M1 in liver because of poor recovery of added aflatoxin and interferences in thin layer chromatography. The method was modified by the addition of citric acid to the extracting solvent and ammonium sulfate to the extract solution for removing protein. The elution system for silica gel column cleanup was also changed by substituting methanol for acetone, and adding a step for confirmation of aflatoxin M1 identity. The method has been used successfully for survey and research on aflatoxin residues in animal tissues.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2004

Effect of replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal and poultry by-product meal in diets on the growth and immune response of Macrobrachium nipponense.

The potential use of poultry by-product meal (PBM) and meat and bone meal (MBM) as alternative dietary protein sources for juvenile Macrobrachium nipponense was studied by a 70-day growth trial. Triplicate groups of M. nipponense (initial body weight: 0.37 g) were fed at 20.7-22.4 degrees C on each of the five isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (protein content about 38%) with different replacement of fish meal by MBM or PBM. The control diet used white fish meal as the sole protein source, the other four diets were prepared with 15% or 50% fish meal protein substituted by either MBM (MBM(15), MBM(50)) or PBM (PBM(15), PBM(50)). The results showed that replacement of fish meal by MBM in diets did not affect growth performance of M. nipponense (P > 0.05), while specific growth rate in PBM(15) was significantly higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05). Survival rates of shrimp fed with MBM(15) diet were significantly higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences in immunological parameters, including total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity (PO) and respiratory burst (O(2)(-)), were observed between the shrimps that were fed five experimental diets, and all determined immunological parameters in control groups were slightly higher than those in replacement groups. In conclusion, either MBM or PBM investigated could replace up to 50% fish meal protein in diets for M. nipponense.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Choice of food and food traditions in pre-war Bosnia-Herzegovina: focus group interviews with immigrant women in Sweden.

OBJECTIVES: Immigrants in Sweden have on average poorer health than native Swedes, including the risk of nutritional problems. In Sweden's multicultural society there is a need for increased knowledge about eating habits in public health work within health and education. A survey of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina living in Sweden was undertaken to describe the choice of food and food traditions in pre-war Bosnia. The purpose was to introduce the subject of food, health and migration into public health work and develop culture-adapted food and health advice. DESIGN: Focus-group interviews were undertaken with a total of 20 women refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina. RESULTS: Qualitative data analysis identified a large consumption of bread as a staple food with meat, vegetables, milk, cheese, legumes, egg and fish as additions. Self-sufficiency was noted with milk souring, jam making and the production of sweet fruit drinks. Home made cheese and drying or smoking of meat were common methods of food storage. In child rearing, breast-feeding for 6-8 months was most common. Home made breast milk replacements were made from semolina, rice and 'petit biscuits'. CONCLUSION: Several important factors need to be taken into account when giving culturally adapted food and health advice to Bosnian families, such as encouraging bread, vegetable and legume consumption and giving advice on substituting sweet fruit drinks for natural fruit. One should be conscious of how religious beliefs as well as socio-cultural, historical, ecological, economical and psychological influences may guide food choices.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗

PubMed1991

Contribution of the dog to the science of nutrition.

In the 19th century when the basic principles of nutrition were established, the main work was done first in France and then in Germany. In each country dogs were the overwhelming choice as the model experimental animal. In France the complexity of nutritional requirements first came to be appreciated and the inadequacy of gelatin as a substitute for muscle protein was identified. In Germany quantitative balance procedures for nutrients were developed and it was shown that balance could be achieved at many levels after a period of adaptation. In the U.S.A. at the beginning of this century, Russell Chittenden showed that dogs could do well when fed low protein diets so long as they contained some nonprotein factors that were provided by meat and milk. On the basis of that work Joseph Goldberger developed a diet which produced a condition analogous to pellagra in dogs. This led to the discovery that yeast was a potent preventive of the disease and to the eventual identification of niacin as the primary active factor. Work in Britain with dogs as models for experimental rickets gave apparently conflicting results, with either environmental or dietary changes apparently protecting from the disease. Further work showed that calciferol could be obtained either by irradiation of the skin or by the consumption of another animal's store. Lastly, Edward Mellanby's continued work on the rachitic effect of cereals led to the spin-off finding that wheat flour improved with nitrogen chloride, although nontoxic to rats, was responsible for the problem of canine hysteria in dogs that had developed in the 1930s and 1940s. Its use by millers was than banned.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1992

[Legitimate animal husbandry of domestic rabbits: new concepts for the breeding and raising of laboratory and meat rabbits].

The commercial breeding of rabbits in individual cages presents a number of problems with respect to animal protection legislation. These problems are first presented in an overview of the subject. Starting from the behaviour shown by domestic rabbits in a richly structured near-to-nature enclosure, a new concept for keeping breeding groups is presented. In the housing system for breeding groups (4-5 does, one buck, plus young until weaned) which is then developed, the main characteristics of near-to-nature surroundings required for normal behaviour are replaced by manageable artificial substitutes. The individual components of the housing system and the spatial arrangements are described and discussed. Ethological examination of group breeding has shown that this housing system is both more suitable to the requirements of the rabbits themselves and more in the interest of breeders than the present commercial cage system. However, since cages will certainly remain the most important means of housing laboratory and fattening rabbits in the medium term, the ethological requirements for keeping domestic rabbits in cages will also be discussed.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1995

Storage stability of cooked sausages containing vegetable oils.

Comminuted cooked sausages were produced using standard industrial practices, by substituting corn oil, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, soybean oil and hydrogenated vegetable fat for animal fat. When processed, products were assessed for their stability with respect to autoxidation and change in organoleptic properties during vacuum-packed storage in a domestic refrigerator at 4 degrees C. Data obtained indicated that changes in thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and organoleptic properties of products produced using corn oil, sunflower oil and hydrogenated vegetable fat were similar to those observed for reference material produced using lard. In the case of samples produced using soybean and cotton seed oil, TBA value changes were more pronounced, but did not exceed acceptable limits. A more rapid deterioration of organoleptic characteristics was also observed for the same samples, which showed flavour problems after 3 months of storage at 4 degrees C. Substitution of plant oils for lard considerably reduced the cholesterol content and increased the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of cooked sausages.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Development of a DNA-based method aimed at identifying the fish species present in food products.

Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of a 464 bp amplicon obtained from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was used to differentiate between several different fish species. The method was tested by a collaborative study in which 12 European laboratories participated to ascertain whether the method was reproducible. Each laboratory was required to identify 10 unknown samples by comparison with RFLP profiles from authentic species. From a total of 120 tests performed, unknown samples were correctly identified in 96% of cases. Further work attempting to use the method to analyze mixed and processed fish samples was also performed. In all cases the species contained within mixed samples were correctly identified, indicating the efficacy of the method for detecting fraudulent substitution of fish species in food products.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Food iron absorption in human subjects. III. Comparison of the effect of animal proteins on nonheme iron absorption.

The ability of various animal proteins to enhance the absorption of dietary nonheme iron was evaluated by performing multiple radioiron absorption measurements in 70 volunteer subjects. Protein equivalent substitutions of nine animal foods were made in two basic test meals. The first was a standard meal of high iron availability (mean absorption, 8.3%) containing beef muscle as the animal protein. The second was a semisynthetic meal of low iron availability (mean absorption, 1.4%) containing ovalbumin as the protein source. Two categories of animal protein were defined. Substitution of beef, lamb, pork, liver, fish, and chicken for the egg ovalbumin in the sannisynthetic meal resulted in a significant, 2-fold to 4-fold increase in iron absorption whereas no increase was observed with milk, cheese, or egg. Reciprocal findings were obtained when these foods were substituted for the beef contained in the standard meal. All sources of animal proteins are not equivalent in their effect on nonheme iron absorption.

Absorption↗

PubMed1999

Development of farmed fish: a nutritionally necessary alternative to meat.

The projected stagnation in the catch from global fisheries and the continuing expansion of aquaculture is considered against the background that fishmeal and fish oil are major feed stocks for farmed salmon and trout, and also for marine fish. The dietary requirement of these farmed fish for high-quality protein, rich in essential amino acids, can be met by sources other than fishmeal. However, the highly-polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) present in high concentrations in fish oil are essential dietary constituents for marine fish and highly-desirable dietary constituents for salmonids. Currently, there is no feasible alternative source to fish oil for these nutrients in fish feeds. Vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) can partially substitute for 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in salmonid and marine-fish feeds. However, this is nutritionally undesirable for human nutrition because the health-promoting effects of fish-derived 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 reflect a very high intake of 18:2n-6 relative to linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in Western diets. If partial replacement of fish oils in fish feeds with vegetable oils becomes necessary in future, it is argued that 18:3n-3-rich oils, such as linseed oil, are the oils of choice because they are much more acceptable from a human nutritional perspective, especially given the innate ability of freshwater fish, including salmonids, to convert dietary 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. In the meantime, a more judicious use of increasingly-expensive fish oil in aquaculture is recommended. High priorities in the future development of aquaculture are considered to be genetic improvement of farmed fish stocks with enhanced abilities to convert C18 to C20 and C22 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, enhanced development of primary production of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 by single-cell marine organisms, and continuing development of new species.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Metabolism of the food carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in the rat and other rodents.

2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is the most abundant compound of the amino-imidazoazaarens (AIA) group of muta-/carcinogens isolated from the crust of fried meat. PhIP is principally activated via P450IA2 dependent N2-hydroxylation. A major metabolic pathway is N2-glucuronidation of the proximate 2-hydroxyamino-PhIP metabolite and excretion via bile to the intestine. After bacterial hydrolysis the proximate metabolite may be esterified by the intestinal cells and cause genetic damage. 2-Hydroxyamino-PhIP formed in vivo may be further oxidized presumably to 2-nitro-PhIP which reacts directly with glutathione through substitution of the nitro group. Detoxification is principally via P450IA1 dependent ring-hydroxylation followed by sulfation or glucuronidation. Direct glucuronidation also occurs. PhIP metabolism was examined in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rat, mouse, hamster and guinea pig. Activation was evaluated by the total level of covalent binding of PhIP to macromolecules. Rat hepatocytes had the lowest rate of metabolism, both to reactive and detoxified metabolites. The major products were 4'PhIP-sulfate, PhIP-glucuronide and 2-hydroxyamino-PhIP glucuronide, whereas in the mouse hepatocytes mainly 4'PhIP-sulfate was found. The level of covalent binding in the mouse hepatocytes exceeded those of the rat. An extensive metabolism was seen in guinea pig hepatocytes, the major products being 4'PhIP-sulfate, 4'-O-PhIP glucuronide, PhIP-glucuronide and 2-hydroxyamino-PhIP-glucuronide. The relative amount of PhIP covalently bound to macromolecules in guinea pig hepatocytes was low. Hamster hepatocytes had the highest level of covalently bound PhIP. The main metabolites were 4'PhIP-sulfate, 4'O-PhIP-glucuronide and PhIP-glucuronide. Minor amounts of 2-hydroxyamino-PhIP-glucuronide was produced in the hamster. Several unknown PhIP metabolites were formed in the hamster and guinea pig. Direct detoxification of PhIP and further metabolism of 2-hydroxyamino-PhIP to reactive and/or detoxified metabolites are important for the resulting covalent binding.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Prevalence of beta-lactamases among ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from food animals in Denmark.

The genetic background for beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics was examined by PCR and sequencing in 160 ampicillin-resistant isolates (109 Escherichia coli and 51 Salmonella) obtained from healthy and diseased food animals in Denmark. Sequencing revealed three different variants of bla (TEM-1), of which bla (TEM-1b) was the most frequently detected (80 E. coli and 47 Salmonella), followed by bla (TEM-1a) (eight E. coli, one Salmonella) and bla (TEM-1c) (seven E. coli). A few isolates were found to express OXA, TEM-30, or PSE beta-lactamases. Mutations in the ampC promoter leading to increased production of the AmpC beta-lactamase were demonstrated in 11 cefoxitin-resistant or intermediate E. coli isolates. Nine of these isolates did not contain any bla (TEM) genes, whereas the remaining two did. No genes encoding SHV or extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were detected. Two new variants of bla (TEM) were detected, which have been designated bla (TEM-127) and bla (TEM-128). In TEM-127, amino acid 158 is substituted from His to Asn, whereas a substitution from Asp to Glu is seen at amino acid 157 in TEM-128. According to MIC determinations, these novel enzymes do not possess activity against extended-spectrum beta-lactams.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed2005

Effects of polymorphic microsatellites in the regulatory region of IGF1 and GHR on growth and carcass traits in beef cattle.

Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2) and their associated binding proteins and transmembrane receptors (GHR, IGF1R and IGF2R) play an important role in the physiology of mammalian growth. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the allele and genotype frequencies of microsatellite markers located in the 5'-regulatory region of the IGF1 and GHR genes in beef cattle belonging to different genetic groups and to determine effects of these markers on growth and carcass traits in these animals under an intensive production system. For this purpose, genotyping was performed on 384 bulls including 79 Nellore, 30 Canchim (5/8 Charolais + 3/8 Zebu) and 275 crossbred animals originating from crosses of Simmental (1/2 Simmental, n = 30) and Angus (1/2 Angus, n = 245) sires with Nellore females. The effects of substituting L allele for S allele of GHR microsatellite across Nellore, Canchim and 1/2 Angus were significant for weight gain and body weight (P < 0.05). The IGF1 microsatellite allele substitutions of 229 for 225 within Nellore group and of 225 for 229 within 1/2 Angus were not significant for any of the traits.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Trends in coronary heart disease mortality and food consumption in the United States between 1909 and 1980.

This study is an ecological comparison of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality trends and trends in food consumption in the United States population between 1909 and 1980. CHD mortality data were obtained from published vital statistics. National food disappearance data, compiled regularly by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), were the primary source of dietary information used. Food balance sheets and USDA household survey data were used for corroborative purposes. Dietary data were analyzed to observe trends in the per capita consumption of calories and fat; to determine the contribution of major food groups to both calories and fat; and to determine the effect of substitutions within those food groups on consumption of calories and fat. Dietary substitutions towards less-saturated fatty acids support the hypothesized relationship between dietary fat and CHD. These changes preceded CHD mortality changes by 10-20 y.

Coronary Disease↗