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Results for “Multivariate response regression”

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PubMed1989

[Effect of the transfusion of blood and hemoderivatives on the prognosis of colorectal cancer].

In recent years in the literature several investigators described a negative effect of perioperative transfusion of blood and hemoderivatives on the prognosis of malignant tumors. Concerning the patients with colorectal carcinoma operated between 1979 and 1983 at Erlangen University Hospital these results could be proven. We observed a significantly worse 5-year survival rate for patients who received perioperative blood transfusion. However, multivariant analysis in Cox-regression model revealed other factors like tumor stage and localisation responsible for the poorer prognosis. Therefore blood transfusion seems not to have any influence on the prognosis itself. Furthermore we observed a significantly poorer prognosis concerning patients who perioperatively received fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Surprisingly multivariant analysis showed that FFP substitution in contrast to blood transfusion has an own prognostic influence. This difference in prognosis cannot be explained by selection criteria. The mechanism of the negative influence of FFP on the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma remains unclear and is investigated currently in prospective studies.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

EGFR overexpression and radiation response in glioblastoma multiforme.

PURPOSE: Recent studies have suggested relative radioresistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GM) tumors in older patients, consistent with their shorter survival. Two common molecular genetic abnormalities in GM are age related: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression in older patients and p53 mutations in younger patients. We tested whether these abnormalities correlated with clinical heterogeneity in GM response to radiation treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Radiographically assessed radiation response (5-level scale) was correlated with EGFR immunoreactivity, p53 immunoreactivity, and p53 exon 5-8 mutation status in 170 GM patients treated using 2 prospective clinical protocols. Spearman rank correlation and proportional-odds ordinal regression were used for univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Positive EGFR immunoreactivity predicted poor radiographically assessed radiation response (p = 0.046). Thirty-three percent of tumors with no EGFR immunoreactivity had good radiation responses (>50% reduction in tumor size by CT or MRI), compared to 18% of tumors with intermediate EGFR staining and 9% of tumors with strong staining. There was no significant relationship between p53 immunoreactivity or mutation status and radiation response. Significant relationships were noted between EGFR score and older age and between p53 score or mutation status and younger age. CONCLUSION: The observed relative radioresistance of some GMs is associated with overexpression of EGFR.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

A prospective, randomized double-blind trial comparing metoclopramide alone with metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in preventing emesis induced by high-dose cisplatin.

We observed 50 patients receiving high-dose cisplatin-based chemotherapy in a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. One group received metoclopramide (MCP) alone (total dose, 6 mg/kg), whereas the other group was given dexamethasone (DMS) (total dose, 60 mg) in addition to MCP. The patient characteristics of the two groups were comparable, confirming satisfactory randomization. Multivariate regression analysis failed to show any statistical significance in the antiemetic response between the two treatment groups. However, female patients receiving Adriamycin (Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH) concurrently and obese persons exhibited more vomiting. The overall antiemetic response rate was 66%. Because the side effects were minimal, a higher dose of MCP is expected to improve emetic control without increasing toxicity. The use of a 36-hour assessment period in our study gave more meaningful data. An exponential increase in the dose of MCP is probably required, with respect to weight, to obtain the same antiemetic efficacy.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption in Switzerland: results of the Swiss Health Survey 1992/93].

Inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables increases the risk of various (chronical) diseases. It is therefore recommended to eat at least three portions of vegetables and two portions of fruit every day. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of inadequate fruit and vegetable (potatoes are not regarded as vegetables in Switzerland) consumption in Switzerland and to determine sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of inadequate consumption. Data presented in this study were taken from the first national representative health survey for Switzerland (conducted 1992/1993) including 7930 men and 7358 women (response rate 71%), age 15 and over. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regressions controlling for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were done. Inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables was common among the study population. Less than daily consumption of fruit was reported by about 30%, of vegetables by 17%. About 25% of study participants do not eat fruit or vegetables every day, for 11% the consumption of both is insufficient. Men, young people, study participants with a low educational background, people living in the French and Italian speaking part of Switzerland, smokers and participants with low physical activity reported more often inadequate fruit and vegetable intake than women, older people, well educated study participants, inhabitants of the German speaking part of Switzerland, nonsmokers, and less physically active people. These results stress the need for nutrition education programs aimed at increased consumption of fruit and vegetables in Switzerland.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Clinical, virological, and pathological significance of hepatic bile duct injuries in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C.

PURPOSE: Hepatic bile duct injuries are characteristic histological findings in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the pathogenesis and clinical significance of this phenomenon remain unclear. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and clinical significance of hepatic bile duct injuries in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: One hundred and seventeen Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C were enrolled. Clinical, biochemical, immunological (serum autoantibodies and cryoglobulinemia), histological, and virological data (serum HCV RNA titer and HCV genotype) were compared between patients with and without hepatic bile duct injuries. RESULTS: Eighty-three (71%) of the 117 patients with chronic hepatitis C had hepatic bile duct injuries. Patients with hepatic bile duct injuries had a significantly higher frequency of HCV genotype 1b; a higher mean serum globulin level; significantly higher mean scores for histological periportal necro-inflammation, portal inflammation, and fibrosis; and more severe portal lymphoid aggregation/follicles when compared with patients without hepatic bile duct injuries (P < 0.05, all). No significant differences in the presence of serum autoantibodies, cryoglobulinemia, mean serum HCV RNA titer, or response to interferon treatment were noted between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HCV genotype 1b infection, portal inflammation, and lymphoid aggregation/follicles were significant independent predictors associated with hepatic bile duct injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of hepatic bile duct injuries in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C was significantly correlated with HCV genotype 1b infection, and the patients with these injuries had more severe portal inflammation and formation of lymphoid aggregates/follicles.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Factors associated with intention to breastfeed among low-income, inner-city pregnant women.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between sociodemographic factors, maternal characteristics, and intention to breastfeed among low-income, inner-city pregnant women. METHODS: English and Spanish speaking low-income women recruited from local Philadelphia health centers were surveyed at the time of their first prenatal care visit. At the time of the visit, respondents were asked whether or not they planned to breastfeed their infant. The responses of 2,690 women were included in these analyses. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the independent associations of race/ethnicity, nativity status, education, and other factors on the odds of intending to breastfeed. RESULTS: About half (53%) of the respondents reported that they intended to breastfeed their infant. In adjusted logistic regression models, immigrant black (adjusted OR [aOR] 5.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.86, 8.77), other Hispanic (who were predominantly foreign-born) (aOR 6.05; 95% CI 3.92, 9.33), and island-born Puerto Rican (aOR 3.48; 95% CI 2.04, 5.95) women were significantly more likely to report that they intended to breastfeed than non-Hispanic whites. Somewhat surprisingly, non-Hispanic, US-born African Americans in this low-income sample were more likely to report that they intended to breastfeed than non-Hispanic white respondents (aOR 1.59; 95% CI 1.20, 2.11). Lower education, not living with the baby's father, multiparous pregnancy, and smoking were negatively and independently associated with intention to breastfeed. Maternal age, household income, public housing, and depressive symptoms were not significant predictors of breastfeeding intention in adjusted multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were documented in breastfeeding intention in our sample of low-income, inner-city women. Most notable was the higher likelihood of anticipated breastfeeding among our immigrant sub-groups when compared with non-Hispanic white women. An unexpected finding was the higher likelihood of anticipated breastfeeding among native-born, non-Hispanic African American women than among non-Hispanic white respondents. Because intentions are important predictors of future behavior, more focus needs to be directed towards breastfeeding promotion during the prenatal period and towards a better understanding of why some mothers intend to breastfeed while others do not.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Analysis of relationships between symptoms and environmental factors over time.

Weekly respiratory symptom information was obtained on a random population of 3800 whites in Tucson. We asked weekly about 14 symptoms representing acute respiratory illnesses (ARI), rhinitis (Rh), and other conditions. The denominator for each week was about 80 randomly chosen subjects from the study population. Interactions of the air pollutants total suspended particulate, oxidants, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides for the basin, meteorological information, and aero-allergens were examined. The temporal and spatial interactions between the weekly symptoms and the environmental factors were tested utilizing multivariate methods such as Fourier analyses, multiple regression, and the stimulus-response method, adjusting for lags and controlling for season. Multiple regressions with a smoothing function (using fourier or other methods) yield significant correlations between symptoms and the environmental factors, and separate the ARI's from the Rh's and the miscellaneous symptoms.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed2004

Aetiology and prognosis of bacteraemia in Italy.

A prospective multi-centre study was conducted to assess the microbiological pattern and prognostic factors of bacteraemia and their impact on clinical outcome. All patients admitted to 41 Italian hospitals over 2 months, from whom one or more clinically significant organisms were isolated from blood culture, were studied according to a standardized protocol and case definition. A total of 156 episodes of bacteraemia were identified in 20,601 patients. There were 3.9 episodes of nosocomially acquired bacteraemia and 3.7 episodes of community-acquired bacteraemia per 1000 admissions. The most frequent pathogens isolated were Gram-negative bacteria (44.9%) but Gram-positive species accounted for 40.4 % of episodes. Fungal infections due to Candida spp. were found in 3.8 % of episodes, and multiple pathogens were recovered from 9.6% of episodes. The clinical response to bacteraemia was classified as sepsis in 90 episodes (577%), severe sepsis in 21 (13.5%) and septic shock in 26 (167%); 19 episodes (12.2%) showed no clinical response. The total in-hospital mortality was 25.0%. By multivariate logistic regression, the variables which independently predicted mortality were increasing age, the presence of septic shock, infection with Gram-positive bacteria or fungi and nosocomial acquisition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Multiple myeloma in elderly patients: presenting features and outcome.

Few studies have been performed regarding multiple myeloma (MM) in elderly patients. We report a retrospective series of 130 unselected patients with MM aged 75 yr or more at diagnosis. Presenting features were identical to those reported in younger patients, except for a higher rate of infection. Heavy comorbidity was characteristic of unselected geriatric patients. Ninety-four patients received conventional chemotherapy. The response rate was 62%. Treatment toxicity was mild. Median survival was 22 months. Durie-Salmon (DS) clinical stages II and III MM were severe and often led to death, while significantly more patients with DS stage I MM died from unrelated causes (p<0.0001). Univariate analysis showed that age > or = 85 yr, performance status > or = 2, creatinine level > or = 120 micromol/l, beta 2 microglobulin level > 4 mg/l, C-reactive protein level > 6 mg/l, platelet count < 100 x 10(9)/l, presence of infection and lack of response to chemotherapy were adverse prognostic factors for survival. In Cox multivariate regression analysis, age > or = 85 yr (p<0.0001), performance status > or = 2 (p<0.0001) and creatinine level > or = 120 micromol/l (p<0.0001) were independent factors in predicting short survival. This study provides evidence that in patients with symptomatic MM age should not be considered as a major obstacle to active treatment. Prospective clinical trials are needed in this population of patients and should include an assessment of quality of life.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Prognostic value of CCND1 gene status in sporadic breast tumours, as determined by real-time quantitative PCR assays.

The CCND1 gene, a key cell-cycle regulator, is often altered in breast cancer, but the mechanisms underlying CCND1 dysregulation and the clinical significance of CCND1 status are unclear. We used real-time quantitative PCR and RT-PCR assays based on fluorescent TaqMan methodology to quantify CCND1 gene amplification and expression in a large series of breast tumours. CCND1 overexpression was observed in 44 (32.8%) of 134 breast tumour RNAs, ranging from 3.3 to 43.7 times the level in normal breast tissues, and correlated significantly with positive oestrogen receptor status (P=0.0003). CCND1 overexpression requires oestrogen receptor integrity and is exacerbated by amplification at 11q13 (the site of the CCND1 gene), owing to an additional gene dosage effect. Our results challenge CCND1 gene as the main 11q13 amplicon selector. The relapse-free survival time of patients with CCND1-amplified tumours was shorter than that of patients without CCND1 alterations, while that of patients with CCND1-unamplified-overexpressed tumours was longer (P=0.011). Only the good prognostic significance of CCND1-unamplified-overexpression status persisted in Cox multivariate regression analysis. This study confirms that CCND1 is an ER-responsive or ER-coactivator gene in breast cancer, and points to the CCND1 gene as a putative molecular marker predictive of hormone responsiveness in breast cancer. Moreover, CCND1 amplification status dichotomizes the CCND1-overexpressing tumors into two groups with opposite outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Thrombolysis in Acute Stroke Pooling Project: a meta-analysis on individual patient data.

To assess the efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke, randomised clinical trials have been undertaken. Their results suggest that further research should be attempted to identify patients for whom the benefit/risk ratio of thrombolysis is beneficial. The Thrombolysis in Acute Stroke Pooling Project (TAS-PP) group will pool individual patient data from recent studies and meta-analyse these. A Steering Committee drafted the protocol and defined access rules to the common file. The objectives are to assess the efficacy of thrombolysis to reduce death or severe disability, to identify predictors of death and haemorrhagic transformation, and to identify subgroups with a better response to treatment, using logistic regression, survival curve comparison (log rank test), multivariate modelling (with treatment, baseline characteristics, delay from symptom to treatment as covariates). This project will help defining subpopulations that are more likely to benefit from this treatment, which cannot be achieved using tabulated data, and designing future trials. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Food insecurity is associated with past and present economic disadvantage and body mass index.

Fears and experiences of food restriction influence eating behavior but the association between past and present economic disadvantage, food insecurity and body size is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined these associations in a nationwide, representative sample of 25- to 64-y-old Finnish men and women (n = 6506). The respondents were classified by their body mass index (BMI) into four groups: thin, normal, overweight and obese. Economic disadvantage was assessed by three indicators including low household income, unemployment during past 5 y and long-term economic problems in childhood. Food insecurity was assessed by five separate items concerning economic fears and experiences related to sufficient supply of food during the past 12 mo, and a combined scale in which those with affirmative responses to four to five items were classified as hungry. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted using both the BMI grouping and indicators of economic disadvantage as independent variables to predict food insecurity, controlling simultaneously for age, educational attainment and sex. The results showed that low household income, recent unemployment and economic problems in childhood were all predictors of food insecurity. Thin people were most likely to be hungry and showed most food insecurity in five separate items. In addition, obese people reported more buying cheaper food due to economic problems and fears or experiences of running out of money to buy food than did normal weight subjects. In conclusion, both past and present economic disadvantage is associated with various aspects of food insecurity. The association between food insecurity and BMI is curvilinear.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Trigeminal numbness and tic relief after microvascular decompression for typical trigeminal neuralgia.

OBJECTIVE: After most operative treatments for trigeminal neuralgia, long-term tic relief is closely correlated with postoperative numbness in the trigeminal distribution. Microvascular decompression (MVD) is proposed to relieve tic through a nontraumatic mechanism. We investigated the relationship between postoperative trigeminal numbness and tic relief in a large, prospectively followed cohort of patients treated with MVD for typical trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: Of 1204 patients who underwent MVD for typical tic during a 20-year period, 522 had single MVDs on a single side, had not undergone ablative trigeminal procedures before or after MVD, and were still being followed in 1994. In 1994, patients graded facial numbness using a questionnaire (response rate, 92%) with a 5-point scale. Multivariate Cox and logistic regression methods were used. The analyses were adjusted for the time that had passed between the performance of MVD and the completion of the questionnaire (minimum, 2 yr). RESULTS: Seventeen percent of patients reported some degree of persistent facial numbness. Decompression of a vein at MVD (odds ratio, 2.5) and failure to find compression by the superior cerebellar artery (odds ratio, 2.0) independently predicted postoperative facial numbness, which in turn predicted postoperative burning and aching facial pain (odds ratio, 5.2-5.9). A trend toward worse outcome was noted in patients with numb faces (P = 0.3). Similar findings were noted in subgroups of patients in whom the superior cerebellar artery was decompressed at MVD (n = 381) and in whom a superior cerebellar artery with no vein was found (n = 120). In the latter subgroup, facial numbness (5.8% of patients) significantly predicted worse long-term outcome (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that postoperative trigeminal numbness predicts relief of typical tic after MVD. Trigeminal numbness was related to operative findings at MVD and predicted postoperative burning and aching facial pain. To minimize postoperative facial dysesthesia, trauma to the trigeminal root during MVD should be avoided when possible.

Decompression, Surgical↗

PubMed1997

Physical workload and ergonomic factors associated with prevalence of back and neck pain in urban transit operators.

STUDY DESIGN: Back and neck pain was studied cross-sectionally in 1,449 urban transit drivers by linking medical data, self-reported ergonomic factors, and company records on job history. OBJECTIVES: The goal was to examine the relation between physical workload, ergonomic factors, and the prevalence of back and neck pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Researchers, to date, have not found an independent effect of ergonomic factors on back and neck pain while accounting for the effects of past and current physical workload. METHODS: Self-reported ergonomic factors, vehicle type, physical workload (measured as duration of driving), height, weight, age, and gender were analyzed in relation to back and neck pain, using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Physical workload showed a positive dose-response relation with back and neck pain after controlling for vehicle type, height, weight, age, and gender. The odds ratio for 10 years of driving was 3.43. Additional adjustment for ergonomic factors decreased this odds ratio to 2.55. Six out of seven ergonomic factors were significantly related to the prevalence of back and neck pain after adjustment for age, gender, height, weight, and physical workload. Problems with adjusting the seat had the largest effect (odds ratio = 3.52). Women had back and neck pain twice as frequently as men. CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis of a causal role of physical workload for the development of back and neck pain. Ergonomic factors partially mediated the risk of back and neck pain associated with driving, suggesting a potential for prevention of back and neck pain by ergonomic redesign of transit vehicles. Elevated risks for back and neck pain for female drivers were not explained by anthropometric and ergonomic factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Satisfaction with surgery outcomes and the decision process in a population-based sample of women with breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand medical decision making in the context of "preference sensitive care," we investigated factors associated with breast cancer patients' satisfaction with the type of surgery received and with the decision process. DATA SOURCES/DATA COLLECTION: For a population-based sample of recently diagnosed breast cancer patients in the Detroit and Los Angeles metropolitan areas (N=1,633), demographic and clinical data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor registry, and self-reported psychosocial and satisfaction data were obtained through a mailed survey (78.4 percent response rate). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional design in which multivariable logistic regression was used to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with three satisfaction measures: low satisfaction with surgery type, low satisfaction with the decision process, and decision regret. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Overall, there were high levels of satisfaction with both surgery and the decision process, and low rates of decision regret. Ethnic minority women and those with low incomes were more likely to have low satisfaction or decision regret. In addition, the match between patient preferences regarding decision involvement and their actual level of involvement was a strong indicator of satisfaction and decision regret/ambivalence. While having less involvement than preferred was a significant indicator of low satisfaction and regret, having more involvement than preferred was also a risk factor. Women who received mastectomy without reconstruction were more likely to report low satisfaction with surgery (odds ratio [OR]=1.54, p<.05), low satisfaction with the process (OR=1.37, p<.05), and decision regret (OR=1.55, p<.05) compared with those receiving breast conserving surgery (BCS). An additional finding was that as patients' level of involvement in the decision process increased, the rate of mastectomy also increased (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of breast cancer patients experience a decision process that matches their preferences for participation, and report satisfaction with both the process and the outcome. However, women who report more involvement in the decision process are significantly less likely to receive a lumpectomy. Thus, increasing patient involvement in the decision process will not necessarily increase use of BCS or lead to greater satisfaction. The most salient aspect for satisfaction with the decision making process is the match between patients' preferences and experiences regarding participation.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Clinical significance of portal lymphoid aggregates/follicles in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C.

OBJECTIVE: Portal lymphoid aggregates/follicles (lymphoid A/F) is a characteristically histological finding in patients with chronic hepatitis C. We assessed the prevalence of lymphoid A/F in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C and evaluated the correlation of this phenomenon with clinical, biochemical, immunological, virological, and other histological features of these patients. METHODS: Eighty-nine Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C were enrolled and portal lymphoid A/F was evaluated in liver biopsy. Clinical, biochemical, immunological, histological, and virological data, including serum HCV RNA titer and HCV genotype and the response to interferon therapy, were compared between patients with and without portal lymphoid A/F. RESULTS: Twenty-nine (33%) of 89 patients with chronic hepatitis C had portal lymphoid A/F. Patients with lymphoid A/F had a significantly higher frequency of HCV genotype 1b infection (p = 0.039) and had a significantly higher mean score of bile duct damage, periportal necroinflammation, and portal inflammation in liver histologies when compared with patients without lymphoid A/F. No significant difference in sex distribution, mean age, history of blood transfusion, serum liver biochemistry, presence of serum autoantibodies/cryoglobulinemia, serum viral titer, and response to interferon therapy was noted between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed HCV genotype 1b infection and periportal necroinflammation were significant independent predictors associated with portal lymphoid A/F. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of portal lymphoid A/F in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C was significantly correlated with HCV genotype 1b infection and periportal necroinflammation.

Biopsy↗

PubMed2006

Study protocol: SPARCLE--a multi-centre European study of the relationship of environment to participation and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND: SPARCLE is a nine-centre European epidemiological research study examining the relationship of participation and quality of life to impairment and environment (physical, social and attitudinal) in 8-12 year old children with cerebral palsy. Concepts are adopted from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health which bridges the medical and social models of disability. METHODS/DESIGN: A cross sectional study of children with cerebral palsy sampled from total population databases in 9 European regions. Children were visited by research associates in each country who had been trained together. The main instruments used were KIDSCREEN, Life-H, Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, Parenting Stress Index. A measure of environment was developed within the study. All instruments were translated according to international guidelines. The potential for bias due to non response and missing data will be examined. After initial analysis using multivariate regression of how the data captured by each instrument relate to impairment and socio-economic characteristics, relationships between the latent traits captured by the instruments will then be analysed using structural equation modelling. DISCUSSION: This study is original in its methods by directly engaging children themselves, ensuring those with learning or communication difficulty are not excluded, and by studying in quantitative terms the crucial outcomes of participation and quality of life. Specification and publication of this protocol prior to analysis, which is not common in epidemiology but well established for randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews, should avoid the pitfalls of data dredging and post hoc analyses.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed1994

[Interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C--assessment of predictive factors to the effect of interferon treatment using multivariate analysis with the logistic regression model].

We treated 156 chronic hepatitis C patients with alpha-interferon (IFN) and assessed the response rate and the predictive factors to the effect of IFN treatment. Complete response (CR) rate was 39.1%, and CR with serum HCV-RNA disappearance rate was 29%. CR to IFN treatment was dependent on HCV serotype and serum HCV-RNA. Patients of serotype II and low serum HCV-RNA were effective to IFN treatment.

Adult↗