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PubMed1990

An evaluation of four different measures of abdominal muscle strength: patient, order and instrument variation.

We compared 4 measures of abdominal muscle strength in 24 male subjects aged 20-52 years, 12 without low back pain (LBP) and 12 with LBP. The manometer to knee and manometer to sternum methods involved 2 positions of testing abdominal muscle strength using the adapter sphygmomanometer, a 3rd method was a scheme of graduated sit-ups, and the 4th had the sphygmomanometer bladder replaced by a disposable plastic tube and the subject blowing into the manometer. Order of methods was controlled with knee 4 x 4 latin squares. Analysis of variance showed that order of measurement was not significant [F (3,60) = 0.24, P2 = 0.725], but methods were different [F (3,60) = 86.80, P2 less than 0.01], and subjects without LBP had higher abdominal muscle strength than subjects with LBP [F (1.60) = 89.29, P2 less than 0.001]. The manometer to knee and manometer to sternum methods were equally sensitive and more sensitive than the graduated sit-up and blow into manometer methods. The manometer to sternum method was best as it was not painful and exercised the abdominals well.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1993

Impaired muscle strength in female adolescents and young adults surviving leukemia in childhood.

BACKGROUND: With the improving cure rate in childhood malignancies, increasing interest has been focused on long-term survivors. To evaluate late sequelae of childhood leukemia, the muscle strength of 43 young female survivors was investigated and compared with that of 69 healthy age-matched women. The patients had been off therapy for 1 to 19 years. METHODS: The anthropometric characteristics measured were height and weight, and body mass index was calculated. The maximal isometric strengths for elbow flexion, knee extension, and hand grip were measured on a special dynamometer chair. Dynamic muscular endurance was measured by pushup and situp tests. RESULTS: The mean height of the patients was 6.5 cm shorter (P < 0.001) and their mean weight 4.8 kg lighter (P = 0.011) than that of the reference subjects. Muscle strength was in most tests poorer in the patients than in the reference subjects. The differences were statistically significant in elbow flexion and knee extension, and in both muscular endurance tests. There was an association between the maximal isometric strengths and the anthropometric characteristics. Even when allowance was made for the smaller size of the patients, however, they still had less muscle strength than the reference subjects. Of the various treatment modalities, radiation therapy to the cranial area and chemotherapy with L-asparaginase were independently associated with the lower muscle strength values. CONCLUSIONS: The muscle strength of female patients may be subnormal for many years after therapy for childhood leukemia. To compensate for these deficiencies, the possible benefits of prophylactic and individually planned exercise should be studied.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Effects of an aquatic versus non-aquatic respiratory exercise program on the respiratory muscle strength in healthy aged persons.

UNLABELLED: Aging of the worldwide population is a concern of most governmental entities, spanning practically all areas of prevention and rehabilitation. Aging leads to physiological alterations that result in adverse social and financial effects. There is a trend to emphasize prevention, which is less expensive and socially more desirable than therapeutic intervention. PURPOSE: To assess the effect of a program of aquatic versus non-aquatic respiratory exercises on respiratory muscle strength in healthy aged persons. METHODS: The respiratory muscle strength was measured in 81 subjects between 60 and 65 years, 59 of which completed the program. Subjects were randomized into 3 groups. G(aquatic) undertook a program of respiratory exercise in an aquatic environment. G(non-aquatic) undertook the same program in a non-aquatic environment. G(control) acted as the negative control. Programs were applied three times a week for 10 consecutive weeks. Subsequently, subjects were reevaluated, and results compared to each individual's pre-treatment own result and between the groups. The data were statistically analyzed using the paired t test and the Sign test. Comparisons between the groups were performed through parametric and nonparametric variance. A comparison of G(aquatic) and G(non-aquatic) versus G(control) was performed using the Dunnett test. RESULTS: A significant improvement in the inspiratory muscle strength in the G(aquatic) group compared to the G(control), group was found, suggesting beneficial effects mediated by the aquatic exercise. The expiratory muscles did not show significant alterations. CONCLUSION: Aquatic respiratory exercise improves the inspiratory muscle strength of healthy aged persons. However, neither aquatic nor non-aquatic respiratory exercise influences the expiratory muscle strength.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Short-term resistance training and the older adult: the effect of varied programmes for the enhancement of muscle strength and functional performance.

Although it is well recognized that resistance training is an efficient strategy to enhance physical performance in older adults, less is known about the most effective type of resistive exercise or the role of functional training. This study compared the effectiveness of three varied short-term (8 weeks) training protocols on muscle strength and functional performance in older men and women aged 65-84 years. Participants underwent twice-weekly high-velocity varied-resistance training (HV), twice weekly slow to moderate-velocity constant-resistance training (CT), combined once weekly high-velocity varied-resistance and once weekly gymnasium-based functional training (CB) or no training (CO). Dynamic muscle strength (1RM) of six muscle groups was assessed using isotonic equipment and functional performance by a battery of tests. Following 8 weeks of training, whole-body muscle strength increased (P<0.001) by 22.0 +/- 12.5% (mean +/- SD), 21.7 +/- 11.0% and 26.1 +/-14.4% in HV, CT and CB, respectively, compared to CO (-1.8 +/- 7.2%). In between group comparisons, only the HV group displayed greater chair rise ability (P =0.010) than the CO group, while differences among groups approached significance for the fast 6-m walk and the stair climb test (P = 0.017 and 0.041 respectively). Within groups, the HV group significantly improved in stair-climbing and chair rise ability (P</=0.001) while CB improved in the fast 6-m walk (P = 0.003) and CT improved their static balance, as assessed by the functional reach test (P<0.001). This study indicates that twice weekly high-velocity resistance training is superior to strength and combined functional and resistance training for improving some power-orientated functional tasks. Although other functional performance improvements were modest among the training protocols, short-term combined once weekly resistance and once weekly functional training in older adults was as effective in enhancing muscle strength as twice-weekly resistance training. These results have important implications for older adults who are unable or unwilling to frequently attend exercise facilities.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The measurement of muscle strength in the hip joint expressed by the octagonal diagram.

For grasping hip joint function objectively and planning an adequate program for individual use in rehabilitation during and after the treatment for hip joint impairments, the octagonal diagram of the correct distribution of the hip joint muscle strength will be useful. The muscle strength was measured in the eight directions using the Cybex-II on the U.B.X.T. table not only on the peak torque but also on the maximum work and the maximum work/sec in eighty healthy subjects, forty of each male and female. No difference of the muscle strength between the dominant and the non-dominant legs of both male and female has shown. In the percentage of the values of the muscle strength, there are differences between the peak torque, the maximum work value and the maximum work/sec. The data obtained from this investigation will be available to judge the degree of hip joint impairment, and to make a better therapeutic program for the patients.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Ingestion of tyrosine: effects on endurance, muscle strength, and anaerobic performance.

Acute tyrosine ingestion is thought to improve aerobic endurance, muscle strength and endurance, and anaerobic power of men undergoing severe physiologic stress. In a double-blind, crossover study, 20 men (32 +/- 1 y old) underwent 2 loadcarriage treadmill sessions, 1 after taking tyrosine (150 mg/ kg L-crystalline tyrosine) and 1 after taking placebo. Tyrosine dosage was based on subject weight and ingested 30 min before load carriage. A physical performance battery was administered after the load carriage: maximal and submaximal handgrip, pull-ups, and stair stepping with weight. Total time on treadmill was not significantly lengthened with ingestion of tyrosine (118.9 +/- 1.4 min) as compared with placebo (119.2 +/- 1.2 min). Total power for stair stepping (tyrosine 223 +/- 8 watts, placebo 216 +/- 9 watts) and muscle strength and endurance (handgrip) was not significantly improved by tyrosine ingestion. The results indicate that acute ingestion of tyrosine by healthy men has no measurable effect on endurance, muscle strength, or anaerobic power.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Airway pressures during crying: an index of respiratory muscle strength in infants with neuromuscular disease.

The purpose of this study was to assess the strength of the respiratory muscles in 12 infants with neuromuscular disease (age range: 0.17-2.08 years) by measuring the maximal inspiratory and expiratory airway pressures (Pimax and PEmax) during crying efforts. Infants were divided into two groups according to their respiratory history. Group A included six infants in stable condition without clinical evidence of respiratory abnormalities, and Group B included six infants with severe generalized muscle weakness and previous respiratory failure. The infants in Group B had been weaned from mechanical ventilation 6 to 14 days before being studied. For infants of Group A, Pimax and PEmax values were 77 +/- 28 cmH2O and 62 +/- 18 cmH2O, respectively; for infants of Group B, they were 38 +/- 8 cmH2O and 34 +/- 8 cmH2O, respectively. A positive correlation was found between PEmax and body mass percentile. No infant had hypercapnia at the time of the study, and Pao2 values in infants of Group B were significantly lower than those of Group A. These results suggest that measurements of airway pressures during crying may provide an index of respiratory muscle strength in infants with generalized muscle weakness.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed2000

Muscle sparing thoracotomy: a biomechanical analysis confirms preservation of muscle strength but no improvement in wound discomfort.

OBJECTIVES: This study compares the posterior auscultatory triangle thoracotomy incision (muscle sparing) with full posterolateral thoracotomy (where latissimus dorsi muscle is always cut across its full width), with particular attention to the difference between latissimus dorsi muscle strength, post operative pain and chronic wound related symptoms. METHODS: Ten patients who had undergone auscultatory triangle thoracotomy (ATT) at least 1 year previously were matched with ten patients who had undergone posterolateral thoracotomy (PLT). Each pair was matched for age, sex, dominant hand, side of the operation, time since operation and presence or absence of history of previous muscle training. Latissimus dorsi muscle strength was assessed by testing the shoulder adduction strength through an arc of 90-0 degrees using isokinetic technique. Early post-operative pain was assessed indirectly by calculating the analgesic requirement in the first 5 post-operative days. A subjective assessment of chronic post-thoracotomy pain was made using a questionnaire presented to the patients at the time of muscle testing. Variability of the torque curves, recorded as coefficient of variance at the time of muscle strength testing, provided objective measurements of chronic pain. Data were analysed using two sample t-tests. RESULTS: All patients reported at least one chronic post-thoracotomy symptom. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of acute or chronic wound pain and other long term wound related symptoms. Shoulder adduction strength was 24% greater in ATT than PLT (95% confidence limits=1-43%, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: All thoracotomy patients have long term wound related symptoms. This situation is not improved by performing a muscle sparing incision. However thoracotomy through the triangle of auscultation can preserve latissimus dorsi strength which is compromised in a posterolateral thoracotomy incision. We therefore recommend that a muscle sparing thoracotomy be considered for patients where preservation of muscle strength is deemed important, providing the operation is not compromised due to inadequate access.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Volume, flow and respiratory muscle strength in mitral stenosis].

Pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength was assessed in 20 patients with mitral stenosis uncomplicated by other illness. Pulmonary function was evaluated by spirometry, flow-volume curves, functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC). Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated by measurement of maximal static inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressure (PIM, PEM cmH2O) at FRC and TLC respectively. Spirometric, FRC and TLC average values were normal. The maximal expiratory flow rate at 50 and 25% of vital capacity were decreased to 49.5 and 38.3% from predicted values. The values of PIM and PEM in patients (-93 +/- 17; 128 +/- 32 cmH2O, respectively) were similar to those of 12 normal subjects studied at comparable lung volume. Our results were similar to previous reports. There was no evidence of decreased respiratory muscle force, probably because the patients nutritional status and cardiac output were normal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Muscle strength in the elderly: its relation to vitamin D metabolites.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a relation between loss of muscle strength and vitamin D deficiency in ambulatory elderly persons not receiving vitamin D supplementation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: All measurements were taken at the Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. SUBJECTS: Three hundred nineteen patients (103 women, 216 men) selected by random sampling from participants in an ongoing interdisciplinary study on aging (mean age for women, 74.2 yrs; for men, 76.7 yrs). OUTCOME MEASURES: Leg extension power (LEP) and body mass index (BMI); serum values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [calcidiol, 25(OH)D], 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D [calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D], and intact parathyroid hormone (iPHT). RESULTS: Twelve percent of women and 18% of men had 25(OH)D values below the normal range (<12 ng/mL). Muscle strength was lower in older subjects (female: r = -.35; p = .0005/male: r = -.48; p < .0001) and was lower in women than in men (p < .0001). In men both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D was significantly correlated with LEP (r = 0.24; p = .0004/r = .14; p = .045). In women, only 1,25(OH)2D was significantly correlated with LEP (r = 0.22; p = .034). In an ANCOVA including all participants and explaining LEP by sex, age, BMI, 1,25(OH)2D, 25(OH)D, and iPTH, all factors showed significant effects except 25(OH)D and iPTH (r2 = .41). CONCLUSION: Muscle strength declined with age in ambulatory elderly people and showed modest, but significant, positive correlation with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in both sexes and with 25(OH)D in male subjects. Therefore vitamin D deficiency appears to contribute to the age-related loss of muscle strength, which might be more pronounced in institutionalized elderly people with a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in the circadian variations in muscle strength assessed with and without superimposed electrical twitches.

The circadian rhythm in muscle strength was analysed in 12 males (28 +/- 4 years, 79.6 +/- 12.3 kg, 1.80 +/- 0.05 m) and eight females (28 +/- 4 years, 60.3 +/- 5.5 kg, 1.61 +/- 0.08 m). After two familiarization sessions, participants were tested at six different times of the day (02:00, 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 and 22:00 hours), the order of which was randomly assigned over 3-4 days. Rectal temperature (T(rec)) was measured over 30 min before each test. Peak isokinetic torques (PT) of knee extensors and flexors were then measured at 1.05 rad s(-1) and 3.14 rad s(-1) through a 90 degrees range of motion. Maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extensors and flexors was measured at 60 degrees of knee flexion and the MVC of knee extensors was also assessed with superimposed electrical twitches (50 Hz, 250 V, 200 mus pulse width) in order to control for motivational effects. Three trials were performed in each condition, separated by 3 min recovery, and the highest values were retained for subsequent analyses. A significant circadian rhythm was observed for T(rec) in both males and females (acrophase, Phi, 17:29 and 16:40 hours; mesor, Me, 37.0 and 36.8 degrees C; amplitude, A, 0.28 and 0.33 degrees C for males and females, respectively). The mesor of T(rec) was higher in males than in females (p < 0.05). Significant circadian rhythms were observed for knee extensor PT at 3.14 rad s(-1) in males (Phi, 17:06 hours; Me, 178.2 N m; A, 4.7 N m) and for knee extensor PT at 1.05 rad s(-1) in females (Phi, 15:35 hours; Me, 128.7 N m; A, 3.7 N m). In males, the MVC of knee extensors demonstrated a significant circadian rhythm, but only when electrical twitches were superimposed (Phi, 16:17 h; Me, 302.1 N m; A, 13.6 N m). Acrophases of all indices of muscle strength were not statistically different between the two groups and were located in the afternoon (12:47 < Phi < 17:16 hours). The amplitude (percentage of mesor) of extensors MVC (electrically stimulated) was higher in males (6.4%) than in females (4.2%; p < 0.05). Significant circadian rhythms were not consistently observed for all indices of muscle strength whatever the gender. Our group of female subjects tended to show lower circadian amplitudes than the males. In males, maximal voluntary contraction of electrically stimulated muscles followed a circadian curve, which was not significant without the superimposed twitches. These results suggest that motivation could have a masking effect on the circadian rhythm in muscle performance and strengthen the view that peripheral factors are implicated in this rhythm.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Muscle strength and history of heavy manual work among elderly trained women and randomly chosen sample population.

The association between a history of heavy work and muscle strength was studied among 51 physically active women aged 66-85 years trained in sports and 41 women aged 70-81 years selected randomly from the population register. Maximal isometric muscle strength of hand grip, arm flexion, leg extension and trunk flexion and extension were measured using specially constructed dynamometers. The capacity of the abdominal muscles was evaluated by means of a sit-up test. The study included an interview dealing with the subjects' histories of heavy manual employment. The mean histories of heavy work for the trained and untrained women were 24 and 36 years, respectively. The trained women showed significantly greater maximal isometric muscle strength and abdominal muscle capacity than the untrained women. Among the trained women there was no correlation between the amount of heavy work and muscle performance. Among the untrained women the amount of heavy work correlated positively with maximal isometric trunk extension strength. The results would suggest that among elderly women, whether physically active or not, a history of heavy work has no systematic association with muscle strength.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The association of sex hormone levels with poor mobility, low muscle strength and incidence of falls among older men and women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine whether low levels of oestradiol and testosterone are associated with impaired mobility, low muscle strength and the incidence of falls in a population-based sample of older men and women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study, based on data of the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam (LASA), including 623 men and 663 women, aged 65-88 years. MEASUREMENTS: Serum levels of oestradiol, testosterone, albumin and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured. Physical performance, functional limitations and muscle strength were assessed, and a follow-up on falls was performed prospectively within 3 years. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, level of education, alcohol use, physical activity, chronic disease and body mass index (BMI), men in the highest quartile of the oestradiol/SHBG ratio had significantly higher physical performance scores than men in the lowest quartile (beta = 0.103). Serum levels of total testosterone were positively associated with muscle strength (beta = 0.085). Calculated bioavailable testosterone levels were positively associated with physical performance and muscle strength (beta = 0.128 and 0.109 respectively). No associations of oestradiol levels with mobility were seen in women. Levels of oestradiol and testosterone were not associated with falls. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that low levels of sex hormones were associated with impaired mobility and low muscle strength in men, but not in women. Levels of sex hormones were not associated with the incidence of falls neither in men, nor in women.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2000

Bone mass in female cross-country skiers: relationship between muscle strength and different BMD sites.

In this cross-sectional study, bone mass and muscle strength of the thigh were investigated in 16 Caucasian female cross-country skiers, age 16.2 +/- 0.3 years, that had been ski-training for 6.4 +/- 1.8 years (range 3-9 years) and were now training for 6.3 +/- 2.4 hours/week (range 3-12 hours). They were compared with 16 nonactive females, age 16.4 +/- 0.7 years. The groups were matched according to age, weight, height, and pubertal status. Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, in the total body, head, both total humerus and humerus diaphyses, spine, and in the right femoral neck, greater trochanter, femoral diaphysis, distal femur, proximal tibia, and tibia diaphysis. Bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) was also calculated for the femoral neck and humerus diaphyses. Isokinetic muscle strength of the quadricep and hamstring muscles was measured in an isokinetic dynamometer. Compared with the controls, the cross-country skiing group had significantly higher BMD in the right whole humerus (6.9%), left whole humerus (9.2%), left humerus diaphysis (8.1%), femoral neck (8.9%), greater trochanter (9.3%), femur diaphysis (7.6%), and BMAD of the femoral neck (+19.4%). In the nonactive group there were significant side-to-side differences in BMD of the whole humeri, humerus diaphyses, and BMAD of the humerus diaphyses (3.1%, 5.4%, and 8.8% higher in the right arm, respectively). No such differences were found in the cross-country skiing group. Lean body mass was significantly higher in the cross-country skiers (21.7%), and fat mass (-25.5%) and body fat percent (-28.0%) were significantly lower compared with the nonactive group. There were, however, no significant differences in concentric peak torque of the thigh muscles between the two groups. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that BMI was the best predictor of several sites in the nonactive group. In the cross-country group, on the other hand, muscle strength was a strong predictor of BMD, both at adjacent and more distant BMD sites. In conclusion, it seems that this type of endurance training is associated with a site-specific higher bone mass that may be associated with the type and magnitude of loading during off-season and during the main sports activity, cross-country skiing.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

The genetic contribution to muscle strength, knee pain, cartilage volume, bone size, and radiographic osteoarthritis: a sibpair study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the heritability of muscle strength, knee pain, cartilage volume, bone size, and radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA), and to assess whether heritability of the knee structural components is independent of ROA. METHODS: A sibpair design was utilized. Sagittal T1-weighted fat-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the right knee was performed to determine cartilage volume and bone size. Standing semiflexed radiographs of the same knee were obtained to assess the presence of ROA. Knee pain was assessed by questionnaire and muscle strength by dynamometry. Heritability was estimated using the genetic analysis program SOLAR. RESULTS: A total of 128 subjects (61 men, 67 women; mean age 45 years) from 51 families representing 115 sibpairs were studied. Lower limb muscle strength had high heritability (42%; P = 0.02), as did knee pain (44%; P = 0.07). Heritability estimates for cartilage volume were 65% for medial tibial cartilage, 77% for lateral tibial cartilage, and 84% for patellar cartilage, and heritability estimates for bone size were 85% for medial tibial bone area, 57% for lateral tibial bone area, and 70% for patella bone volume (all P < or = 0.004). For ROA, heritability was 61% for presence (with a large standard error) (P = 0.16) and 61% for severity (P = 0.02). The estimates for tibial bone areas were the only ones markedly reduced after adjustment for body size, while all estimates with the exception of knee pain were independent of ROA. Cartilage and, to a lesser extent, bone sites investigated by MRI were largely under independent genetic control, with a lesser shared genetic component. CONCLUSION: With the exception of prevalent ROA, all knee modalities assessed had high heritability, most likely reflecting a strong genetic component. Cartilage volume, bone size, and muscle strength all have the potential to be studied in quantitative trait linkage analyses, but their exact relevance with regard to OA remains uncertain at this time.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of training on muscle strength and motor function in the elderly.

Overall muscle strength and mass decline 30-50% between the ages of 30 and 80. The loss of muscle mass, the so called sarcopenia, accounts for most of the observed loss of strength. A reduced specific muscle force has also been observed but its contribution to the decrease in strength with age remains unclear. The loss of muscle tissue is due to a decrease in the number of muscle fibres and atrophy of the type II muscle fibres. The declining strength reduces the capacity to carry out basic activities of daily life and puts people at risk for falls and dependence. Resistive strength training greatly increases muscle strength even in very old people. It produces muscle fibre hypertrophy and improves neural factors involved in force production. The recovered strength in turn enhances the physical performance and allows a more active and independent life towards the end of the life span.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Lack of association of anabolic hormone status and muscle strength with regional and whole body bone mineral density in healthy men aged 60-79 years.

This study investigated the capacity of muscle strength and anabolic hormone status to predict regional and whole body bone mineral density (BMD) in older men. Fifty-two healthy men aged 60-79 years served as subjects. BMD of the lumbar spine, proximal femur, upper and lower limbs, and whole body was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Dynamic muscle strength for several upper and lower body muscle groups was determined by the one-repetition maximum and isometric grip strength by dynamometry. Anabolic hormone status was assessed by the ratio of testosterone (T) to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), given as the free androgen index (FAI), and the ratio of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Age was associated with declines in dynamic strength and the log FAI. In stepwise regression analysis, only body mass was an independent predictor of whole body and upper limb BMD (R2 = 0.13), and hip adductor strength predicted the Ward's triangle (R2 = 0.14). For lumbar spine BMD, triceps extensor strength was significantly correlated (r = 0.36, p < 0.01), while no strength or hormonal variable was associated with the femoral neck, trochanter, or lower limb. The lack of association between muscle strength and BMD was generally unaltered after controlling for hormone status and body mass. There was no difference in BMD when analyzed by tertiles of log FAI or IGF-I/IGFBP-3 or by tertiles of muscle strength. These results suggest that in healthy community-dwelling men in the seventh and eighth decade, muscle strength and hormonal status are not significant contributors to regional or whole body BMD.

Aged↗