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PubMed1981

Use of live and oil emulsion Newcastle disease vaccines on day-old broilers: report on two trials.

Two trials were carried out using broilers to test the effectiveness of concurrent live and oil emulsion Newcastle disease vaccines at day-old. The first trial compared this system, using a Newcastle disease oil emulsion vaccine formulated for adult birds, with the conventional programme of live vaccine only. The second trial used an oil emulsion vaccine specially formulated for a day-old dose fo 0.1 ml. It also examined the effect of an additional dose of live vaccine at 14 days old. The results show that birds were as well protected and grew at least as well when vaccinated at one day old and that the special low-dose oil emulsion gave as good protection against Newcastle disease as the higher dose vaccine. The additional live vaccine treatment in the second trial did not appear to increase the beneficial effects.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A preliminary study of the role of ducks in the transmission of Newcastle disease virus to in-contact rural free-range chickens.

The role of ducks in the transmission of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to free-range village chicken was investigated experimentally. Newcastle disease (ND) seronegative ducklings reared in a pen were infected oronasally with velogenic NDV of intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) 1.8 isolated from outbreaks in village chickens in Uganda. A first group of 3-week-old ND seronegative chicks was mixed with the ducks and they were kept together for 7 days. Both ducks and chicks were observed for ND clinical signs and any mortality, and they were bled and their sera were tested for ND antibodies by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The chicks were removed, euthanized and examined for any ND lesions, while the ducks were transferred to a fresh pen and a second group of chicks was introduced and observed and treated as above. The ducks and the chicks tested positive for ND antibodies 7 days post infection and contact, respectively, but showed no clinical signs, post-mortem lesions or mortality. The mean ND antibody titre of the second group of chicks was lower than for the first group. This study has shown that although ducks can be infected with velogenic NDV, they do not show clinical signs but are able to transmit NDV to in-contact chicks. Further investigations are needed of the lack of clinical signs in the in-contact chicks and how long the ducks remain infective.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Potentially virulent Newcastle disease viruses are maintained in migratory waterfowl populations.

Forty-seven Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains isolated from fecal samples of waterfowls in Alaska and Siberia from 1991 to 1996 were analyzed for their virulence. None of the viruses formed plaques on MDBK cells in the absence of trypsin. Of these, 29 strains showed virulent character by the mean death time with the minimum lethal dose in chicken embryos comparable to velogenic NDV strains. Of the 29 strains, 11 were sequenced for their fusion protein (F) gene. The results showed that 5 of them contained a pair of dibasic amino acids at the cleavage site of the F, which is of a virulent type. The present results suggest that potentially virulent strains of NDV are maintained in migratory waterfowl populations in nature, and that some of those may be transmitted to domestic poultry and acquire pathogenicity during passages in chicken population.

Alaska↗

PubMed1978

Antigenic differences between strains of Newcastle disease virus.

Comparison of strains of Newcastle disease virus by kinetic neutralization tests and immunodiffusion tests (after virion disruption by ether and Tween 80) enabled antigenic differences to be demonstrated between four out of five strains tested. No correlation was demonstrated between the antigenic structure and virulence of these strains.

Antigens, Viral↗

PubMed2006

[Inhibitory effect of new antimicrobial substance by Bacillus subtilis fmbJ on Newcastle disease virus and infectious Bursal disease virus in vitro].

The resistance effect on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus(IBDV) in vitro of a new antimicrobial substance (AS), which produced by a Bacillus subtilis strain named B. subtilis fmbJ. Results showed that the TD50 and TD0 value of this AS on Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts cell (CEF) were 128.95mg/L and 25.79mg/L, respectively. This AS could strongly inhibit the cytopathic effects of cell induced by NDV as well as IBDV, and increase the survival rate of cell remarkably. This AS could inhibit the function of NDV and IBDV, and it could defend against the infection and inhibit multiplication of NDV and IBDV, and the effect was the same as the antiviral medicine Ribavirin. It had lower toxicity to CEF cell, therefore we would study it further that it was as antiviral medicine.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Beneficial treatment of patients with advanced cancer using a Newcastle disease virus vaccine (MTH-68/H).

Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine (MTH-68/H) was administered to patients suffering from advanced neoplastic diseases after non-efficient tumor-destructive treatment. Case reports of selected patients suggest promising effects of this treatment. A prospectively-randomized clinical study (phase III; in accordance with Good Clinical Practice, GCP) was proposed to confirm these results and is currently under consideration.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Immunosuppressive effects of virulent strain of hemorrhagic enteritis virus in turkeys vaccinated against Newcastle disease.

One week after infection with a virulent strain of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), turkeys were vaccinated for Newcastle disease. The effect of a virulent strain of HEV on turkeys' immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine and the mitogenic response of their whole blood peripheral lymphocytes were examined. The results revealed a statistically significant difference (P less than .01) in the Newcastle disease hemagglutination inhibition (NDHI) antibody titers from turkeys infected with virulent HEV. The NDHI antibody titers were lower in turkeys exposed to virulent HEV before vaccination. There was an initial depression in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response 1 week postinfection in turkeys infected with virulent HEV strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Use of BHK cell culture-adapted Newcastle disease virus for immunization of chicks.

Newcastle disease virus mesogenic (Komarov) strain adapted to BHK21 suspension culture was used as a vaccine. The tissue culture-adapted virus was found to be potent and safe when administered to chicks by the intramuscular route. Potency was assessed by challenge test as well as by serology by haemagglutination inhibition and ELISA tests. The ELISA test appeared to be sensitive, efficacious and correlated well with the challenge test.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1998

Acute pancreatitis in chickens due to non-virulent Newcastle disease virus.

A non-virulent Newcastle disease virus (strain APMV-1 96/89 VB) was isolated from a broiler chicken from a backyard flock. Using monoclonal antibodies, the virus was shown to be different from the vaccinal virus strains Hitchner, La Sota and Ulster. The virus was shown to replicate in the pancreas of one-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens infected orally, and the histological lesions observed in the pancreas of chickens inoculated with the fourth chicken passage of the virus five to nine days after infection were consistent with an acute pancreatitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Apoptosis in chicken embryo fibroblasts caused by Newcastle disease virus.

The GB strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was used to infect chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). At various times after infection, CEF were harvested and processed for DNA extraction, flow cytometry and electron microscopy. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA at 12 h after infection, showed a laddering pattern, indicating fragmentation of cellular DNA. Flow cytometry analysis of the infected cells showed an increase in the population of smaller cells (apoptotic cells). Electron microscopic examination showed extensive cellular necrosis, but also showed some other cells with condensed chromatin and with extensive perinuclear fragmentation of chromatin; apoptotic bodies could also be readily seen. These data suggest that NDV infection of CEF causes apoptosis, in addition to necrosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1974

Primaquine diphosphate: inhibition of Newcastle disease virus replication.

The response of Newcastle disease virus replication to primaquine, an antimalarial drug, was examined in chicken embryo cells (CEC). Virus-induced hemadsorption was completely inhibited by 250 mug of primaquine per ml. At lower concentrations, hemadsorption inhibition was dose dependent. Primaquine retarded virus-induced redistribution of receptor sites on the host cell plasma membrane as shown by the failure of infected, drug-treated CEC to be agglutinated with concanavalin A. The production of infectious progeny virus was substantially inhibited by the addition of primaquine at various times postinfection. When the drug was added early in the virus replication cycle, viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was inhibited; however, when the drug was added late in the cycle, stimulation of RNA synthesis was observed. Primaquine was also shown to retard the incorporation of [(14)C]amino acids into proteins of virus-infected CEC. We suggest that the major role of primaquine is inhibition of protein synthesis; this results in changes in: hemadsorption, redistribution of lectin receptors, release of progeny, and virus-induced RNA synthesis.

Agglutination↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nucleotide sequence and vaccinia expression of the nucleoprotein of a highly virulent, neurotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus.

The nucleoprotein (NP) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was selected to study the relative importance of an internal structural protein in the avian immune response. The NP gene of the virulent, neurotropic NDV Texas GB (TGB) strain was cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence data for the NP gene allowed comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences for the NP genes of NDV-TGB and the avirulent duck isolate NDV-D26. These comparisons demonstrated an 89% nucleotide sequence homology and a 97% homology between the deduced amino acid sequences. The NDV-TGB NP expressed in recombinant vaccinia virus (rVAC) was electrophoretically and immunologically identical to the wild-type NDV-TGB. Although inoculation of chickens with the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the NDV NP gene elicited anti-NDV antibodies in higher titers than in birds inoculated with live LaSota NDV, this strong anti-NDV response did not protect against lethal challenge with NDV-TGB.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Evolution of pigeon Newcastle disease virus strains.

Twenty-seven Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained during the years 1998 and 1999 from racing pigeons were shown to be antigenically indistinguishable from the pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) viruses isolated in the years 1983 and 1984. Partial sequencing of 240 base pairs of the F gene demonstrated at least 94.7% identity at the nucleotide level between isolates from 1983 and 1984, and more recent viruses isolated in 1998 and 1999. Most of the nucleotide changes observed were silent mutations as only six amino acid changes were observed. Three amino acid substitutions were observed in the F2/F1 cleavage site. The sequence of the F2/F1 cleavage site of all isolates was typical for pathogenic paramyxovirus 1 viruses. Amino acids at the F2/F1 cleavage site changed from (112)GRQKRF(117) to (112)RRQKRF(117), (112)RRKKRF(117) or (112)RRRKRF(117). The motif (112)RRQKRF(117) was present in the majority of the isolates but the intracerebral pathogenicity indexes of PPMV-1 isolates having this motif was highly variable but largely lower (mean, 0.69) than that reported for PPMV-1 viruses isolated in the years 1983 and 1984 (mean, 1.44).

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Generation of recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus from cDNA.

Recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of the vaccine strain Clone-30 was reproducibly generated after simultaneous expression of antigenome-sense NDV RNA and NDV nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from plasmids transfected into cells stably expressing T7 RNA polymerase. For this purpose, the genome of Clone-30, comprising 15186 nt, was cloned and sequenced prior to assembly into a full-length cDNA clone under control of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Recombinant virus was amplified by inoculation of transfection supernatant into the allantoic cavity of embryonated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs. Two marker restriction sites comprising a total of five nucleotide changes artificially introduced into noncoding regions were present in the progeny virus. The recombinant NDV was indistinguishable from the parental wild-type virus with respect to its growth characteristics in cell culture and in embryonated eggs. Moreover, an intracerebral pathogenicity index of 0.29 was obtained for both viruses as determined by intracerebral inoculation of day-old SPF chickens, proving that the recombinant NDV is a faithful copy of the parental vaccine strain of NDV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1981

An assessment of the Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus as a vaccine by spray, aerosol and drinking water administration.

An Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus, was evaluated for used as a vaccine following its administration by drinking water, aerosol and spray to chickens at 1 and 21 days of age. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody was produced and persisted for 11 weeks. Aerosol vaccination induced higher levels of haemagglutination inhibition antibody than the other methods of vaccination. No respiratory disease was observed following vaccination. Chickens vaccinated by aerosol and spray were fully protected when challenged at 5, 7 and 11 weeks of age with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Mortality of 10 to 30 per cent was observed in chickens vaccinated by drinking water and intranasally following challenge.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed2004

Clinical and immunological effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine on bovine papillomatosis.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has antineoplastic and immunostimulatory properties, and it is currently being clinically tested in anticancer therapy. In order to analyze the immunostimulatory effects of NDV on bovine papillomatosis, we inoculated 14 cows subcutaneously with an attenuated vaccine containing the LaSota strain of NDV (LS-NDV). Four cows with papillomatosis served as controls. Serum samples were collected from each animal 1 h before and, 7 and 21 days after inoculation. In inoculated cows, on days 7 and 21 the mean antibody titers were log2 2.43 +/- 0.92 and log2 5.57 +/- 0.72 by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), and the mean levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were 5.80 +/- 4.19 and 5.39 +/- 2.66 ng/ml by WEHI-164 cytotoxicity assay. Significant differences between inoculated and control animals were evident for antibody titers on day 21 and clinical scores on day 60. A correlation was evident between the TNF-alpha activities and clinical scores on day 21. The clinical observations at day 60 showed that the papillomas in five cows were completely resolved (36%), one animal had no alterations on clinical appearance of the tumor (7%), and papillomas in eight cows were regressed (57%). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that inoculation of LS-NDV vaccine stimulates an antibody response and limited increase in TNF-alpha activity and may enhance clinical recovery in bovine papillomatosis.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1968

Relationship of plaque size and virulence for chickens of 14 representative Newcastle disease virus strains.

Ability of 14 Newcastle disease virus strains to produce large plaques was related to virulence for chickens. Plaque-size comparisons were made under standard conditions in chick embryo cell monolayers. All plaque-producing strains showed a range of plaque sizes modified to a degree by the overlay medium used. An increase in size was found for most strains under methyl-cellulose overlay medium. Markedly larger plaques were found under this medium for both Calif-RO and Calif-CG strains. Heterogeneity in plaque size was most pronounced in velogenic (high virulence) strains. Only populations of small plaques were found in mesogenic (intermediate virulence) strains, and plaques were rarely found in lentogenic (low virulence) strains. Statistical analysis showed that the plaque size of velogenic strains differed significantly from mesogenic strains. None of the 11 plaque-producing strains had a normal distribution of plaque sizes, owing primarily to the presence of different genotypes within the plaquing population of a strain. This was demonstrated by derivation of clones from two of the strains. The populations of the large (Herts L) and small (Herts S) clear plaque clones derived from Eng-Herts were homogenous and distinct from one another on the basis of plaque size. Herts L was more virulent than Herts S. Although Herts L became more heterogenous in respect to plaque size upon repeated passage in embryonated eggs, no decrease in virulence of the strain was observed.

Agar↗

PubMed1974

Newcastle disease virus infection of L cells.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) California strain reportedly grows poorly in L cells but replicates very well in chicken embryo cells. NDV-infected L cell cultures show a characteristic virus growth curve with respect to uridine incorporation, but plaque assays of the virus produced 24 h postinfection (PI) show no infectious particles when assayed on L cell monolayers and only a very low titer on chick cell monolayers. Plasma membranes isolated and purified from infected L cells 8 h PI contain all of the major virion proteins. In addition, NDV-infected L cells show a 50% loss of H-2 antigenic activity, a phenomenon previously observed in cells productively infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. These results suggest that at least part of the normal process of NDV maturation occurs in NDV-infected L cells. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel patterns of supernatant virus purified from cells radiolabeled with amino acids from 3 to 24 h PI in the presence of actinomycin D show that all the major NDV structural proteins are present. Electron micrographs of NDV-infected L cells show extensive virus maturation at cell membranes. It can be concluded that infection of L cells with NDV results in a normal production of virus-specific RNA, synthesis of all the major structural proteins, association of the viral envelope proteins with the L cell plasma membrane, and the loss of cell surface H-2 antigenic activity. However, most of the virus particles produced are noninfectious.

Animals↗