Occupational prestige differences within the medical and allied health professions.
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Allied Health Personnel↗
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Physical and occupational therapy in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis.
The interdisciplinary approach to the management of MS patients includes the services of both physical and occupational therapy. These professions complement one another in their concerted effort to mobilize the patient, thereby minimizing the symptoms of progressive weakness, fatigue, and spasticity. The ambulant patient is far less likely to develop complications of inactivity such as contractures, decubitus ulcers, venous thrombosis, or osteoporosis (with its associated fatigue fractures), as well as bowel or bladder complications.
Contracture↗
[The occurrence of abortion in inpatients at urban center hospitals of the state of São Paulo, Brazil].
Certain characteristics--biological, demographical, social and institutional--based on data collected from the recorded case histories of 2,588 women suffering complications after abortion, attended in a hospital of Santo André, an industrial urban area of Greater S. Paulo, State of S. Paulo, Brazil, in the period from January 1978 to December 1982, are identified Data show a two-fold increase in the number of women with complications after abortion over the period studied, rising progressively from 302 in 1978, to 672 in 1982. However, the number of births attended at the same hospital underwent an increase of only 14% in the same period, resulting in an average abortion/birth ratio of 1:3.6 and 1:1.8 in 1978 and 1982, respectively. The majority of the population under study (60%) professed non-skilled occupations. Age presented a statistically significant relationship with martial status, colour, profession and gestational results. A significant relationship was also observed between age at first menstruation, age at first sexual relationship and age at first pregnancy among those women belonging to the primigesta group.
Abortion, Induced↗
Substitutability of work and the professionalization of occupational therapists.
This paper examines the status of occupational therapy as a profession. Achievement of status as a full-fledged profession will depend on the success with which this group convinces members of society that the work it does is non-substitutable. It is difficult for occupational therapists to prove there is no legal substitute for the services they offer. This factor will likely limit attainment of status as a full-fledged profession.
Canada↗
[Mortality differential for cancer based on social class: the metropolitan region of Montreal, 1971].
Cancer mortality rates vary from area to area. Part of this variation is due to socio-economic characteristics of the area and part to other factors including the availability of health services. Three social indicators associated with cancer mortality are used to estimate variations between low and high census sectors within the metropolitan region of Montreal. The components of socio-economic status which have been used are revenue (median family income), education (college and university level) and occupation (higher status profession). For each of the three zones of the metropolitan area: the city of Montreal, the island of Montreal not included the city of Montreal, the north and south shores of the metropolitan area twenty five census sectors have been chosen which having higher or lower positions for each of the socio-economic components. For each group standardized death rates were evaluated for each type of cancer and the Poisson test was applied to judge whether the differences between the projected rate and the observed rate were significant. The results indicate a strong indirect relation between the standardized mortality rates and the socio-economic status in the central city. In the case of lung cancer, the spatial distribution showed district gradients of occurrence between the central-city and the suburbs.
Adult↗
Dentistry and medical dominance.
In this study, I explore the relationship between medicine and dentistry in Ontario between 1868 and 1918. Examination of the rise of dentistry and medical-dental relations reveals that medicine never came to dominate dentistry to the extent it did other health care occupations. The combination of four factors enabled dentistry to avoid outright medical dominance in Ontario. First, dentistry organized and professionalized at approximately the same time as did medicine in Ontario. Second, dentistry's jurisdiction remained somewhat separate from medicine's. Third, unlike other health care occupations, the dental profession never challenged medicine's claims to knowledge or expertise. Fourth, dental and medical leaders shared gender and class backgrounds, identities, and goals that discouraged conflict between them. The importance of these four factors and their implications for future research into inter-professional relations and medical dominance are discussed.
Dentistry↗
A student-run course in interprofessional relations.
The topic of working relationships among health professionals is one which has long been neglected in professional school curricula. During the winter of 1976 students from four health professions--medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, and physical therapy--initiated a course designed to improve their knowledge of one another's training and skills, with the larger aim of preparing themselves to work in health care teams. The nine weekly meetings are described in terms of their content and students' reactions. In the discussion the underlying themes of legal responsibilities and of sex-roles as factors in health care team functioning are identified. Suggestions are made about format and techniques that seem to be useful for courses of this type.
Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
Flexner's model and the future of medical education.
Less attention has been paid to Flexner's educational philosophy as compared with the recommendations he made to reform American medical education in Bulletin No. 4 of the Carnegie Foundation, the so-called "Flexner Report." His philosophy begins with the education of the child, having much in common with the educational theories of John Dewey, and is based on learning by observing and doing. Flexner believed that all education should be utilitarian and should prepare the individual for the responsibilities of citizenship and for an occupation or a profession. He also believed that general education lasted too long in this country. Based on Flexner's educational philosophy rather than the four-year medical school model that bears his name, the education of the physician is reexamined. Recommendations are made concerning the interface between the last two years of college and the first two years of medical school that would better equip the future physician to face the complexities of medical practice in the next century. Further, if medical schools were given responsibility for graduate medical education, as has been recommended by prestigious committees in the past, it would be possible to integrate the medical school clinical years with those of residency training and thereby improve the educational experience. A consideration of the education of the physician as a continuum, beginning in the third year of college and ending with the conclusion of residency training, also would be entirely consistent with Flexner's educational views.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Education, Medical↗
Decision polarization among rehabilitation team recommendations concerning discharge housing for stroke patients.
This study sought to identify if decision polarization effects were operating in rehabilitation teams when making discharge housing recommendations for stroke patients. Using a Social Judgment Theory approach, individual clinicians were asked to nominate discharge housing for stroke patients. Teams were then assembled and clinicians repeated the task. The research was conducted at a sample of seven in-patient rehabilitation hospitals. The subjects were 74 clinicians who formed 13 teams. All subjects were volunteers, and represented the following professions: medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, and social work. A casebook which described 50 hypothetical stroke patients in terms of eight attributes was devised for the study. Subjects made housing recommendations to these patients using a 7-point scale. When compared to individual clinicians' recommendations, it was found that team housing recommendations made by all 13 teams polarized towards both more supported and, in the other extreme, more independent types of housing. However, teams placed a stronger emphasis on supported housing when compared with individual clinician decisions. This decision polarization suggests that housing recommendations made to patients may reflect team processes as well as patient needs. Rehabilitation teams should be aware of this negative team dynamic so that steps to minimize decision polarization can be taken.
Australia↗
Meningomyelocele. Assessment and management.
Failure of the neural tube to close in a fetus is one of the most devastating and yet common congenital malformations. Various organ systems including the skeletal, muscular, urologic, digestive, respiratory, skin and central nervous systems are involved. This involvement results in complicated and interrelated problems requiring services from the medical specialties of pediatrics, orthopedics, urology and neurosurgery; the allied health professions of physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech pathology, nutrition, social work and nursing; and the psychoeducational professions of education and psychology. This article attempts to summarize the information about the current needs and management techniques of children with meningomyelocele for the general pediatrician who is frequently called upon to play an important role in coordination and communication with the families and other professionals caring for these children.
Bone Diseases↗
[The future of nursing in Latin America].
The authors take up the subject with a retrospective review of the concepts of economic and social development, the health policy that has emerged in the last 25 years, and the salient characteristics of health practice and the training of nursing personnel. They interpret development in the health field and various approaches to the extension of the health services coverage that have been taken in the countries of Latin America through implementation of the strategies of primary care and community participation. Finally, they present several considerations on the future of nursing, with emphasis on a comprehensive view of the profession as an occupation and a social practice, after which they formulate a series of propositions that can serve as a basis for training of the nursing personnel that will be needed to serve society adequately.
Education, Nursing↗
Interests and specialty choice in medicine.
The study deals with the origin of occupational satisfaction in the medical profession. It examines the relationship between the specialty choice within the medical profession on the one hand, and satisfaction with the occupational choice on the other. Following an intensive analysis of the medical profession and interviews with senior physicians, three dimensions along which the medical specialties differ were defined: contact with people (contact), usage of instruments and equipment (instruments), and occurrence of dramatic events in the physician's daily work (sensation). Eighty-one medical practitioners answered the IIP (interest inventory for physicians) which was constructed to measure their vocational interests. Results show: reliability coefficients of 0.85, 0.92 and 0.83 for the contact, instruments and sensation components of the IIP, respectively; and correlations of 0.31, 0.27 and 0.53 between interest-specialty congruence in contact, instruments and sensation, respectively, on the one hand, and satisfaction with the medical specialty choice on the other. Several implications and applications are discussed.
Career Choice↗
The role of occupational therapy in dementia-C.O.P.E. (Caregiver options for practical experiences).
Occupational therapy is a profession that enables individuals to regain, maintain or promote function after an illness, injury or disability occurs. The basis of the profession's philosophy derives from a recognition of the importance of meaningful activity (occupation) in people's lives to support function, quality of life and the debilitating effects of inactivity. Occupational therapy enhances the abilities of individuals to engage in the following performance areas: (1) activities of daily living (eg eating, bathing, toileting, functional mobility) and instrumental activities of daily living (eg meal preparation, shopping, managing one's finances); (2) work and productive activities (eg care of others, educational and vocational activities); and (3) leisure to meet a variety of needs that are culturally meaningful to individuals and their significant others. In order to determine the etiologies of dysfunction in one or more performance areas, occupational therapists assess the following components of performance: sensorimotor, neuromusculoskeletal, motor, cognitive, and psychosocial. This assessment becomes the basis for tailoring treatment to individuals' needs and interests. When deficits and strengths in performance components and performance areas have been identified, occupational therapists work with clients/patients and their caregivers to reduce the barriers in daily functioning and facilitate maximum engagement in their environments, the human and physical context for daily living.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Headache as an occupational illness in the treatise "De morbis artificum diatriba" of Bernardino Ramazzini.
The treatise "De morbis artificum diatriba" (Modena, 1700) is considered to be the first text to specifically deal with occupational illnesses. It was also the last for over 150 years. Written by Bernardino Ramazzini (Carpi, 1633-Padua, 1714), a professor at the University of Padua from 1700 to 1714, the book highlights the importance given at the time to headache as an occupational symptom. Among the 69 professions described, accounting for the majority of the occupations of the period, 12 were found to lead to headache as an important symptom caused by work. Ramazzini appears to have paid more attention to this than we do today. Ramazzini's work opens up a wide view on social conditions in the 18th century, as his sensitivity for occupational hazards was exceptional. His remarks on headache are typical of his way of collecting first-hand experience of working conditions, and they underline the importance of occupational hazards in the assessment of headache, today just as in 1710.
Environmental Exposure↗
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis is more prevalent than irritant contact dermatitis: a 5-year study.
BACKGROUND: Irritant contact dermatitis is thought to be the leading cause of occupational skin disease in the United States. Recent reports suggest otherwise. OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of allergic and irritant forms of occupational contact dermatitis in the population seen at a Midwestern dermatologic referral clinic, report professions commonly affected by occupational skin disease, and indicate which substances are frequent allergens. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patch test data collected at the University of Kansas between 1994 and 1999 was performed. RESULTS: Of 537 patients who underwent patch testing, 135 (25%) had occupational skin disease. Allergic contact dermatitis affected 81 (60%) patients, and irritant contact dermatitis was found in 46 (34%). Health care professionals, machinists, and construction workers accounted for nearly half of all patients with occupational skin disease. Nickel sulfate, glutaraldehyde, and thiuram mix were the most common allergens. CONCLUSION: Patch tests with a wider array of allergens than those currently available in the United States are needed to prevent misdiagnosis of occupational contact dermatitis.
Adult↗
[What is your profession? Evaluative approach and normal word choice for occupational descriptions in German].
Terms of occupation are often used in psychological research to refer to stimulus persons. The first comprehensive study for the German language is presented, in which 95 German commonly used terms of occupation are evaluated concerning a number of variables discussed in the literature, specifically perceptions of sympathy, prestige, typicality, positivity, negativity and ambivalence. As a consequence, it will be possible to balance terms of occupation in future research.
Adult↗
A conceptual model of occupational health nursing.
Occupational health nurses can practice and research in their profession better if they approach occupational health nursing with a well developed conceptual model. The Wilkinson Windmill Model is one conceptualization of occupational health nursing an occupational health nurse may use for guidance in practice, research, and education. The model consists of five primary components. This conceptual model may be a useful framework for understanding the role of the occupational health nurse in many different environments and may prove valuable as a tool for conducting research.
Humans↗
An interdisciplinary educational approach to assessing the health care and health educational needs of the elderly in a South Carolina community.
This article describes work from an allied health project grant that resulted in an interdisciplinary geriatric educational experience for health professions faculty and students (health information administration, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and health professions education) at an academic health sciences center. The educational experience centered on the process of designing, administering, and analyzing the results of a comprehensive needs assessment for clients attending a senior citizen center. This process enabled faculty and students to integrate education, service, and research activities into their curricula, and to work as an interdisciplinary team in assessing the health care needs of elderly adults in the community.
Adult↗