SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “PETROLEUM PRODUCTS”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

The distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast.

Coastal marine sediment samples were collected from 31 sampling stations along the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea coast. All sediment samples were analyzed to determine aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as total organic carbon (TOC) contents and grain size analysis. Total concentrations of 16 EPA-PAHs in the sediments were varied from 88 to 6338 ng g(-1) with an average value of 154 ng g(-1) (dry weight). However, the concentrations of total aliphatic were varied from 1.3 to 69.9 ng g(-1) with an average value of 15.6 ng g(-1) (dry weight). The highest contents of PAHs were found in the Eastern harbor (6338 ng g(-1)), Manzala (5206 ng g(-1)) and El-Jamil East (4895 ng g(-1)) locations. Good correlations observed between a certain numbers of PAH concentrations allowed to identify its origin. The average total organic carbon (TOC) percent was varied from 0.91 to 4.54%. Higher concentration of total pyrolytic hydrocarbons ( summation operatorCOMB) than total fossil hydrocarbons ( summation operatorPHE) declared that atmospheric fall-out is the significant source of PAHs to marine sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. The selected marked compounds, a principal component analysis (PCA) and special PAHs compound ratios (phenanthrene/anthracene vs fluoranthene/pyrene; summation operatorCOMB/ summation operatorEPA-PAHs) suggest the pyrogenic origins, especially traffic exhausts, are the dominant sources of PAHs in most locations. Interferences of rather petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH contaminations were noticed in the harbors due to petroleum products deliveries and fuel combustion emissions from the ships staying alongside the quays.

Anthracenes↗

PubMed1981

Evaluation of the potential carcinogenicity of paraffins for medicinal and cosmetic uses--determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

A previously developed method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in purified petroleum products was applied to some fully-refined paraffin samples for cosmetic and medicinal uses of Italian Pharmacopoeia grade materials. The analytical procedure used provided identification and quantitative assay for ng/g amounts of two well-known carcinogenic PAH, namely benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b]fluroanthene, together with five other none-carcinogenic PAH. The method is sensitive and reliable for routine analysis of PAH content in these paraffins and is compared with very rapid pharmocopoeial tests based on different criteria of quality. The data obtained showed a lack in agreement between PAH content in paraffin samples and the results of pharmacopoeial tests.

Carcinogens↗

PubMed1986

Environmental risk assessment of industrial facilities: techniques, regulatory initiatives and insurance.

Most companies that manufacture, handle or dispose of chemicals or petroleum products have the potential to cause environmental impairment, especially by longterm or gradual release of materials into the environment. This impairment creates potential liabilities that result from numerous regulations as well as from common law. One way to identify these potential environmental liabilities and exposures is through environmental risk assessment. The primary focus of an environmental risk assessment is to evaluate the potential for off-site gradual impairment arising from a company's operations. Such an assessment reviews the status of the firm's environmental risk exposure and is a useful internal tool for corporate planning. There are three major objectives in performing an environmental risk assessment: risk identification, risk evaluation and risk reduction. To identify risk, numerous criteria are used to determine the individual factors contributing to the potential for off-site exposure. The interaction of these individual risk factors is then used to evaluate the overall potential for gradual environmental impairment. After the risks have been evaluated, recommendations are made to reduce the potential exposures. In addition, implementation of risk reduction strategies accomplish the objective of legislative initiatives for protecting human health and the environment. Environmental risk management can and should be encouraged through legislative initiatives.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1987

Normal bone marrow karyotype in acute leukemia or myelodysplasia following rheumatoid arthritis?

Cytogenetic analyses by means of trypsin-Giemsa banding technique were performed on bone marrow cells from a total of 12 patients--nine with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and three with myelodysplastic syndrome--and a history of rheumatoid arthritis. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities were identified in two patients with previous exposure to petroleum products, and radiation therapy for a malignant tumor, respectively; one additional patient had a loss of the Y chromosome as the sole aberration. All the remaining nine patients had completely normal karyotypes. Seven patients had received treatment for rheumatoid arthritis with mutagenic drugs. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome secondary to cytotoxic treatment for a previous malignancy display multiple, usually complex, structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities in the majority of cases. The contrasting findings in the present patient series suggest other pathogenetic mechanisms in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome following rheumatoid arthritis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunoelectrophoresis used for identification of blood stains in forensic medicine].

Conclusive evidence was obtained in this study that immunoelectrophoresis could be used in the identification of blood-stains in two particular cases: for diagnosis or approach to diagnosis of the age of a blood-stain, and for diagnosis of the human origin of a blood-stain that had been treated with petroleum products. Although many aspects should be investigated in more detail, it is certain that this method can be employed in combination with other methods.

Blood Stains↗

PubMed2005

Exposure to benzene and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, an epidemiologic overview and an ongoing case-control study in Shanghai.

The interest in the relationship between benzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) appears to have been generated from a 1979 publication, which reported an increased risk of NHL among persons potentially exposed to benzene and/or coal tar fractions. More recently (1997), an increased risk of NHL was reported among 74,828 workers exposed to benzene and other chemicals in a variety of industries in China. On the contrary, no increased risk of NHL was reported in a cohort of 1,165 workers at two rubber hydrochloride plants in Ohio (US), who were exposed to extremely high levels of benzene and were found to have an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia. In another large cohort of some 7,676 US workers exposed to benzene, no increased risk of NHL was reported. Similarly, no increased risk of NHL was reported in a combined cohort of 308,199 petroleum workers in the US, the UK, Canada, Australia, Italy and Finland, who were exposed to benzene or benzene-containing petroleum products. The lack of an association between benzene exposure and NHL in cohort studies is supported by case-control studies from the US, Canada, Italy and the UK. To further investigate the relationship between benzene exposure and NHL, we are conducting a hospital-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Cases are newly diagnosed NHL patients at 29 hospitals in Shanghai. For each case, two matched controls are selected among patients without any lymphatic or hematopoietic diseases at the same hospital. Demographic, employment, medical and lifestyle information is obtained through questionnaires (primary and secondary). Sources for benzene exposure information include a database of 50,000+ benzene measurements maintained by the Shanghai Municipal Institute of Public Health Supervision (IPHS), Shanghai District IPHS, walk-through surveys at factories, additional measurements at factories and reports in Chinese medical journals. Patient enrollment started in 2003 and it is estimated that the study will have 400-450 NHL cases by December 2006. Some of the occupations or industries reported among enrolled study subjects (cases and controls) with potential exposure to benzene include shoe workers, painters, mechanics or machinists, and printers. Some of the unique features of the study are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Distribution and loadings of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Xijiang River in Guangdong, South China.

The Xijiang River is the major tributary of the Pearl River, South China, and is the major source water system for more than 4.5 million of urban population and 28.7 million of rural population. We initiated a systematic study on detection and quantification of organic pollutants in both water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) for samples collected in a span of 12 months. Our results showed that total concentrations of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied from 21.7 to 138 ng l(-1) in water and from 40.9 to 665 microg kg(-1) in SPM. The organic carbon normalized distribution coefficients (K(OC)) computed for the PAHs were correlated well with their octanol-water partition coefficient (K(OW)). The estimated annual loadings of Ant, BaA, and BghiP and the total PAHs in the Xijiang River were 1620, 330, 177 and 19,400 kg, respectively. Further analysis of the data showed that combustion may be the major source of PAHs and that direct leakage of petroleum products may be insignificant.

China↗

PubMed2004

Testing the ecotoxicology of vegetable versus mineral based lubricating oils: 2. Induction of mixed function oxidase enzymes in barramundi, Lates calcarifer, a tropical fish species.

An increasing number of vegetable-based oils are being developed as environmentally friendly alternatives to petroleum products. However, toxicity towards key tropical marine species has not been investigated. In this study we used laboratory-based biomarker induction experiments to compare the relative stress of a vegetable-based lubricating oil for marine 2-stroke engines with its mineral oil-based counterpart on tropical fish. The sub-lethal stress of 2-stoke outboard lubricating oils towards the fish Lates calcarifer (barramundi) was examined using liver microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) induction assays. This study is the first investigation into the use of this key commercial species in tropical North Queensland, Australia in stress assessment of potential hydrocarbon pollution using ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) induction. Our results indicated that barramundi provide a wide range of inducible rates of EROD activity in response to relevant organic stressors. The vegetable- and mineral-based lubricants induced significant EROD activity at 1.0 mg kg(-1) and there was no significant difference between the two oil treatments at that concentration. At increasing concentrations of 2 and 3 mg kg(-1), the mineral-based lubricant resulted in slightly higher EROD activity than the vegetable-based lubricant. The EROD activity of control and treated barramundi are found to be within ranges for other species from temperate and tropical environments. These results indicate that vegetable-based lubricants may be less stressful to barramundi than their mineral counterparts at concentrations of lubricant > or =2 mg kg(-1). There is great potential for this species to be used in the biomonitoring of waterways around tropical North Queensland and SE Asia.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Application of ion mobility spectrometry in cases of forensic interest.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been known as an analytical technique since the late 1960s and early 1970s. To date, it has been successfully utilized for the detection of environmental pollutants, warfare agents, explosives, herbicides, pesticides, petroleum products as well as for the detection of prescription and illicit drugs. In this paper the authors describe the use of the IMS technology in cases of forensic interest in Salzburg, Austria. We report the use of the IMS methodology for the rapid analysis of hallucinogenic mushroom material as well as for the analysis of samples taken after an explosion. A new application of the IMS technology for the analysis of postmortem sweat samples for drugs is also presented.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Wettability of Freon hydrates in crude oil/brine emulsions.

The surface energy of petroleum hydrates is believed to be a key parameter with regard to hydrate morphology and plugging tendency in petroleum production. As of today, the surface energy of natural gas hydrates is unknown, but will depend on the fluids in which they grow. In this work, the wettability of Freon hydrates is evaluated from their behavior in crude oil emulsions. For emulsions stabilized by colloidal particles, the particle wettability is a governing parameter for the emulsion behavior. The transition between continuous and dispersed phases as a function of brine volume in crude oil-brine emulsions containing Freon hydrates has been determined for 12 crude oils. Silica particles are used for comparison. The results show that phase inversion is highly dependent on crude oil properties. Based on the measured points of phase inversion, the wettability of the Freon hydrates generated in each system is evaluated as being oil-wet, intermediate-wet, or water-wet. Generation of oil-wet hydrates correlates with low hydrate plugging tendency. The formation of oil-wet hydrates will prevent agglomeration into large hydrate aggregates and plugs. Hence, it is believed that the method is applicable for differentiating oils with regard to hydrate morphology.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Comparison of hypothetical LNG and fuel oil fires on water.

Large spills of refined petroleum products have been an occasional occurrence over the past few decades. This has not been true for large spills of liquefied natural gas (LNG). This paper compares the likely similarities and differences between accidental releases from a ship of sizable quantities of these different hydrocarbon fuels, their subsequent spreading, and possible pool-fire behavior. Quantitative estimates are made of the spread rate and maximum slick size, burn rate, and duration; effective thermal radiation; and subsequent soot generation.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

Occupation, hobbies, and acute leukemia in adults.

Occupational and industrial exposures have been implicated in the etiology of leukemia, yet uncertainty remains regarding potential high risk occupations. We examined the associations between self-reported occupations and hobbies and acute leukemia risk using data from 811 cases and 637 controls participating in a case-control study in the U.S. and Canada. We found that several occupations may increase the risk of acute leukemia, particularly occupations related to petroleum products, rubber, nuclear energy, munitions, plastics, and electronics manufacturing. Differences were noted according to histological type. Other occupations and hobbies were not clearly associated with risk.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

Molecular and stable carbon isotopic characterization of PAH contaminants at McMurdo Station, Antarctica.

The molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of contaminant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at McMurdo Station, Antarctica were analyzed in samples collected from land and sub-tidal area. PAHs in the study areas were characterized by high amounts of naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes from petroleum products introduced by human activities in the area. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PAH composition data identified multiple sources of PAH contamination in the study area. Compositional assignments of origins were confirmed using compound specific stable carbon isotopic analysis.

Antarctic Regions↗

PubMed2006

Parallel numerical simulation of the ultrasonic waves in a prestressed formation.

Formation stress prediction plays an important role in petroleum production. Understanding ultrasonic wave propagation in a stress-induced anisotropic formation will help us to find an efficient method to correctly predict formation stress or formation pore pressure. In this work, a parallel 3D finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method is developed to simulate elastic wave propagation in pre-stressed formations. A perfectly matched layer (PML) is used as an absorbing boundary condition. The acceleration ration of total CPU computation time and the lasting time of the program run in the super computer-ShenTeng 6800 in the Super Computation Center of Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) are tested. It shows that the acceleration factor of the parallel FDTD program is considerably high even if the domain is only divided in one direction. When the total computation model size fixed, the acceleration factor of 8 CPU and 64 CPU is 3.0 and 13.8, respectively. The velocities under various static stresses are obtained by processing the array data calculated with the FDTD using Prony's method. The linear relation between velocity and the applied pre-stress is in agreement with that predicted by the acoustoelasticity theory. Results from the numerical simulation confirm the reciprocity principle and the superposition principle.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Development of inferential measurements using neural networks.

In many industrial processes, the most desirable variables to control are measured infrequently off-line in a quality control laboratory. In these situations, use of advanced control or optimization techniques requires use of inferred measurements generated from correlations. For well-understood processes, the structure of the correlation as well as the choice of inputs may be known a priori. However, many industrial processes are too complex and the appropriate form of the correlation and choice of input measurements are not obvious. Here, process knowledge, operating experience, and statistical methods play an important role in development of correlations. This paper describes a systematic approach to the development of nonlinear correlations for inferential measurements using neural networks. A three-step procedure is proposed. The first step consists of data collection and preprocessing. Next, the process variables are subjected to simple statistical analyses to identify a subset of measurements to be used in the inferential scheme. The third step involves generation of the inferential scheme. We demonstrate the methodology by inferring the ASTM 95% endpoint of a petroleum product using data from a domestic US refinery.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1998

Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of volatile and semi-volatile pollutants in water and air.

In this work we report the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to extract and concentrate water-soluble volatile as well as semi-volatile pollutants. Both methods of exposing the SPME fibre were utilised: immersion in the aqueous solution (SPME) and in the headspace over the solution (HSSPME). The proposed HSSPME procedure was compared to conventional static headspace (HS) analysis for artificially spiked water as well as real water samples, which had been, equilibrated with various oil and petroleum products. Both techniques gave similar results but HSSPME was much more sensitive and exhibited better precision. Detection limits were found to be in the sub-ng/ml level, with precision better than 5% R.S.D. in most cases. To evaluate the suitability of SPME for relatively high contamination level analysis, the proposed HSSPME method was applied to the screening of run-off water samples that had heavy oil suspended in them from a tire fire incident. HSSPME results were compared with liquid--liquid extraction. Library searches were conducted on the resulting GC-MS total ion chromatograms to determine the types of compounds found in such samples. Both techniques found similar composition in the water samples with the exception of alkylnaphthalenes that were detected only by HSSPME. A brief study was carried out to assess using SPME for air monitoring. By sampling and concentrating the volatile organic compounds in the coating of the SPME fibre without any other equipment, this new technique is useful as an alternative to active air monitoring by means of sampling pumps and sorbent tubes.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1999

Chemical characterization and screening of hydrocarbon pollution in industrial soils by headspace solid-phase microextraction.

A headspace solid-phase microextraction method, followed by a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, has been developed for the screening of soil samples polluted by coal tar or refined petroleum products. Vapor pressures of target analytes were determined using a capillary GC method to identify environmentally important components with a sufficiently high vapor pressure to be analyzed in the headspace mode. The method was optimized under non-equilibrium conditions with simplicity and automation in mind and does not require any extraction procedure or sample preparation, other than grinding, drying and homogenizing. The analytical performance and the significance of the results for the purpose of chemical characterization, source discrimination, determination of individual isomer distributions and to calculate source or weathering ratios, is discussed.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗

PubMed2003

Aggregation and solubility behavior of asphaltenes and their subfractions.

Asphaltenes from four different crude oils (Arab Heavy, B6, Canadon Seco, and Hondo) were fractionated in mixtures of heptane and toluene and analyzed chemically, by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), and by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Solubility profiles of the asphaltenes and their subfractions indicated strong cooperative asphaltene interactions of a particular subfraction that is polar and hydrogen bonding. This subfraction had lower H/C ratios and modestly higher N, V, Ni, and Fe contents than the less polar and more soluble subfraction of asphaltenes. VPO and SANS studies indicated that the less soluble subfractions formed aggregates that were considerably larger than the more soluble subfractions. In general, asphaltene aggregate size increased with decreasing solvent aromaticity up to the solubility limit, beyond which the aggregate size decreased with heptane addition. The presence of a low wavevector Q feature in the scattering curves at 25 degrees C indicated that the individual aggregates were flocculating; however, the intensity of the feature was diminished upon heating of the samples to 80 degrees C. The solubility mechanism for Canadon Seco asphaltenes, the largest aggregate formers, appears to be dominated by aromatic pi-bonding interactions due to their low H/C ratio and low nitrogen content. B6 and Hondo asphaltenes formed similar-sized aggregates in heptol and the solubility mechanism is most likely driven by polar interactions due to their relatively high H/C ratios and high nitrogen contents. Arab Heavy, the least polar asphaltene, had a H/C ratio similar to Canadon Seco but formed the smallest aggregates in heptol. The enhancement in polar and pi-bonding interactions for the less soluble subfraction indicated by elemental analysis is reflected by the aggregate size from SANS. The less soluble asphaltenes contribute the majority of species responsible for aggregation and likely cause many petroleum production problems such as pipeline deposition and water-in-oil emulsion stabilization.

Journal Article↗