Ascariasis and toxocariasis as revealed by precipitin absorption test in Egypt.
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Adult↗
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Results for “PRECIPITIN TESTS”
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[Studies on the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. (1) Circumoval precipitin (COP) test as a method of screening of the subjects for fecal examination (author's transl)].
Examinations were performed on 351 individuals of Shikishima village, Yamanashi Prefecture. Three fecal samples were collected at one-week intervals and examined by MIFC method without iodine. Reactions with a diameter of 9 mm or more in wheal and/or 20 mm or more in erythema were regarded as the positive for the intradermal reaction using Melcher's antigen (1 : 1,000). For the COP test, each one drop of serum and a saline suspension of eggs were mixed on a microscope slide and sealed a coverslip with vaseline. The number of eggs showing precipitates were counted after 48 hrs at 37 degrees C. The results showed that all the precipitates were small in size in the COP titer less than 40%. Medium precipitates appear first in the cases of a 40.% class and the percentage increased thereafter as the COP titer increased. Large precipitate was found in 10% of the eggs affected in a 50% class and found in 40% in the titer of a 80% class. Of 351 tested, a significant higher rate of egg-passers (42.7%, 41/96) was obtained in the COP reactors, as compared with other two groups; 19.4% (41/211) in the dermal reactors, 11.7% (41/351) in the total subjects. Moreover, the egg-passers were recovered in 60--70% of the cases in the COP titer of more than 70%. It was considered that the COP test was a useful diagnostic method for schistosomiasis japonica and the sensitivity and efficiency of this test were superior to those of intradermal test with regarded to the screening of the subjects for fecal examination.
Feces↗
Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonio, Basey, Samar, in the Philippines. V. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) compared with quantitative stool examination and the circumoval precipitin (COP) test.
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Adolescent↗
Studies on the thermal degradation of the H and M antigens of lyophilized histoplasmin.
Lyophilized histoplasmin for the agar gel microimmunodiffusion test has been prepared as a candidate World Health Organization Biological Reference Reagent. It was subjected to elevated temperature for given periods of time and analyzed by the capillary precipitin test and the single radial immunodiffusion test to determine the stability of the H and M antigens. H antigen showed no fall in relative potency when incubated at 48 degrees C for 20 days. M antigen showed a fall in relative potency after storage at 37 degrees C and 48 degrees C, but the extent of the fall was greater in the radial immunodiffusion test than in the capillary precipitin test. Half-lives of the antigens could not be calculated from the Arrhenius equation because the response curves at each temperature followed different kinetics. However, as based on zero time data, M antigen of the lyophilized histoplasma showed a 20% drop in relative potency when stored at -20 degrees C for 2 years. Other analyses suggested that M antigen of liquid histoplasmin stored at 5 degrees C and of lyophilized histoplasma stored at -20 degrees C was degraded at equal rates.
Animals↗
A precipitin-inhibition test on denatured bloodstains for the determination of human origin.
A new method has been developed for determination of the species of origin of denatured bloodstains. Antiserum with known titer is incubated with the denatured bloodstain. If the bloodstain has the same origin as the antiserum, a substantial amount of antibody will be absorbed by the stain, resulting in an attenuation of the antiserum titer. By reacting the supernatant with a known serum by using immunodiffusion it is possible to detect any appreciable attenuation of the antiserum titer. We have been able to determine the species of origin of various denatured bloodstains using this inhibition method.
Blood Stains↗
Evaluation of spot CAMP test for identification of group B streptococci.
The CAMP (Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen) test is commonly used for the presumptive identification of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B). Using 350 clinical isolates of beta-hemolytic streptococci, we compared a 30-min spot CAMP test with the standard overnight CAMP test and the Lancefield precipitin test. We found 99% agreement among all three tests for all streptococci tested. The spot CAMP test is a rapid, inexpensive, and accurate method for identifying group B streptococci.
Bacteriological Techniques↗
Quantitative measurement of precipitating antibodies and standardization of Streptococcus group B antisera by the reverse radial immunodiffusion technique.
A comparative study was made of the reverse radial immunodiffusion (RRID) technique and the quantitative precipitin test for determining the amount of precipitable antibodies present in streptococcus group B antisera. The coefficient of correlation between the 2 tests was 0.963 when a purified carbohydrate antigen was used. The results of this study show that: (1) a group B antiserum should contain at least 3 mg of precipitable antibodies per ml to ensure that it will react with acid extracts of group B diagnostic cultures; and (2) the RRID technique is an accurate and simple procedure for determining the amount of precipitable antibody present in an antiserum, and it could be used for the standardization of these diagnostic reagents. A method for preparing the group B carbohydrate antigen used in the RRID and quantitative precipitin tests is described.
Animals↗
Evaluation of the fluorescent test for office-based detection of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci infection.
Primary care physicians are frequently called upon to diagnose and treat streptococcal illness. Group A beta-hemolytic species have been associated with serious complications, making accurate diagnosis important to the clinician. This study was designed to compare a new test using a fluorescent tag with the traditional blood agar-bacitracin disc method and the capillary precipitin test. The fluorescent test for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci has been shown to be rapid and simple to perform. More important, the sensitivity and specificity appear to be equal to the capillary precipitin test and superior to the commonly used blood agar-bacitracin disc method.
Bacitracin↗
[Comparative study on serological diagnosis of entamoebiasis histolytica].
The practicability of four diagnostic methods for entamoebiasis histolytica including micro-gel diffusion precipitin test (MGDP), indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA), indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated. The serological test methods were compared by using sera obtained from 30 entamoebiasis histolytica patients and 130 normal health individuals. The highest sensitivity was obtained with the method of ELISA, followed by IFA and IHA : the lowest was obtained with MGDP. On the contrary, the high specificity was obtained with IHA, IFA, MGDP : the lowest was obtained with ELISA. Intensity of the antibody titers in IHA was correlated well with that of IFA. In addition, we studied antibodies nonspecifically reactive to Entamoeba histolytica in sera from E. histolytica-negative individuals with high CRP patients with regard to the sensitivity and specificity. Among 101 sera examined, six showed false positive results of which five were the sera with extremely high CRP.
Animals↗
NEW METHOD OF PREPARING IMMUNIZING ANTIGENS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTI-M SERA AGAINST CERTAIN SEROTYPES OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI.
Ashworth, Helen (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), and William K. Harrell. New method of preparing immunizing antigens for the production of anti-M sera against certain serotypes of group A streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 89:141-145. 1965.-Antisera against types 4, 29, 41, and 46 streptococci have been prepared by use of a vaccine killed by adjusting the pH to 11.7 and heating for 1 hr at 56 C. Heating at the high pH destroyed the antigenic material responsible for the major reciprocal crosses present in cells of types 4, 29, and 46 without affecting the M protein. Antisera prepared with the "alkaline-treated" vaccine did not contain the major reciprocal crosses. Antibodies against the M protein were shown to be present by the bactericidal test, failure to react in the precipitin test with acid extracts of homologous trypsinized cells, and retention of the precipitin reaction after absorption with homologous trypsinized cells. The antisera did not react with the "B" antigen of the provisional type B 3264. Type 11 antisera prepared with alkaline-treated vaccine did not contain antibodies against the M protein. The usefulness of this type vaccine, particularly for the preparation of type 4 antiserum, is discussed, as well as its limitations.
Animals↗
Health effects of inhalation exposure to organic dust in hops farmers.
Medical examinations were performed in a group of 23 hops farmers exposed to organic dust from hop (Humulus lupulus). The examinations took place in individual farms during harvesting, sorting and transporting of hop cones. As a reference group, 50 urban dwellers not exposed to organic dust were examined. There were conducted physical examinations, interviews concerning the occurrence of respiratory disorders and work-related symptoms, lung function tests, determination of cytokines concentrations, and allergological tests comprising skin prick test with 4 microbial antigens associated with organic dust, precipitin test with 12 microbial antigens, and a test for inhibition of leukocyte migration. Five farmers (21.7%) reported occurrence of work-related symptoms, including dry cough and dyspnoea. Eight farmers (34.8%) reported symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Mean spirometric values were within normal ranges. The farmers showed positive responses in precipitin test and test for inhibition of leukocyte migration to antigens of environmental microbes, mainly to the antigen of Gram-negative bacterium Pantoea agglomerans. The results showed a potential risk of occupational respiratory diseases in the population of hops farmers.
Adult↗
[A case of humidifier lung characterized by histopathologic feature].
A 61-year-old man was discharged from our hospital after recovering from bilateral fractures in the neck of each femur. However, a productive cough, dyspnea, and a high grade fever occurred eight hours after returning home. He was thus admitted once more. At rehospitalization, there was radiographic evidence of bilateral infiltrates and hypoxemia. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis was strongly suggested by radiographic evidence, by the fact that no new drugs had been administered, and by a positive result after an environmental provocation test. A diagnosis of humidifier lung was confirmed by a positive precipitins test for humidifier water. Several microorganisms were isolated from humidifier water, and precipitins tests for the isolated microorganisms were mostly positive. Microscopic examination revealed focal alveolitis, bronchiolitis, and perivasculitis. Perivascular leucocytic infiltrations around venules suggested that inhaled antigens might have also caused humidifier lung via a vascular route. Humidifier lung may be due in part to soluble factors, such as endotoxin, present in humidifier water.
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
Immunological features of asthma (Part II). A report to the Research Committee of the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association.
A serological comparison was made of two groups of 120 matched asthmatic and healthy subjects, between the ages of 20 and 49 years and matched for age and sex, in terms of serum total levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE and of specific antibody levels in each immunoglobulin class to five common UK allergens. The relationship of clinical features to the serological tests was also examined in the asthmatic subjects. The following statistically significant findings were shown. The patients had higher levels than the controls of total globulins and of IgG, IgA and IgD but not IgM. In both patients and controls the females had higher IgM levels than the males. The total IgE levels were higher in patients than in the controls and the male patients had higher levels than the female patients. Total IgE levels were also related, to the numbers of first degree relatives with asthma, hay fever and eczema, to the severity of hay fever and to the amount of time off work in the male patients. In those male patients with exercise induced asthma the total IgE levels were lower than in those not showing this reaction. As for the other immunoglobulins, the only significant differences were a higher IgG level in patients with FEV1 or PFR greater than 50% predicted and a higher IgD level in patients with hay fever. Radio-immunodiffusion tests for specific precipitins were positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in comparable numbers of asthmatics (25.8%) and controls (21.7%). Positive precipitin tests were uncommon in tests with extracts of grass pollen, Aspergillus fumigatus, cat and dog hair in the patients and even less so in the controls. Positive RAST tests for specific IgE antibodies were obtained in patients and controls respectively, against D. pteronyssinus 59% and 11%, grass pollen 37.0 and 12%, and A. fumigatus 6% and 4%. The male patients showed the closest significant relationship of specific IgE to D. pteronyssinus and the history of house dust allergy, positive skin test and nasal test. In the females only the skin and specific IgE tests were related. Both sexes showed a significant association between specific IgE to grass pollen and positive skin tests and nasal tests, but only the males showed an association with the history. The sizes of skin test weal to D. pteronyssinus were related to the levels of specific IgE antibody. No differences were found between the four skin test groups and between the asthmatics and the control subjects in the incidence of bacterial precipitins and auto-antibodies.
Adult↗
The relation between Cimex lectularius antigen and bronchial asthma in Egypt.
In bronchial asthma, house dust is one of the important precipitating factor. Cimex lectularius or bedbug is a well known house insect and share in the constitution of house dust. 54 asthmatic patients and 11 control individuals were skin tested using the common environmental inhalant antigens as well as Cimex extracts (Head and thorax, 1st antigen and abdomen, 2nd antigen). Also precipitin test using both Cimex extracts were used. The percentage of positive skin reactions to 1st Cimex antigen was 37.1 as compared to 9.1 in controls The percentage of positivity to Cimex 2nd antigen was 50.1 as compared to 18.2 in controls. On the other hand, the asthmatic patients showed different percentages of positivity to the common environmental inhalant antigens. The whole results were discussed. Of interest was the significant relation between the positivity in asthmatic patients to the antigens of Cimex abdominal extract and cotton dust extract. On the other hand, the precipitin tests gave negative results in both the asthmatic and control group.
Adolescent↗
The value of precipitating antibodies in screening for hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
To evaluate the usefulness of precipitin tests as a screening method to detect hypersensitivity pneumonitis, we compared persons with precipitins to organic antigens with precipitin-negative subjects from the same population of 1,072 office workers participating in a health survey examination. Thirty-three of the 53 persons with preciptins to Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, T. candidus, pigeon serum, aspergillus, alternaria, pullularia, penicillium, cephalosporium, trichoderma, and phoma were matched according to age, sex, height, and smoking habits with precipitin-negative subjects. The subjects completed a self-administered standard questionnaire, they were interviewed and examined, chest radiograms were taken, and pulmonary functions were evaluated at rest and during mild and moderate exercise. No significant differences were found between the 2 populations in any of the pulmonary function measurements. In addition, clinical and radiologic evidence failed to distinguish between the 2 groups. No cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis were found. In this population, precipitins had no apparent relationship to long disease. The frequency of precipitins was considerably higher than the frequency of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. We concluded that the detection of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in population surveys attempting to establish prevalence of the disease cannot be accomplished by the simple analysis of serum precipitating antibodies but requires, in addition, a more complex analysis of historical, radiologic, and immunologic data.
Antigens↗
Studies in chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 3. Immunological findings.
Precipitin tests by two different methods, double-diffusion (DD) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and measurements of total and specific IgE against Aspergillus fumigatus were made in 50 patients with chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and in three control groups--atopics with a positive immediate prick test to A. fumigatus but no evidence of allergic aspergillosis, atopics with a negative prick test to A. fumigatus, and non-atopics. Precipitins were found in 84% and 78% of the patients with aspergillosis by the DD and CIE methods respectively. Precipitins were also found in 6 out of 27 (22%) patients with a positive prick test to A. fumigatus but no evidence of aspergillosis and in 1 of 24 patients with a negative prick test to A. fumigatus. The means of specific and total IgE values were significantly higher in the group of patients with aspergillosis than in the three other groups of patients. The increase in specific but not total IgE showed a statistically significant correlation with positive precipitin tests in the patients with aspergillosis. Total IgE but not specific IgE values were significantly higher (0-02 less than P less than 0-05) in patients who had had a transient radiographic shadow in the previous three months. Positive precipitin tests were also significantly correlated with the number of transient shadows in the past and with the interval of time since the last transient shadow.
Aspergillosis↗
Investigations on live vaccines against infectious bursal disease of chicks.
Four live virus vaccines against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) were studied with regard to their safety, immune response and applicability. None of the vaccines caused clinical symptoms or had an adverse impact on bodyweight. Differences between these vaccines were observed in their effect on the Bursa/Bodyweight Ratio and the severity of the microscopical lesions of the bursa Fabricii. The immunosuppressive effect of IBD vaccination at one day of age on the response to Newcastle disease vaccine applied was rather low. Three of the four vaccines induced antibodies associated with protection against challenge. Vaccination of SPF rearing chickens by drinking water at an age of 15 weeks produced an antibody response (Agar Gel Precipitin Test) whereas at 15 weeks produced an antibody response (Agar Gel Precipitin Test) whereas at an age of 23, 32 and 60 weeks it did not. Chickens of all age groups responded serologically to an intramuscular vaccination. A correlation was found between the immunological response and the effect of the vaccines on the bursa Fabricii.
Animals↗
A serological survey for bluetongue virus antibody in Western Australia.
A serological survey was carried out to detect specific (serotype 20) and a group bluetongue virus antibody in cattle and sheep serums collected in Western Australia during the period January 1 1978 to June 30 1979. Of 18,849 cattle serums examined by the gel diffusion precipitin test (GDPT), 9.7% were positive and 6.1% gave doubtful results. All 1949 sheep serums tested were negative. Precipitin antibody was demonstrated in 22.5% of serums from Kimberley cattle and 3.6% of cattle serums from the Northwest. Serums collected from cattle in the South were consistently negative in GDPT. When 915 serums that reacted in the GDPT were further tested by the complement fixation test (CFT), 164 were positive. The percentage of CFT positive serums increased as the GDPT reaction became stronger. 2467 serums collected from cattle in Kimberley and Northwest areas and tested by the CFT, 175 (7.1%) were positive. These 175 positive serums were also examined by GDPT and 164 doubtful or positive reactions were obtained. The virus neutralisation (VNT) using serotype 20 virus was carried out on 3804 serums, including all serums that reacted in the GDPT, and 57 were positive. When the VNT positive serums were examined in the other 2 tests, 47 serums were either positive or doubtful in the GDPT and 8 were positive in the CFT. The presence of bluetongue virus group antibody in cattle serums closely followed the suggested distribution pattern of Culicoides brevitarsis but specific serotype 20 neutralising antibody was limited to cattle serums from stations situated north of latitude 17 degrees S in an area of mean annual rainfall higher than 700 mm.
Animals↗