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Oral infection by Candida albicans is thought to be related more to host susceptibility than to virulence of the organism. Using a mouse model of oral candidosis, differences in colonization and infection between two strains of C. albicans were demonstrated.
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Cultured stocks of Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlli and Dientamoeba fragilis were compared with the four Entamoeba histolytical groups already described (SARGEAUNT et al., 1978), by the electrophoretic patterns of three enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and L-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating) (ME). All the species were easily distinguished by their characteristic patterns.
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We analyzed the ability of 120 encapsulated strains of B. fragilis to agglutinate guinea pig and human red blood cells. Sixteen strains showed a strong hemagglutination (HA) ability, 21 strains a moderate HA ability, 7 strains a weak HA ability and 74 strains did not agglutinate the tested red blood cells. Six strains tested from each HA group were able to adhere to cheek epithelial cells and to a cultured human intestinal cell line. Hemagglutinating strains were the most adhesive. By electron microscopy, pilus-like structures were found in three of the encapsulated adhesive strains. Treatment of the bacterial cells with pronase E reduced both HA ability and adherence of piliated encapsulated, and of piliated non-encapsulated strains. Glucosidase treatment of cells reduced HA activity and adherence of piliated encapsulated and of non-piliated encapsulated strains. Finally, it was found that hemagglutinating strains are more frequently isolated from clinical specimens (55%) than from feces of healthy donors (20%).
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Septicemic Escherichia coli 4787 (O115: K-: H51: F165) of porcine origin possess gene clusters related to extraintestinal E. coli fimbrial adhesins. This strain produces two fimbriae: F165(1) and F165(2). F165(1) (Prs-like) belongs to the P fimbrial family, encoded by foo operon and F165(2) is a F1C-like encoded by fot operon. Data from this study suggest that these two operons are part of two PAIs. PAI I(4787) includes a region of 20 kb, which not only harbors the foo operon but also contains a potential P4 integrase gene and is located within the pheU tRNA gene, at 94 min of the E. coli chromosome. PAI II(4787) includes a region of over 35 kb, which harbors the fot operon, iroBCDEN gene clusters, as well as part of microcin M genes and nonfunctional mobility genes. PAI II(4787) is found between the proA and yagU at 6 min of the E. coli chromosome.
The regulation of intracellular concentrations of organic solutes, including glycine betaine, is an important adaptive response to osmotic stress for Escherichia coli. The clinical significance of glycine betaine to uropathogens is not clear. Clinical isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus, and Enterococcus faecalis accumulated glycine betaine from hyperosmotic media. The addition of glycine betaine to hyperosmotic minimal medium accelerated the growth rates of all species tested except P. mirabilis. However, when clinical strains of E. coli were transferred from urine with low osmolality to hyperosmotic urine, there was no slowing of the growth rate. There was no difference in growth rates of E. coli isolates from acute pyelonephritis, cystitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria nor from fecal isolates. The ability to accumulate osmolytes, although it may be a factor in the adaptation to hypertonic environments, was not related to virulence.
Entamoeba histolytica can act as a harmless commensal organism in the lumen of the large intestine, or can cause invasive amoebiasis. Some workers have suggested that there are two distinct subspecies of this organism, and that only one of these is associated with invasive disease. Present isoenzyme tests to identify the subspecies take several days to analyse: we report a technique that uses immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies, takes two days to perform, and may, therefore, assist in the clinical management of patients infected with this organism.
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Two cDNA libraries were constructed from cultures of the vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae, grown either in simulated xylem fluid medium (SXM) or under conditions that induce near-synchronous development of microsclerotia. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained for over 1000 clones from each library. Most sequences in the two EST collections were unique; nearly 55% of the translated ESTs had strong similarity to protein sequences in the NCBI nonredundant database. ESTs corresponding to melanin biosynthetic enzymes were exclusive to the developing microsclerotia (DMS) collection, and sequences corresponding to extracellular hydrolases (plant cell wall degrading enzymes) were more abundant in that collection. ESTs corresponding to proteins involved in transport and cell growth were more abundant in the SXM collection. The results of this preliminary analysis suggest that the in vitro growth conditions used here provide useful model systems that will facilitate studies of pathogenesis and microsclerotia development in V. dahliae.