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PubMed2004

Effect of prolonged physical exercise on urinary proANP1-30 and proANP31-67.

Dynamic exercise strongly affects atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP), in particular the mature bioactive alphaANP and the proANP fragments, namely proANP1-98, proANP1-30 and proANP31-67. The proANPs influence kidney functions and their plasma levels increase after physical exercise. We measured urinary proANP1-30 and proANP31-67 levels before and at the end of physical exercise in 28 well-trained male cyclists. For the first time, the proANP1-30 and proANP31-67 urinary levels in athletes before and at the end of a prolonged agonistic bicycle race were measured. Urinary creatinine and total proteins were also measured. The urinary proANP31-67, creatinine and total protein levels were significantly higher at the end of exercise than before. In contrast, proANP1-30/protein and proANP31-67/protein ratios decreased after exercise. Even proANP1-30/creatinine and proANP31-67/creatinine ratios were lower after exercise. A significant correlation between proANP1-30 and proANP31-67 urinary levels at the end of exercise was found. The proANP31-67/creatinine ratio before and after exercise also showed a significant correlation. The variation of urinary proANP fragments confirmed their possible role in physical exercise. In particular, it could be interpreted as a response of the body or kidney to renal impairment occurring during exercise.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Regular physical exercise, heart rate variability and turbulence in a 6-year randomized controlled trial in middle-aged men: the DNASCO study.

HRV and HRT are independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality. Aging reduces HRV, but results from the physical exercise trials are controversial. The primary aim was to study changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) in a six-year controlled randomized trial at regular low to moderate intensity physical exercise. One hundred forty men aged 53--63 years were randomized in to an exercise or a control groups. The participants underwent a maximal bicycle ergometer exercise test with respiratory gas analyses annually for six years. At baseline and after intervention, 24-h ambulatory ECG registrations were performed to assess HRV (n=100). HRT was determined among subjects with single ventricular premature complexes (VPC) (n=73). In the exercise group, ventilatory aerobic threshold (VAT) increased by 16% indicating enhanced submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness. No significant differences were found in any of the HRV or HRT parameters between the groups. However, the observed increase in VAT correlated significantly with the improvement in HRV parameters. The change in turbulence slope (TS) correlated with the changes in most HRV variables and the change in turbulence onset (TO) correlated with the changes in three frequency domain parameters. Our results suggest that in addition to improvement in submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness, regular low to moderate intensity physical exercise seems to have beneficial effects also on cardiac autonomic nervous function, a clinically relevant predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Anaerobic Threshold↗

PubMed2000

Does long-term physical exercise counteract age-related Purkinje cell loss? A stereological study of rat cerebellum.

Physical exercise affects properties of the central nervous system that may increase the brain's ability to counteract degenerative changes. We have previously reported that rats trained from 5 to 23 months of age have less age-related decrease in spontaneous motor activity than sham-treated sedentary rats. Each rat ran at a speed of 20 m/min on a horizontal treadmill, for 20 minutes, two times per day, 5 days a week. In the present study we have carried out stereological analyses of the cerebella of the same rats. The total number of Purkinje cells was estimated with the optical fractionator technique, the local volumes of individual Purkinje cells with the planar rotator technique, and the volumes of the cerebellar layers with Cavalierìs principle. We found that sedentary aged rats have 11% fewer Purkinje cells and 9% smaller Purkinje cell soma volumes (both 2P = 0.02) than exercised aged rats, and that exercised aged rats have the same number of Purkinje cells as young rats. These findings indicate that the degree of age-associated degenerative changes in parts of the central nervous system is dependent on earlier life style and health habits and may be prevented or delayed by physical exercise.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1984

Metabolic effects of testosterone during prolonged physical exercise and fasting.

Previous studies have shown a decrease in plasma testosterone during prolonged physical exercise and 72 h fasting in rats. To determine whether this hormonal change has an influence upon energy metabolism, two experiments were carried out, in which the plasma levels of testosterone were elevated during prolonged physical exercise and fasting in male wistar rats. The effects of acute and chronic increases in the levels of circulating testosterone were studied, on the one hand after human chorionic gonadotropin (H.C.G.) injection, and on the other by prolonged testosterone perfusion with an osmotic minipump. Blood and tissue sampling were performed to evaluate blood glucose, alanine, and lactate, and tissue glycogen. The results in fed and rest control rats showed no changes in blood parameters under the effect of hypertestosteronemia but there was an increase in muscle glycogen after testosterone perfusion. In 72 h fasted rats both types of hypertestosteronemia were associated with a decrease in blood alanine and lactate ranging from 25% to 35%. Only testosterone perfusion was associated with higher concentrations of muscle glycogen. After 7 h of treadmill running, testosterone perfusion and H.C.G. injection induced a 35% decrease in blood alanine and a slight decrease in blood glucose, with no change in other parameters. Whereas an elevation in the level of testosterone can induce muscle glycogen compensation in the fed resting state, it cannot counteract the exhaustion of muscle glycogen during running.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Low back pain and physical exercise in leisure time in 38-year-old men and women: a 25-year prospective cohort study of 640 school children.

A cohort of 38-year-old men and women were studied for leisure time physical exercise in relation to low back pain (LBP), education, work, social class and smoking by a self-administered questionnaire. At the age of 14 years, the subjects had been interviewed by their school doctor regarding history of LBP and radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine were taken. The results show no positive correlation between radiographic changes and LBP in the adolescent period and decreased physical activity in adulthood. Physical activity for at least 3 h/week reduces the risk of LBP measured as lifetime, 1-year and point prevalence. Eighty-five percent of the subjects who reported taking physical exercise for at least 3 h/week had participated in sports activity almost constantly since their school days and these reported being in better condition than the rest of the cohort. Otherwise they did not have a healthier mode of life. No physical exercise during leisure time was associated with a short school education, unskilled work, unemployment and sickness, low social class, divorce, living in an apartment and smoking. Sixty percent had never or not for many years been interested in participating in sports. Badminton and tennis were the most common sports practised (36%), followed by gymnastics (32%), ball games-soccer and team handball-(25%), running (20%) and swimming (18%). Gymnastics and swimming seem to reduce LBP significantly. Our results show a falling interest in participating in sports activities over time, with 68% of the subjects being members of an athletic association previously, but only 29% currently. Women were more physically inactive during leisure time, probably because of their dual role. Logistic regression analysis indicates that physical activity is related to a long school education, high social class and regular sports activity over time.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The effect of chronic physical exercise on succinic dehydrogenase activity in the heart muscle of old rats.

Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, preferentially evidenced by cytochemical methods, has been measured by computer-assisted morphometry in the heart muscle of old sedentary and age-matched animals chronically undergone physical exercise (20 min, twice a day, 5 days a week). The area of the SDH-positive mitochondria (MA) and the overall area of the cytochemical precipitates due to SDH activity (PA) were semiautomatically measured and the ratios PA/MA as well as MA/overall myocardial tissue area analysed (MA/TA) were the parameters taken into account. No significant difference was found between the two groups investigated as regards PA/MA, whereas the MA/TA value is significantly increased in the animals undergone physical training. The present findings document that chronic physical exercise significantly increases the overall mitochondrial area involved in energy provision in the old myocardial tissue. Considering that myocardial function highly relies on mitochondrial metabolism, our results support a beneficial effect of chronic physical exercise on the old heart muscle.

Aging↗

PubMed1999

Malondialdehyde, lipofuscin and activity of antioxidant enzymes during physical exercise in patients with essential hypertension.

DESIGN: To clarify the role of oxidative damage in essential hypertension, levels of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde and lipofuscin) and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were examined during a short period of physical exercise. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 11 male patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension in World Health Organization classes I or II and 10 healthy male controls. Physical exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer at graded intensities of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 W/kg body weight Plasma concentrations of lipofuscin, malondialdehyde, epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, free fatty acids and glucose were determined. Superoxide dismutase activity was analysed in erythrocytes and glutathione peroxidase activity in whole blood. RESULTS: Concentrations of lipofuscin and malondialdehyde were significantly elevated in hypertensive patients. Superoxide dismutase activity was not different between groups, while glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased in hypertensive subjects. During exercise, the concentration of malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities increased significantly in both groups. No differences were found in absolute increases between the normotensive and hypertensive subjects. The levels of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids were similar in both groups. Basal concentrations of catecholamines and also the exercise-induced increases were lower in hypertensive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate increased oxidative damage in patients with essential hypertension, which might be caused by a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase. The ability of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase to respond to increased production of reactive oxygen species during a short period of physical exercise was not impaired in hypertensive subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effect of physical exercise on some parameters of immunity in conditioned sportsmen.

The studies were performed on 20 conditioned cyclists and 19 untrained men. At rest absolute and percent number of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes, neutrophil bactericidal activity, and blood plasma beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were similar in sportsmen and untrained men, while neutrophil adherence was lowered in sportsmen. Maximal physical exercise induced significant rises in absolute numbers of neutrophils and monocytes in both groups. In sportsmen, adherence of neutrophils and monocytes and neutrophil bactericidal activity significantly decreased under the influence of exercise, while neutrophil phagocytic activity did not change. On the other hand, in untrained men, maximal physical exercise did not induce significant changes in neutrophil and monocyte adherence and bactericidal activity of neutrophils, but their phagocytic activity increased. Blood plasma beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and LDH activities increased during exercise in both groups. The changes observed tended to normalize during 2-h recovery. The results obtained suggest that intensive physical exercise tends to depress nonspecific immunity, which may render sportsmen more susceptible to infections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Physical exercise increases plasma concentrations of nicotine during treatment with a nicotine patch.

The effect of physical exercise on plasma nicotine concentrations was studied in eight healthy subjects treated with a nicotine patch releasing 14 mg 24 h-1. After 11 h of patch application, plasma nicotine concentrations were measured before and after 20 min of moderate bicycle exercise, or 20 min of rest. Mean plasma nicotine concentration increased from 9.8 to 11.0 ng ml-1 (P = 0.015) during physical exercise, and fell non-significantly from 10.5 to 10.2 ng ml-1 during rest. The increase in plasma nicotine concentration during exercise is similar to that observed for transdermal nitroglycerin, and may be related to an exercise-induced increase in blood flow in the patch area.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1999

Can oxypurines plasma levels classify the type of physical exercise?

BACKGROUND: A laboratory-based model able to describe muscle energy status during physical exercise and changes in myofibrillar composition in response to training would be desirable. Lactate and ammonia concentrations are not sufficient for a comprehensive knowledge of these systems. All muscle fibres, irrespective of the type, show ATP depletion and IMP accumulation following exhausting muscular exercise with quantitative differences due to the different concentrations of deaminase. We studied the plasma concentration of metabolites of oxypurine cascade to test their reliability to classify different exercises. METHODS: We studied 52 athletes, measuring plasma metabolites at the beginning and at the end of their specific field exercise (cycle pursuers, 8 cases; soccer players, 19; marathon runners, 25). K3EDTA-blood samples were assayed for plasma hypoxanthine, xanthine, and inosine, using an HPLC technique, as well as ammonia and lactate by means of enzymatic methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Basal oxypurines levels were not different in relation to any specific physical exercise. Post-exercise oxypurines, namely hypoxanthine, were more precise predictors of muscle energy exhaustion than strain intensity or duration. Plasma levels of hypoxanthine may be elevated also in the presence of normal xanthine and uric acid concentrations, due to an exhaustion of the enzymatic pathway, to a reduced activity of xanthine-oxidase or finally to a substrate-dependent inhibition of the process.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1998

[Evaluation of a supervised physical exercise program in primary care].

OBJECTIVE: To compare self-perception of health with physical parameters in a population group with chronic illnesses when conducting a group intervention of supervised physical exercise. DESIGN: Intervention study with test-retest evaluation. SETTING: Serraparera Primary Care Centre (PCC) in the town of Cerdanyola del Vallès (24,735 inhabitants). PATIENTS: Patients between 30 and 65 with a chronic illness and attended at the PCC (n = 87). INTERVENTION: A seven-month programme, based on regular supervised physical exercise, three times a week for an hour, supplemented by organised monthly walks on varying routes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Blood pressure, BMI, flexibility, sub-maximum and at-rest heart rates were measured, and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) self-perception test conducted. 87 patients began the programme and 51 reached the end. The following was observed in the 51: self-perception of overall improvement in health on the NHP of 9.51 points (CI 95%, 5.73-13.23); lowering of blood pressure, systolic 4.8 mmHg (CI 2.47-7.13) and diastolic 4.78 (CI 3.16-6.46); sub-maximum heart rate, with an average difference of 7.65 pulses per minute; and at-rest heart rate, with a difference of 4.61 ppm. Flexibility increased by 1.37 (CI 1.05-1.69). There was no significant reduction in BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic illnesses experienced a notable improvement in the control of their pathology and vital constants. There was also a significant difference detected in patients' perception of their own health.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Myocardial perfusion and regression of coronary artery disease in patients on a regimen of intensive physical exercise and low fat diet.

This intervention program tested the applicability and effects of intensive physical exercise and a low fat diet on progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions and stress-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with stable angina pectoris. Eighteen patients participated in this program for 1 year; they consumed a low fat, low cholesterol diet (less than 20 energy % fat, cholesterol less than 200 mg/day) and exercised for greater than 3 h/week. Change in coronary morphology was assessed by angiography and digital image processing; stress-induced myocardial ischemia was measured by thallium-201 scintigraphy. Results were compared with those in patients receiving "usual care." In the intervention group, significant regression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions was noted in 7 of the 18 patients; no change or progression was present in 11 patients. In patients receiving usual care, regression was detected in only 1, with no change or progression in 11 patients (different from intervention, p less than 0.05). There was a significant reduction in stress-induced myocardial ischemia, which was not limited to patients with regression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, regular physical exercise and a low fat diet may retard progression of coronary artery disease; however, improvement of myocardial perfusion may be achieved independently from regression of stenotic lesions.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of chronic physical exercise on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes in acute poisoning with parathion-methyl in rats.

Parathion-methyl, 10 mg/kg p.o., was given to unexercised rats, rats trained for 3 weeks and resting for 2 days, and trained rats subjected to a single physical exercise before treatment. The activity of cholinesterase (ChE) in the serum, of paraoxonase--in the serum and liver, and of beta-glucuronidase (beta-gluc)--in the serum, liver and intestine were determined 1 h after the treatment. Repeated physical exercise increased beta-gluc activity in the serum and liver and inhibited it in the intestine, while a single race after repeated exercise inhibited paraoxonase activity in the serum. Parathion-methyl inhibited ChE and paraoxonase activities and an increased beta-gluc activity in the serum. Repeated physical exercise and a single race, applied 2 days after the end of training, affects the activity of parathion-methyl in a significant yet diversified manner, dependent upon the examined biochemical parameters.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Marked reduction of acyl-CoA synthetase activity and mRNA in intra-abdominal visceral fat by physical exercise.

Several reports have suggested that the reduction of intra-abdominal visceral fat after physical exercise is more prominent than that of subcutaneous fat. We compared some parameters in mesenteric and subcutaneous fats between sedentary and exercised rats (treadmill running; 10-20 m/min, 60 min/day, 7 days). Tissue weight and cell volume were decreased in mesenteric fat by the exercise. The exercise reduced activity and mRNA levels of acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS; 67 and 26% of those of the sedentary group, respectively), mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL; 49% of those of the sedentary group), and GLUT-4 (38% of those of the sedentary group) in the mesenteric fat. In contrast, all of these parameters did not change significantly in the subcutaneous fat. Gastrocnemius muscle was heavier in exercised rats. ACS activity was elevated in the gastrocnemius muscle of the exercised rats (137% of those of sedentary group), although mRNA levels of ACS, LPL, and GLUT-4 did not change in the muscle by the exercise. These observations suggest that mesenteric fat may contribute to switching of distribution of plasma energy flux, including lipid and glucose, from fat tissue to muscle in physical exercise.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2000

No evidence of an exaggerated albuminuric response to physical exercise in non-diabetic siblings of type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Substantial evidence suggests a role for genetic factors in the development of diabetic nephropathy in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In support of this view, non-diabetic relatives of type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy have been found to display abnormalities of urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) both when measured at rest and during physical exercise. The aim of the present study was to assess the albuminuric response to physical exercise in non-diabetic relatives of type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy. AER was measured from urine collections performed (i) overnight, (ii) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and (iii) during a submaximal bicycle ergometer test in 21 and 24 non-diabetic siblings of type 1 diabetic patients with (DN+; AER > 200 microg/min) and without diabetic nephropathy (DN-; AER < 20 microg/min). No difference was found in AER (median [range]) measured overnight (DN+ vs DN-: 3.8 [1.3-24.1] vs 3.5 [2.0-21.0] microg/min; P=NS), during the OGTT (DN+ vs DN-: 6.3 [3.2-26.0] vs 4.8 [1.9-15.7] microg/min; P = NS) or during the exercise test (DN+ vs DN-: 44.8 [7.0-535] vs 30.0 [3.4-1614] microg/min; P = NS). In conclusion, we found no evidence of an exaggerated albuminuric response to physical exercise in non-diabetic relatives of type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy. This differs from previous findings in type 2 diabetes and may suggest differences in the mode of inheritance of albuminuria between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effects of a workplace physical exercise intervention on the intensity of headache and neck and shoulder symptoms and upper extremity muscular strength of office workers: a cluster randomized controlled cross-over trial.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a workplace physical exercise intervention on the perceived intensity of headache and the intensity of symptoms in the neck and shoulders, as well as on the extension and flexion strength of the upper extremities. The study was a cluster randomized controlled trial. The cross-over design consisted of physical exercise intervention (15 weeks) and no-intervention (15 weeks). The subjects (n=53) were office workers (mean age 46.6 (SD 8.4)) who reported headache (n=41) symptoms in the neck (n=37) or shoulders (n=41), which had restricted their daily activities during the last 12 months. Pain symptoms were measured using the Borg CR10 scale and muscular strength with a 5RM test. Statistical analyses were based on linear mixed models. Physical exercise intervention resulted in a slight, but statistically significant, decrease in the intensity of headache and neck symptoms, as well as an increase in the extension strength of the upper extremities. The mean decrease in headache during the 5-week period was 0.64 CR10 (95% CI 0.28-1.00) (P=0.001) or 49% (95% CI 22-77), and 0.42 CR10 (95% CI 0.11-0.72) (P=0.002) or 49% (95% CI 13-85) in the intensity of neck symptoms. The mean increase in the extension strength of the upper extremities was 1.3 kg (95% CI 0.5-2.1) (P=0.001) or 4% (95% CI 1-6). The intervention had no effect on the intensity of shoulder symptoms or the flexion strength of the upper extremities. Specific exercise may be clinically important to alleviate headache and neck symptoms.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1989

[Atrial natriuretic peptide response to physical exercise is inhibited by an antagonist of the opioid receptors].

It was been shown that physical exercise increases plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) level. This effect was attributed to the hemodynamic changes of exercise which could increase atrial volume and result in ANP secretion. On the other hand, it was evidenced that morphine and opiate peptides greatly stimulate ANP release. To evaluate to what extent the endogenous opioid secretion during exercise induces the ANP release, six healthy volunteers male trained subjects were submitted to two maximal exercise tests with and without (placebo) opiate receptors blockade by naltrexone (50 mg per os). Blood samples were drawn before (rest) and after maximal exercise in order to measure by radioimmunological methods human atrial natriuretic peptide (alpha-h-ANP), beta-endorphin, plasma aldosterone (ALD), plasma renin activity (PRA) and corticotrophin (ACTH). Expired gas was collected during exercise to measure oxygen consumption. Subjects reached the same value of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) at the end of exercise whatever treatment. Plasma ANP level at rest decreases slightly after administration of naltrexone (32.8 +/- 6.3 pg/ml with placebo versus 21.3 +/- 4.6 pg/ml with naltrexone) but the response to physical exercise was significantly reduced by naltrexone (73.3 +/- 14.9 pg/ml with placebo versus 46.9 +/- 8.6 pg/ml with naltrexone) (p less than 0.05). There was no statistical difference according to the treatment between the plasma levels of beta-endorphin, PRA and ACTH at rest as well as at the end of a maximal exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed2001

Mood change through physical exercise in nine- to ten-year-old children.

The present study assessed the effect of two types of physical exercise on the self reported mood of 64 9 and 10-yr.-old children who responded to a self-report mood meassure after two different types of aerobic exercise of 15 min., and after a 15-min. video. Significant increases in positive mood and significant decreases in negative mood were found after each exercise treatment; however, positive mood decreased and negative mood increased following the video treatment. Interestingly, no significant difference in mean mood scores was found between the two exercise treatments. These data suggest that short bouts of physical exercise have psychological benefits for children.

Affect↗