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PubMed1984

Fine structure of hepatocytes from mini-pigs and mini-pig fetuses exposed to alcohol (ethanol) in vivo.

The effect of alcohol on hepatocytes from pregnant mini-pigs and their half-term fetuses was studied after addition of 100-300 g ethanol daily to the ordinary sufficient fodder for about 20 days. Well-defined areas of liver tissue from ethanol-exposed mini-pigs and their fetuses were immersion fixed. The hepatocytes were evaluated ultrastructurally and compared to hepatocytes of non-treated control animals. After exposure to ethanol the hepatocytes of the pregnant mini-pig developed an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and showed an increased number of mitochondria, microbodies and autophagic vacuoles, extensive Golgi complexes with accumulation of secretion, and a reduction of glycogen. The hepatocytes of the half-term fetuses exhibited profound changes of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum after alcohol exposure. Many mitochondria showed abnormal shape and increased size, disorientation of cristae and accumulation of paracrystalline material. An increased number of autophagic vacuoles containing remnants of mitochondria were observed. The granular endoplasmic reticulum exhibited aggregations of endoplasmic cisternae which were well defined and not bounded by a membrane. Thus, the ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of the pregnant mini-pig seem to indicate an adaptation of these cells to ethanol by development of a microsomal or catalase ethanol-oxidizing system, while the hepatocytes of the mini-pig fetus in contrast show obvious signs of cellular injury.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Differential distribution of von Willebrand factor in endothelial cells. Comparison between normal pigs and pigs with von Willebrand disease.

Endothelial cells were cultured from the thoracic aorta, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary artery of normal adult and young pigs as well as from pigs with von Willebrand disease (vWD). The von Willebrand factor (vWF) was estimated by ELISA in endothelial cell supernatants and lysates as well as by immunofluorescence of cells by use of either a polyclonal or a monoclonal antibody to vWF. In normal adult pigs, the content of vWF in supernatants and cell lysates was the highest in the pulmonary artery, lower in the inferior vena cava, and almost nil in the thoracic aorta. In the normal young pigs, vWF was higher in the inferior vena cava endothelial cell supernatants and lysates than in the pulmonary artery. Thus the synthesis of vWF by endothelial cells varies along the vascular tree and appears to be modulated by the age of the animals. In pigs with vWD, levels of vWF were slightly detectable in endothelial cells from the pulmonary artery (contrasting with levels of plasmatic vWF below 0.01 U/ml), but were undetectable in the thoracic aorta and inferior vena cava. Thus, if vWF plays a role in atherogenesis, this involves circulating, not its intracellular, form.

Aging↗

PubMed2025

Comparative analysis of antibiotic resistance genes between fresh pig manure and composted pig manure in winter, China.

Antibiotic resistance is a critical global public health issue. The gut microbiome acts as a reservoir for numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which influence both existing and future microbial populations within a community or ecosystem. However, the differences in ARG expression between fresh and composted feces remain poorly understood. In this study, we collected eight samples from a farm in Kaifeng City, China, comprising both fresh and composted pig manure. Using a high-throughput quantitative PCR array, we analyzed differences in ARG expression between these two types of manure. Our findings revealed significant differences in ARG profiles, as demonstrated by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Further analysis identified 39 ARGs (log2FC > 1, p < 0.05) in composted pig manure, with 25 genes downregulated and 14 upregulated. Notably, tetB-01, blaOCH, and blaOXY were the most abundant in composted pig manure compared to fresh manure. Additionally, 16S rRNA species profiling revealed that the composting process significantly altered the microbial community structure, with an increased abundance of Firmicutes and a decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes in composted pig manure. In summary, composting substantially transforms both the microbial community structure and the ARG profile in pig manure, underscoring its potential role in modulating the dynamics of ARGs in agricultural environments.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Pharmacokinetics of the rapid-acting insulin analog, insulin aspart, in rats, dogs, and pigs, and pharmacodynamics of insulin aspart in pigs.

The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin aspart (IA), a rapidly acting insulin analog, with those of human soluble (regular) insulin (HI) in animal models after s.c. and i.v. dosing. Single doses of IA and HI were administered i.v. and s.c. to rats and dogs at three dose levels, and at one dose level to pigs; rats and dogs also underwent repeated s.c. dosing for 1 week. Plasma insulin levels were assessed at predetermined time points after dosing; plasma glucose levels were measured in pigs only. There were no significant pharmacokinetic differences between IA and HI after a single s.c. or i.v. dose in rats or dogs, and no differences were observed after repeated s.c. dosing, implying there was no accumulation. In pigs, there was a strong trend toward more rapid absorption of IA compared with HI after s.c. dosing, whereas there were no differences after i.v. administration. After s.c. dosing in pigs, IA produced significantly lower plasma glucose levels compared with HI during the period 30 to 75 min after dosing (P <.05). In conclusion, IA was more rapidly absorbed than HI after s.c. administration only in the pig; this difference was reflected in earlier and more pronounced effects on plasma glucose levels.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Preweaning mortality in pigs. 4 Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in pigs.

The incidence of fatal gastroenteropathies in sucking pigs was studied during a 2-year period in 17 sow herds involving 2,936 litters. The results showed that 2.8 per cent of the liveborn pigs died with gastroenteropathies during the sucking and immediate post weaning period. The incidence was lowest in offspring from second-litter sows (Table I) and the progeny from large litters tended to have the highest incidence (Table II). Fatal gastrointestinal diseases were observed in a total of 17.6 per cent of the examined litters, and the average number of death per affected litter was 1.5 (Tables III and IV). The progeny of sows with post parturient diseases had significantly higher death losses than had the progeny from normal healthy sows (Table V). Climate had no apparent influence on death losses, but they were lowest during the warmer period of the year (April-September) (Tables VIII and VI.) The incidence varied considerably from herd to herd, but was not influenced by herd size (Table III). However, the level of hygiene exerted a pronounced influence on the incidence (Table VII), and self-contained herds had significantly lower death losses than had herds where female breeding stock was occasionally brought in (Table IX). Approximately 65 per cent of the pigs which succumbed due to gastrointestinal diseases died during the first week of life, which means that 1.8 per cent of the pigs at risk died during this period (Table X). The material was grouped according to the results of the post mortem and bacteriological examinations (Table XI). Approximately 50 per cent of the fatal cases were associated with an intestinal bacterial infection, which in most instances was caused by pathogenic strains of E. coli (Tables XII and XIII), while approximately 14 per cent had distinct gross pathological lesions which alone were indication of a diagnosis. In the remaining one third of the fatal cases the aetiology and pathogenesis remained by and large unexplained; however, nutritional and dietetic disorders played a role in many of these cases. Aetiological, epidemiological and pathological aspects of the fatal gastrointestinal diseases are discussed, and it is concluded that a high level of hygiene, the prevention and treatment of post parturient diseases, "closed" management systems, and the avoidance of unsuitable or damaged sow feed would be instrumental in keeping the level of fatal gastrointestinal diseases low among sucking pigs.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1975

Naturally occurring immunosuppressive agents. I. The presence in normal pig liver of a factor possessing immunosuppressive properties with respect to pig lymphoid cells in vitro.

Saline cell-free extracts of normal pig liver, but not normal pig spleen, contain a noncytotoxic factor (or factors) capable of suppressing the blastogenic response of pig lymphocytes to stimulation with a number of plant mitogens: phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed, and concanavalin A. This reaction is generally considered to be a reflection of the capacity of the cell to participate in an immune reaction. Normal pig serum does not display inhibitory activity. The liver extract must be in contact with the lymphocytes for at least the final 48 hr of the 72-hr culture period in order to suppress the blastogenic response. Whether this active constituent in normal pig liver extract is an immunosuppressive agent in vivo remains to be determined.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Analysis of genetic diversity of Bama miniature pigs and Guizhou miniature pigs by RAPD].

RAPD analysis was performed with 31 selected single primers to study genetic diversity of two strains of miniature pigs, The percentages of polymorphisic loic in or between two strains of miniature pigs were 30.9%, 29.2% and 25.7% respectively, and the average genetic distances in and between two strains of miniature pigs were 0.120, 0.072, and 0.067 respectively. These results suggested that genetic diversity and genetic variability were poorer in and between two strains of miniature pigs than ordinary breeds' pigs.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Analysis on genetic relationship of Sanjiang White pig and 5 other pig breeds by PAPD].

One hundred primers were used to analyze the polymorphism of kinship of Sanjiang White pig and its parents, Landrace and Dongbei Min pig, Yorkshire, French Hybrids (Fh 019 strain), French Yorkshire by RAPD. Amplification results of 15 primers showed obvious polymorphisms, which were analyzed by clustering. The results indicate that the genetic relationship of Sanjiang White Pig, and Landrace, and Dongbei Min pig are respectively closer(d=0.090,,0.175), and that of Sanjiang White pig and Yorkshire (d=0.263), French Yorkshire (d = 0.223), Fh 019 strain (d = 0.580) are respectively further.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Postmortem metabolism of glycogen in the muscles of healthy pigs and in pigs with the malignant hyperthermia syndrome].

Post mortem glycolysis patterns were investigated in healthy pigs and in pigs with malignant hyperthermia syndrome (MHS). The beginning of glycolysis in the muscle of MHS-sensitive pigs is shifted, it is earlier than in the muscles of MHS-resistant animals. This earlier beginning is documented by lower glycogen values, higher lactate values, and also by the lower pH value as soon as 15 minutes after the slaughter of animals in this group. In the muscles of pigs with malignant hyperthermia syndrome the process of glycolysis is accelerated by the pre-slaughter stress. This is demonstrated first of all by a faster increase in the lactate content and by a faster decrease in the pH value in all periods of investigation. No discernible acceleration in the glycolysis pattern following the stress was observed in the MHS-resistant pigs. Glycogen depletion occurred in both groups of animals in all three types of muscles, the highest loss was recorded in white fibers.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Evidence that intravenously administered alpha-galactosyl carbohydrates reduce baboon serum cytotoxicity to pig kidney cells (PK15) and transplanted pig hearts.

Methods of inhibiting the hyperacute antibody-mediated rejection that occurs when pig organs are transplanted into primates have been investigated using the baboon as a potential recipient. Baboons were treated with different regimens that included combinations of (1) splenectomy, (2) pharmacologic immunosuppression (CsA, cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids +/- methotrexate), and (3) intravenous infusion of oligosaccharides. The cytotoxicity of the serum was then assessed on cultures of pig kidney cells (PK15). Unmodified serum caused approximate 65-100% pig cell destruction. Splenectomy and/or pharmacologic immunosuppression, and infusions of dextran, dextrose or mannitol, did not result in any reduction of cytotoxicity. Infusions of melibiose and/or arabinogalactan, both of which have terminal non-reducing alpha-galactose, however, decreased relative PK15 cell damage significantly in a dose-dependent manner. At high concentrations (< or = 50 g/hr), complete inhibition of cytotoxicity was achieved in 4 of 15 baboons. The extracorporeal immunoadsorption of baboon serum utilizing immunoaffinity columns of melibiose also resulted in a significant reduction (of approximately 80%) in cytotoxic effect. In 1 baboon, melibiose and arabinogalactan infusion delayed vascular rejection of a pig cardiac xenograft from 10 min to about 12 hr, at which time the baboon died from the toxic effects of the carbohydrate infusion. These observations (1) add further support to the role that anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies play in the hyperacute rejection of pig tissues transplanted into primates, and (2) demonstrate that serum cytotoxicity can be reduced by the intravenous infusion of alpha-galactosyl oligosaccharides or by extracorporeal immunoadsorption using these carbohydrates.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Epidemiological characterization of a pestivirus isolate from a viremic pig out of a mixed pig-cattle herd].

A pestivirus isolated from a healthy pig out of a mixed pig-cattle holding was identified by use of monoclonal antibodies as a porcine virus related or identical to bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus. About 7% of the pigs of this herd showed neutralizing antibodies (nab) against BVD and Border Disease (BD) virus and against the homologous porcine nonclassical swine fever (CSF) pestivirus isolate 10421/Han94. The nab titres against this virus were clearly higher than against CSF virus strain Alfort/187. Amongst the cattle kept in the farm no BVD viraemic animal was detected. About 13% of them showed nab to BVD virus with higher titres against the BVD virus strain NADL than against the porcine pestivirus virus isolate 10421/Han94. There was no of a BVD virus transmission from the cattle to the pigs within this herd. The problem of misinterpretation of non-CSF virus isolation from pigs is discussed. The necessity of identifying pestiviruses of porcine origin by use of species-specific monoclonal antibodies is stressed in order to prevent erroneous declarations of CSF outbreaks.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1983

Protection of Lassa virus-infected guinea pigs with Lassa-immune plasma of guinea pig, primate, and human origin.

Lassa virus-immune plasma has been used to treat human Lassa fever patients; however, criteria for plasma selection were based arbitrarily on available serologic tools and protective efficacy was never directly assessed. To test the validity of plasma therapy for Lassa virus infections in an animal model, and to develop biologically relevant criteria for selection of protective immune plasma, inbred, strain 13 guinea pigs were infected with a lethal dose of Lassa virus and treated with various Lassa-immune plasmas obtained from guinea pigs, primates, and convalescent human patients. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined in a virus dilution, plaque reduction test, and were expressed as a log10 plaque-forming units (PFU) neutralization index (LNI). All guinea pigs treated with immune plasma 6 ml/kg/treatment on days 0, 3, and 6 after virus inoculation were protected, provided the LNI exceeded 2.0. Plasmas obtained from donors in early convalescence (32-45 days) had low titers of N-antibody (LNI less than 2) and failed to confer protection, despite high titers of Lassa antibody measured in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. Higher doses of marginally titered plasma conferred increased protection. The degree of protection and suppression of viremia was closely associated with LNI an not IFA titers. Administration of low-titered plasma did not result in immune enhancement. A high dose of human plasma from Liberia (12 ml/kg/treatment) was required to confer complete protection to guinea pigs infected with a Lassa virus strain from Sierra Leone (LNI = 1.6), while a lower dose (3 ml/kg/treatment) was sufficient for protection against a Liberian strain (LNI = 2.8), suggesting that a geographic matching of immune plasma and Lassa virus strain origin may increase treatment success. These studies support the concept of plasma therapy for Lassa infection and suggest that the plaque reduction neutralization test is more appropriate than the IFA test for predicting protective efficacy of passively administered plasma.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Corneodesmosin, a corneodesmosome-specific basic protein, is expressed in the cornified epithelia of the pig, guinea pig, rat, and mouse.

Proteolysis of corneodesmosin, a 52- to 56-kDa basic protein located in the extracellular part of the modified desmosomes (corneodesmosomes) of human cornified epithelia, is thought to be a key event of desquamation. Three monoclonal antibodies specific for human corneodesmosin were used to search for the expression of the protein in other mammals. Cryosections of pig, guinea pig, rat, and mouse cornified tissues and proteins sequentially extracted from the corresponding epithelia were analyzed by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, respectively. Two of the antibodies (F28-27 and B17-21) showed, on the epidermis of the four species and on the cornified epithelia of the rat tongue and esophagus, the same labeling as on human epidermis. Cytoplasmic in the lower granular layer, then pericellular microgranular, the labeling progressively disappeared in the lower cornified layer. By contrast, it persisted up to the surface in the rat tail epidermis. The two antibodies immunodetected basic proteins extracted with isotonic buffer from the epidermis of the pig (50 kDa), guinea pig (52 kDa), and mouse (75 kDa) and from the cornified epithelia of the rat (75 kDa). Immunoreactive proteins of lower Mr were also extracted partly with urea and partly with a reducing agent. The third antibody (G36-19) presented the same reactivities except on murine tissues, where it was unreactive. Our results show that the location, the biochemical characteristics, and the processing of corneodesmosin are similar in five mammals, including humans, suggesting an important role for this protein. They open the way to studies of its function in desquamation using various animal models.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

The immunological response of pigs and guinea pigs to antigens of African swine fever virus.

Pigs vaccinated with glutaraldehyde-fixed alveolar macrophages (AM) infected with African swine fever virus (ASFV) had an accelerated serological response after subsequent challenge and a slight reduction in levels of viraemia. Vaccination of pigs with detergent-treated infected AM produced no detectable serological response and no protection against homologous challenge. Guinea pigs were vaccinated with glutaraldehyde-fixed ASFV-infected cells, detergent-treated infected cells, detergent-treated infected spleen homogenate, purified ASFV or sonicated infected cells. Antibody was detectable by ELISA after vaccination with all preparations except the detergent-treated infected spleen vaccine. However, vaccination with purified ASFV or sonicated infected cells induced antibodies that were also strongly reactive in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-mediated lysis assays. If such antibodies are protective, immunization of pigs with purified ASFV or sonicated infected cells may induce a protective immunity.

African Swine Fever↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The activity of xanthine oxidase in heart of pigs, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, and humans.

We isolated and purified xanthine oxidase by Sephadex gel filtration and assayed the activity of the enzyme by urate production which we measured by HPLC and UV absorption at 290 nm. We applied this method to extracts of liver and heart of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and pigs and to heart of dogs and humans. We found that pig hearts do not exhibit xanthine oxidase activity and that human and rabbit hearts produced small amounts of urate only after hours of incubation. We conclude that xanthine oxidase does probably not play an important part in the mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction using the free radical generating pathway, because it is absent in one species (pig) and barely detectable in two others (rabbit and man) that are known for their rapid and complete infarction following acute coronary occlusion.

Allopurinol↗

PubMed1990

High-density lipoprotein binding to guinea-pig hepatic membranes. Comparison of guinea-pig and human ligands.

Human and guinea-pig apo-E-free HDL were incubated with isolated guinea-pig hepatic membranes at 4 and 37 degrees C to determine the effects of temperature and heterologous systems on the equilibrium parameters of HDL binding. Receptor mediated HDL binding was highest at 37 degrees C for both lipoproteins. At 4 degrees C, a higher affinity constant (Kd) was observed when guinea-pig HDL was the ligand relative to human HDL; in contrast, both HDL preparations had similar Kd values at 37 degrees C. Calculated binding and receptor number (Bmax) were higher at both temperatures when guinea-pig HDL was the ligand. These results demonstrate a significant species difference in HDL binding to hepatic membrane which is partially temperature-dependent.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Regulatory system of guinea-pig complement C3b: two factor I-cofactor proteins on guinea-pig peritoneal granulocytes.

Complement factor I is a plasma protease serving for proteolytic inactivation of C3b together with its cofactor. We have identified two factor I-cofactor activities in solubilized extracts of guinea-pig peritoneal granulocytes using guinea-pig factor I (Igp) and fluorescent-labeled methylamine-treated guinea-pig C3 (f-C3(MA)gp). One of these eluted from a chromatofocusing column between pH 7.6-7.1, and the other at about pH 5.7. These two cofactor fractions both interacted with Igp and, to a lesser degree, with human factor I (Ihu) on C3(MA)gp cleaving it into an inactive C3bi analogue, but did not cleave methylamine-treated human C3 (C3(MA)hu) together with Igp or Ihu. These factors are therefore species specific. The neutral and acidic fractions with cofactor activity contained C3(MA)gp-binding proteins with a doublet of 55 kDa and 42 kDa, and a singlet of 160 kDa, respectively, on SDS-PAGE. These proteins may be membrane cofactor protein (MCP) and C3b/C4b receptor (CR1) of guinea-pigs.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Differences between endothelin receptors mediating contraction of guinea-pig aorta and pig coronary artery.

Endothelin receptors mediating contraction were characterized and compared in rings from guinea-pig thoracic aorta and pig left circumflex coronary artery. In guinea-pig aorta, the following rank order of agonist potencies was found (mean EC50 value, nM): endothelin-1 (5.0) = endothelin-2 (5.5) > vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC; 11.0) > sarafotoxin S6b (39.8) > [Ala3,11]endothelin-1 (121) > sarafotoxin S6a (> 150) > endothelin-3 (> 500). [Ala1,3,11,15] Endothelin-1, endothelin-(16-21), sarafotoxin S6c and sarafotoxin S6d were neither agonists nor antagonists at concentrations up to 1, 10, 3 and 1 microM, respectively. Cyclo-(D-Trp-D-Asp-Pro-D-Val-Leu) (BQ-123; 0.1-1 microM) behaved as a competitive antagonist of endothelin-1 (pA2 7.4 +/- 0.1, slope factor 0.91 +/- 0.17, n = 4). In pig coronary artery, all endothelins and sarafotoxins were agonists, except for endothelin-(16-21). Sarafotoxin S6c, [Lys4]sarafotoxin S6c, [Nle6]sarafotoxin S6c and [Ala1,3,11,15]endothelin-1 acted as partial agonists (Emax about 40% of that of endothelin-1). The rank order of agonist potencies was: sarafotoxin S6c (1.5) = [Lys4]sarafotoxin S6c (1.5) > [Nle6]sarafotoxin S6c (6.7) > or = sarafotoxin S6a (7.5) > or = endothelin-1 (12.6) > or = sarafotoxin S6b (14.8) > or = VIC (18.3) = endothelin-2 (19.3) > or = [Ala1,3,11,15]endothelin-1 (41.7) > or = [Ala3,11]endothelin-1 (55.2) > endothelin-3 (96.8) > sarafotoxin S6d (> 200). Endothelin-(16-21) was neither agonist nor antagonist at 10 microM. The concentration-response curves of endothelin-3 and sarafotoxin S6a were biphasic, consisting of a higher sensitivity (40-45% of the total effect) and a lower sensitivity component. BQ-123 (0.1-1 microM) did not alter the concentration-response curve of endothelin-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗