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[Sex hormone regulation of progesterone and estradiol receptors in the cytosol of human endometrium in normal and pathologic pregnancy].

Hormonal control of progesterone and estradiol receptors was studied in the cytozol of short-lived culture of human endometrium in normal and undeveloping pregnancy. Endometrium was cultivated in the presence of estradiol or progesterone for 16 hours. In cultivation of normal endometrium with estradiol the content of estradiol receptors increased 4-fold in comparison with unstimulated tissue, and of progesteron receptors--3-fold. In cultivation of normal endometrium with progesterone the content of estradiol receptors rose 4--5-fold, and of progesterone receptors--3-fold. In cultivation of pathological endometrium with estradiol or progesterone the number of estradiol receptors was only doubled, and of progesterone receptors--increased only 1 1/2 times, this pointing to a diminished sensitivity of pathological endometrium to the regulating action of sex hormones.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1978

New observations on the physiology of menstruation.

Endometrium was studies histologically, histochemically, and ultrastructurally in a series of biopsies taken from 3 normal, ovulating patients on Days 1-9 of the cycle. The occurrence of ovulation and the adequacy of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. The most striking feature of menstruating endometrium was its vigorous attempt to survive. This was manifested by lysosomal activity, lipid accumulation, expulsion of glycoproteins, and the uptake of stromal debris by epithelial cells for passage to the uterine cavity. Regression, rather than cell death, was the chief event of menstruation. While some cells of the spongiosa underwent necrosis, the vast majority remained viable and underwent remodeling to participate in the new cycle. These studies may lead to further understanding of the process of menstruation and the pathophysiology of anovulatory bleeding and irregular shedding of the endometrium.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1978

Investigations of hormones during early abortion induced by prostaglandin F2alpha and 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha.

In early pregnancy up the 7th week of pregnancy PGF2alpha was infused and 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha was applied i. m. to induce menstruation in 20 or 19 cases, respectively. In the tested form of application 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha is effective in 89 per cent of the cases and in 74 per cent complete abortion was achieved. PGF2alpha produced bleeding in 80 per cent only and complete abortion in 55 per cent. The differences in these two groups were not statistically significant. The steroid hormones estradiol and progesterone decrease in a successful application of PGs for induction of abortion and reach a value of 75 per cent at the onset of bleeding. The LH concentration in plasma becomes smaller too. In some cases there is a temporary increase in hormones shortly after starting treatment. The results could indicate that the considerable decrease in hormones before the onset of bleeding might be caused by an alteration of the corpus luteum, which is effective during early pregnancy.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1975

[Plasma concentrations of LH and of sex steroids during the normal menstrual cycle and during contraceptive treatment].

The authors have studied the long-term effects of combined oestrogen-progestogen on the secretion of gonadotrophins and on ovarian function. Estimation of the radio-immune levels of the plasma concentrations of the pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH), of oestradiol (E2), of progesterone (P) and of 20 alpha hydroxyprogesterone (20 alpha OHP) and of testosterone (T) served as a base for this study. A test cycle and 8 cycles in which a combination of 50 micrograms of ethinyl-oestradiol and 0.5 mg of norgestrel were administered were studied in 4 normal volunteer women. A pituitary stimulation test using 50 micrograms of gonadotrophin "releasing factor" (LH-RH) was given during the 7th cycle. Ovarian stimulation using human menopausal gonadotrophins (HMG) was given during the 8th cycle of treatment in 3 of the women and in 3 other subjects. Pituitary secretion of LH and ovarian secretion of E2 and P are partially inhibited. Pituitary response to the injection of LH-RH stays normal but 5 out 6 patients had no response to stimulation by gonadotrophins. These results allow us to conclude that the lowering of production of gonadotrophins during treatment with combination oestrogen and progestagens is responsible for inhibition of ovarian activity, and that there is a delay before the latter respond to stimulation by either endogenous or exogenous gonadotrophins.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Effect of the steroid sex hormones on the LH and FSH responses to LHRH in the normal subject].

In man both basal gonadotrophin levels and the pituitary responses to LHRH remained relatively constant throughout life. In women the pituitary sensitivity varied in the menstrual cycle due to the typical cyclic variation of oestradiol and progesterone. The max delta LH increase to 100 mug LHRH was observed in the periovulatory period (183 +/- 41 mU/ml); it was also significantly higher in the luteal (49 +/- 7 mu/ml) than in the early follicular phase (18 +/- 3 mU/ml). The effect of exogenous sex steroid hormones taken as contraceptive drugs was then studied in 15 women. Significantly lower LH and FSH basal values as well as responses to LHRH were observed in 8 normal women under oral combined contraceptives. Conversely, in 7 women under oral sequential contraceptives, basal LH and FSH remained in the normal range. The LH-FSH responses were increased and delayed when these tests were performed during the period of estrogen treatment. Thus, with combined oral contraceptives, constant and high levels of estrogens and progesterone not only inhibit the LH peak, but also decrease the basal LH-FSH levels and responses to releasing hormone. Conversely, with sequential oral contraceptives, the low level of estradiol does not inhibit these responses and even enhances them. In menopausal women both basal and gonadotrophin responses to LHRH were increased indicating an important pituitary reserve. In menstruating women a significant estradiol increase is observed 2 and 4 hours after a 100 mug LHRH injection, both during the follicular and the luteal phases whereas progesterone increases only in the luteal phase. In men, testosterone was found to increase 4 hours after a 100 mug LHRH injection. These studies show that in normal subjects, sex steroid hormones are important regulators of the sensitivity of the pituitary responsiveness to releasing hormone.

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗
PubMed1977

Effect of intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide on the human ovulatory cycle.

The effect of intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide (TCA-A) on pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian hormones was studied in a normally menstruating woman. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as well estradiol 17-beta (E2) and progesterone (P), were determined daily in a normal "ovulatory" pretreatment cycle. A total of 160 mg of TCA-A was then administered in four injections over two and a half months. Daily serum levels of LH, FHS, E2, and P were again measured during a period beginning thirty days after the last injection of TCA-A. Cyclicity of all these hormones was absent after treatment. Both LH and FSH were suppressed in the first half of the post-treatment period when compared with the pretreatment ovulatory cycle. A potent corticosteroid such as TCA-A is apparently capable of producing anovulatory cycles in humans by disruption of cyclic pituitary gonadotropin secretion.

Estradiol↗
PubMed1977

[Diagnosis and monitoring of endangered early pregnancies with determination of oestrone, oestradiol 17beta, oestriol, progesterone and HPL in plasma and the pregnancy test in graduated dilutions of urine (author's transl)].

Unconjugated oestrone (Oe1), oestradiol-17beta (Oe2), oestriol (Oe3), progesterone (P) and HPL in plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay and the immunological pregnancy-test in urine was carried out in 70 patients with normal pregnancy or imminent abortion from 4th-20th week of gestation. Oe2 and HPL showed the most pronounced rises, Oe3 increased especially after the first trimester. In cases with abortion symptoms and poor prognosis Oe2 and HPL gave the most reliable results concerning the endocrin function of early normal pregnancy. Oe1- and P-values in normal pregnancy did not differ so clearly from concentrations observed during normal menstrual cycles and were thus of less value. The pregnancy-test was positive (greater than 1000 IU/1) even in most cases of dead pregnancy and therefore not reliable. With increasing production of oestrogen precursors in the fetal adrenal cortex after the first trimester determination of Oe3 becomes more important. In cases with abortion symptoms in early pregnancy and subsequent normal development, plasma Oe2- and Oe3- values represented best criteria for a prognosis. -- For the diagnosis and control of the endangered early pregnancy we recommend, as a consequence of this study, determination of Oe2 up to the 13th week of pregnancy and thereafter Oe3 in maternal plasma.

Estradiol↗
PubMed1977

[The effect of low dose gestagens on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis].

The contraceptive effect of continuous treatment with low dose progestogens (minipill) has been attributed mainly to alterations of the cervical mucus and the endometrium. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of low dose progestogens on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function. Plasma concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteininzing hormone (LH), estradiol-17 beta (E-2) and Progesterone were measured daily during apparently ovulatory menstrual cycles and during treatment cycles with different low dose progestogens. From the results obtained it was concluded that the minipill has a clear-cut effect on the LH/FSH peak at midcycle and on corpus luteum function. A cyclic secretion of E-2 is maintained in the majority of cases. In a few treatment cycles however, follicular maturation was suppressed as indicated by low E-2 concentrations. It was concluded that the minipill exerts a profound effect at the central and ovarian level which contributes to its satisfactory contraceptive efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Inhibitory effects of sexual steroidal hormones on the responses of the isolated guinea-pig lleum to acetylcholine and histamine.

Six sexual steroidal hormones (progesterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, ethinyl-oestradiol, oestriol and oestrone) inhibit acetylcholine- and histamine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Different degrees of inhibitory capacity were found. High concentrations of PGE1 and F2alpha reverse some of these inhibitions. This reversal seems to be non-specific and probably related to sensitization of the ileal smooth muscle by prostaglandins. The inhibitory action of sexual steroids might be non-specific as well. But a "corticoid-like" effect cannot be excluded.

Acetylcholine↗